EPR and optical investigation of ultraviolet-emitting Gd3Ga5O12 garnet

Singh, Vijay,Sivaramaiah, G.,Singh, N.,Mohapatra, M.,Hakeem, D. A.,Pathak, M. S.,Rao, J. L. Springer-Verlag 2018 Journal of materials science Materials in electron Vol.29 No.2

<P>Gd3Ga5O12 garnet was prepared by a solution combustion method and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical spectroscopic techniques. EPR spectrum of the samples at ambient and low temperatures exhibited resonance signal at g approximate to 2 attributed to Gd3+ ions disposed in an octahedral symmetry. The optical absorption spectrum showed a band centered at 274 nm attributed to S-8(7/2)-> I-6(J) transition of the Gd3+ ions. The excitation spectrum showed a maximum at 273 nm along with two relatively weaker peaks at 276 and 279 nm. These three excitation bands were assigned to the transitions S-8(7/2)-> I-6(J). The emission spectrum showed two peaks centered at 311 and 306 nm that were assigned to the transitions P-6(7/2)-> S-8(7/2) and P-6(5/2)-> S-8(7/2) of Gd3+, respectively. To evaluate the phosphor performance, several magnetic and thermodynamic parameters for the system were calculated adopting standard procedure.</P>

Development of a compliant legged quadruped robot

Gor, M M,Pathak, P M,Samantaray, A K,Alam, K,Kumar, P,Anand, D,Vijay, P,Sarkar, R,Yang, J-M,Kwak, S W Springer-Verlag 2018 Sādhanā Vol.43 No.7

EFFECT OF FUEL CHOICE ON NANOPARTICLE EMISSION FACTORS IN LPG-GASOLINE BI-FUEL VEHICLES

A. MOMENIMOVAHED,J. S. OLFERT,M. D. CHECKEL,S. PATHAK,V. SOOD,L. ROBINDRO,S. K. SINGAL,A. K. JAIN,M. O. GARG 한국자동차공학회 2013 International journal of automotive technology Vol.14 No.1

Nanoparticle and gas-phase emission factors are presented for a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) passenger vehicle and are compared to gasoline operation. A bi-fuel LPG-gasoline vehicle certified for use on either fuel was used as the test vehicle so that a direct comparison of the emissions could be made based on fuel choice. These values were considered along with previous studies to determine the relative change in particulate emissions due to fuel choice over a wide range of vehicles and operating conditions. The vehicle examined in this study was tested on a chassis dynamometer for both steadystate and transient conditions. Transient test cycles included the US FTP72 driving cycle, Japanese driving cycle and modified Indian driving cycle while steady-state tests were done at vehicle speeds ranging from 10-90 km/hr in various transmission gears. Exhaust particle size distributions were measured in real-time using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50), and particle number and particle mass emission factors were calculated. For both fuels, the majority of the particles ranged from 5 to 160 nm in terms of particle diameter, with typically more than 85% of the particles in the nucleation mode (between 5-50 nm). In most cases, the vehicle produced a greater fraction of larger (accumulation mode) particles when fuelled on LPG. Using the data in the literature as well as the data in the current study, gasoline fuel produces 4.6 times more particles in terms of number and 2.1 times more particles in terms of mass.

Influence of Dietary Supplementation of Condensed Tannins through Leaf Meal Mixture on Intake, Nutrient Utilization and Performance of Haemonchus contortus Infected Sheep

Pathak, A.K.,Dutta, Narayan,Banerjee, P.S.,Pattanaik, A.K.,Sharma, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.10

The study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation of leaf meal mixture (LMM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on feed intake, nutrient utilization and performance of sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus. Eighteen adult sheep of similar age and body weight ($25.03{\pm}1.52$) were included in this study and out of these, 12 sheep were infected with single dose of infective third stage larvae of H. contortus at 2,000 larvae per sheep. The experimental sheep were allocated in three different groups' i.e. negative control (NC; no infection), control (C; H. contortus infected) and treatment (T; H. contortus infected+CT at 1.5% of the DM through LMM) and the experiment was conducted for a period of 90 d. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and digestibility of DM, OM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were comparable among three animal groups. However, digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in NC group as compared to both C and T groups. Nitrogen (N) retention (g/d or % of N intake) was significantly (p = 0.038) lower in C group as compared to T and NC groups. Daily intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) of digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible organic matter (DOM) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) did not differ significantly (p<0.05) in the three groups. Haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly (p<0.001) higher in treatment group as compared to control. The level of Hb and PCV reduced (p<0.001) after 30 days of experimental feeding. CT significantly (p<0.001) reduced serum urea in T group as compared to NC and C groups. Serum proteins differed significantly (p<0.01) among the three groups. The activity of serum enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and LDH were also statistically non significant (p<0.05) among treatments. The weight of abomasal lymph nodes (ALN) in T group was higher (p<0.05) than in C group. Treatment group had lower (p<0.05) total worms and fecal egg count compared to control group. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation of CT through LMM significantly improved the N retention, and inhibited the different developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus in experimental sheep.

REAL-TIME DRIVING CYCLE MEASUREMENTS OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM TWO WHEELERS AND COMPARISON WITH PASSENGER CARS

A. MOMENIMOVAHED,J. S. OLFERT,M. D. CHECKEL,S. PATHAK,V. SOOD,Y. SINGH,S. K. SINGAL 한국자동차공학회 2014 International journal of automotive technology Vol.15 No.7

Two wheel vehicles (scooters and motorcycles) make up 74% of the vehicle population in India. Anexperimental study has been conducted to assess and compare the particulate emissions from several two wheelers andpassenger car in a typical Indian fleet. The vehicles, including four 4-stroke, two 2-stroke two-wheelers, and one gasoline-LPGbi-fuel passenger cars, were tested on a chassis dynamometer using the Indian Driving Cycle. A differential mobilityspectrometer was employed to measure the particle size distribution in real-time in the range of 5 nm to 560 nm. Particulatesize distributions from the two-wheelers were typically bi-modal. The count median diameter with 4-stroke two wheelers wasobserved in the range of 26 nm to 48 nm. The number and mass emission factors ranged between 9.5 × 1012 km−1 to 1.3 × 1013km−1 and 0.80 mg/km to 40 mg/km; respectively. In the case of 2-stroke two wheelers, it was observed that not only the countmedian diameter is 3 times larger compared to 4-strokes, but also 2-stroke vehicles produce 5 times more particles in term ofnumber and about 60 times more particles in terms of mass. The 2-stroke and 4-stroke two wheelers produced particulateemissions (both in terms of number and mass), which were higher than a gasoline and a LPG passenger vehicle operating onthe same driving cycle.

Ammonia Emission from Subtropical Crop Land Area in India

A. Datta,S. K. Sharma,R.C. Harit,V. Kumar,T. K. Mandal,H. Pathak 한국기상학회 2012 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.48 No.3

Ammonia (NH3) emission from wheat (November to April) and rice (July to October) crops was measured using the chemiluminescence method at a subtropical agricultural area of India during 2009-2010. Samples were collected from the canopy height during different growth stages of wheat crop to study the variations of NH3 emission during different growth stages of the crop. Background atmospheric concentration of NH3 was measured at 5 m height at the study site. Background NH3 concentration was subtracted from the NH3 concentration at crop canopy height to estimate the emission of NH3 from crop canopy. The NH3 emission from the wheat crop were recorded as 33.3 to 57.0; 15.3 to 29.2; 10.3 to 28.0;8.7 to 23.9 and 13.9 to 28.9 μg m−2 d−1 during sowing, crown root initiation (CRI), panicle initiation, grain filling and maturity stages of the crop respectively. The NH3 emission followed a diurnal pattern with significant correlation with ambient temperature at different crop growth stages. Cumulative seasonal NH3 emission to the atmosphere was accounted for the loss of ~10% of applied N-fertilizer during the wheat crop growing period. Immediate increase in NH3 emission was recorded from rice crop, grown under temperature gradient tunnel (TGT). However, the NH3 emission inside the TGT decreases within 3-4 h after the N-fertilizer application. Continuous estimation of NH3concentration at the crop canopy inside the TGT, suggests that the NH3 emission to the atmosphere reaches its peak within ~20 h of Nfertilizer application and continues up to 5 d following a diurnal pattern.

Rapid Sex Identification of Chicken by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Using a W Chromosome-specific DNA Probe

Sohn, S.H.,Lee, C.Y.,Ryu, E.K.,Han, J.Y.,Multani, A.S.,Pathak, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.11

It has been known that the sex of chicken cells can be most accurately identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, the presently available FISH has not been widely used for sex identification, because the procedures for cell preparation and FISH itself are complicated and time-consuming. The present study was undertaken to test a rapid FISH procedure for sexing chicken. A FISH probe was simultaneously synthesized and labeled with digoxigenin by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting a 416 bp segment of the 717 bp XhoI family fragment which is repeated over 10 thousand times exclusively in the W chromosome. Sexing by FISH was performed on cytological preparations of early embryos, adult lymphocytes and feather pulps of newly hatched chicks. The DNA probe hybridized to all types of uncultured interphase as well as metaphase female but not male cells that had been examined. Moreover, consistent with the known site of the XhoI family, the hybridization signal was localized to the pericentromeric region of the W chromosome. We, therefore, conclude that the present PCR-based FISH can be used as a rapid and reliable sex identification procedure for chicken.

EPR and PL studies on UVB-emitting gadolinium-doped SrAl₁₂O₁₉ phosphors

Singh, Vijay,Sivaramaiah, G.,Singh, N.,Rao, J.L.,Singh, Pramod K.,Pathak, M.S.,Hakeem, D.A. Elsevier 2018 Optik Vol.158 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A series of UV-emitting Gd-doped SrAl<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>19</SUB> phosphors were prepared using a low-temperature solution-combustion method for which urea served as the fuel. These phosphors were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and photoluminescence (PL) studies. In phosphors with low dopant concentrations, the EPR spectrum exhibited resonance signals at the effective g factors of 2.41, 2.17, 1.99, 1.88, and 1.66. With the increasing of the concentrations, the resonance signals are evident at the effective g factors of 2.39, 2.18, 1.95, and 1.65. The PL studies of the samples showed a dominant emission peak at 312 nm that corresponds to the <SUP>6</SUP>P<SUB>7/2</SUB> → <SUP>8</SUP>S<SUB>7/2</SUB> transitions of the Gd<SUP>3+</SUP> ions.</P>

Deriving Nutrient Requirements of Lactating Indian Cattle under Tropical Condition Using Performance and Intake Data Emanated from Feeding Trials Conducted in Different Research Institutes

Paul, S.S.,Mandal, A.B.,Mandal, G.P.,Kannan, A.,Pathak, N.N. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.6

Data from 24 feeding trials conducted on lactating cattle from different institutes across India were subjected to regression analysis to derive requirements of ME, TDN, CP and DCP for maintenance, milk production and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for ME, TDN, CP and DCP were 598 KJ, 39.5 g, 6.27 g and 2.90 g/kg $W^{0.75}$, respectively and the corresponding requirements for production of 1 kg 4% FCM were 5,023 KJ, 332 g, 82 g and 58 g. The corresponding requirements for one g gain in BW were 27 KJ, 1.78 g, 0.44 g and 0.19 g. Regression equations had high $R^{2}$ values (0.67 to 0.90) and the equations (Fvalue) as well as coefficients were highly significant (p<0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. The new standards so derived predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards; as these are based on a more thorough analysis of a larger database, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for wide use in India.

Dietary Protein Restriction on Growth and Immuno-biochemical Response of Crossbred Calves during Post-ruminant Phase of Life

Sahoo, A.,Mishra, S.C.,Pathak, N.N. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.8

Sixteen crossbred (Bos indicus${\times}$Bos taurus) calves were randomly distributed in two groups (NP and LP) of eight calves each to study the effect of restricted (75%) protein supply on growth and immuno-biochemical response as an indicator of production and health of under-nourished animals during 3 to 9 months of age. The normal requirement of protein was provided to group NP and a less of 25% to group LP through calculated amount of concentrate and roughage in their daily ration. Assessment was made for weekly change in live weight, periodic alteration in blood metabolites and immunological status at six months of age in calves. An initial (during 3 to 6 months of age) depression (p<0.05) in growth was seen in low protein fed group (LP) compared to NP, which became non-significant in the later period of life (6 to 9 months of age). There was no significant effect on haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and globulin concentration except that of urea, which was decreased significantly (p<0.05) in animals fed on low protein diet ($19.83{\pm}1.25$ vs $25.93{\pm}1.29mg/dl$). The treatment effect that was seen in different periods of life was not uniform for other parameters except for urea, which showed a regular depression in LP compared to NP. The assessment of immunological status by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test against Pasteurella multocida (P52 strain) was considerably (p<0.05) reduced in animals on LP ration compared to those on NP. It is thus argued that with poor nutrition (low protein) and state of compromised immunological response the production and health of the animals will be adversely affected.