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Kim, Kwang Jin,Jung, Hyun Hwan,Seo, Hyo Won,Lee, Jung A.,Kays, Stanley J. American Society for Horticultural Science 2014 HortScience Vol.49 No.2
<P>Phytoremediation of volatile organic compounds in indoor air involves both the plant and microbes in the media; however, removal rate is typically expressed on a leaf area basis. We determined the effect of root media volume on phytoremediation rate of volatile toluene and xylene to determine if there is a change in phytoremediation efficiency. Phytoremediation rate was calculated based on the aboveground space occupied by the plant and on the leaf area. Foliage plants of <I>Fatsia japonica</I> and <I>Draceana fragrans</I> ‘Massangeana’ were grown in different-sized pots (1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 L) that gave aerial plant to root zone volume ratios of 21:1, 21:2, 21:3, and 21:6. Total root volume and root fresh weight increased in <I>D. fragrans</I> with increasing media volume, whereas root density per unit of media volume decreased in both species. The efficiency of volatile toluene and xylene removal by the plants was increased as the root zone volume increased, whereas removal efficiency per unit media volume increased and then decreased. The highest volatile toluene and xylene removal efficiency was at a ratio of 21:3 (aerial plant:root zone volume) in <I>F. japonica</I> and 21:2 in <I>D. fragrans</I>. When phytoremediation efficiency was expressed on a leaf area basis, the phytoremediation rate for toluene and xylene increased progressively for both species with increasing media volume and as root volume increased. Calculating the amount of plant material needed within a home or office to obtain sufficient volatile organic compound (VOC) removal cannot be accurately predicted base solely on a leaf area (LA) or aboveground volume basis.</P>
Removal of Indoor Tobacco Smoke under Light and Dark Conditions as Affected by Foliage Plants
Jee-Won Yoon(윤지원),Ki-Cheol Son(손기철),Dong Sik Yang(양동식),Stanley J. Kays 한국원예학회 2009 원예과학기술지 Vol.27 No.2
실내식물[스파티필름(Spathiphyllum spp.), 인도고무나무(Ficus elastica), 싱고니움(Syngonium podophyllum)]이 담배연기(ETS)내 미세분진의 제거능에 미치는 영향과 그에 따른 식물의 생리적 반응을 조사하였다. 밀폐 챔버 내 미세분진 농도가 대략 182 ㎍ㆍm⁻³이 되도록 10분 동안 안정화시킨 후 PM10과 1.0, 0.5 ㎛의 감소량을 경시적으로 조사하였다. 빈 챔버내에 주입된 미세분진도 시간이 지남에 따라 흡착과 침강에 의해서 자연적 감소가 발생되었으며, 식물 도입시는 광ㆍ암상태 모두에서 감소율이 훨씬 빨라졌다. 미세분진의 제거율은 광상태에서 식물종에 따라 유의성이 있는 차이가 나타났지만, 엽면적과는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 단위 엽면적으로 비교할 때 3종 중 스파티필름의 제거율이 광ㆍ암상태 모두에서 가장 높았으며, 이 경우 암상태보다는 광상태에서 높았다. 또한 암상태에는 식물 종간 미세분진 제거율 및 호흡율에 별다른 차이가 없었다. 광상태의 미세분진 제거율은 광합성이 높은 종에서 높아, 광합성이 미세분진의 흡수와 같은 능동적 제거에 관여하는 것으로 판단된다. The efficacy of three species of indoor plants (Spathiphyllum spp., Ficus elastica and Syngonium podophyllum) for the removal of environment tobacco smoke (ETS) particulate matter (PM) in the light and dark and changes in physiological responses (photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration) of the plants to ETS was assessed. Cigarette smoke was generated in sealed chambers to give an initial concentration of ~182 ㎍ㆍm⁻³ and after normalization (10 min) the concentrations of various size categories (PM₁₀, PM1.0, and PM0.5) were determined. ETS PM diminished with time due to adsorption and sedimentation. However, the decrease was accelerated by the presence of indoor plants in both the light and dark. Removal efficiency varied among species and was not correlated with leaf area. Spathiphyllum spp. had the highest removal efficacy on a leaf area basis among the species tested in both light and dark conditions, and removal was more efficient in the light than in the dark. In the dark there was little difference in removal efficiency among species or in respiratory rate. The removal efficiency in the light was higher in species with higher photosynthetic rates, suggesting that photosynthesis may be involved in the accelerated removal.
Physiological Response and Purification Efficiency of Indoor Plants Exposed to Ozone
Seung-Il Jung,Min-Ji Kim,Ki-Cheol Son,Pan-Gi Kim,Jae-Cheon Lee,Stanley J. Kays 한국원예학회 2007 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.48 No.3
The effects of ozone on indoor foliage plants and their ozone removal efficiency were studied. Cissus rhombifolia Vahl, Hedera helix L., Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel, and Syngonium podophyllum Schott ‘Albo-Virens’ were exposed to 120 nLㆍL?¹ ozone for 2, 4, or 8 hㆍday?¹ for 25 days in walk-in growth chambers. Changes in stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO₂ concentration were monitored throughout the light and dark periods (13/11 h) and photosynthesis and respiration during the light and dark, respectively. The injury caused by ozone and the plant’s potential for and extent of recovery varied among species. In C. rhombifolia and S. wallisii plants exposed to ozone for 8 h-day ‘, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and ozone uptake decreased throughout the 25-day treatment period. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and ozone uptake rate of H. helix and S. podophyllum initially decreased (through day 7), but then began to recover though never reaching pre-exposure levels. Cumulative ozone uptake rate was highest in S. wallisii. Uptake rate at day 25 decreased as the daily exposure time increased. Ozone uptake by C. rhombifolia and S. aureus was significantly reduced when exposed to ozone for 8 hㆍday?¹ compared with the 2 hㆍday?¹ exposure. Ozone tolerant species had higher uptake rates. The results indicate that while plants remove environmental ozone at a significant rate, they sustain injury during the process. The extent of the injury and the plant’s ability to adapt vary with species, length of daily exposure, and duration of exposure. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance provide a means in which the adverse effect of ozone on plants can be monitored.
Kim, Kwang Jin,Kil, Mi Jung,Song, Jeong Seob,Yoo, Eun Ha,Son, Ki-Cheol,Kays, Stanley J. American Society for Horticultural Science 2008 Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Vol.133 No.4
<P>The contribution of aerial plant parts versus the root zone to the removal of volatile formaldehyde by potted <I>Fatsia japonica</I> Decne. & Planch. and <I>Ficus benjamina</I> L. plants was assessed during the day and night. The removal capacity of the entire plant, aerial plant parts, and root zone was determined by exposing the relevant parts to gaseous formaldehyde (2 μL·L<SUP>−1</SUP>) in airtight chambers (1.0 m<SUP>3</SUP>) constructed of inert materials. The rate of formaldehyde removal was initially rapid but decreased as the internal concentration diminished in the chamber. To compare the removal efficiency between species and plant parts, the time interval required to reach 50% of the initial concentration was determined (96 and 123 min for entire plants of <I>F. japonica</I> and <I>F. benjamina</I>, respectively). In both species, the aerial plant parts reduced the formaldehyde concentration during the day but removed little during the night. However, the root zone eliminated a substantial amount of formaldehyde during the day and night. The ratio of formaldehyde removal by aerial plant parts versus the root zone was similar for both species, at ≈1:1 during the day and 1:11 at night. The effectiveness of the root zone in formaldehyde removal was due primarily to microorganisms and roots (≈90%); only about 10% was due to adsorption by the growing medium. The results indicate that the root zone is a major contributor to the removal of formaldehyde. A better understanding of formaldehyde metabolism by root zone microflora should facilitate maximizing the phytoremediation efficiency of indoor plants.</P>
Changes in the Phytoremediation Potential of Indoor Plants with Exposure to Toluene
Kim, Kwang Jin,Yoo, Eun Ha,Jeong, Myeong Il,Song, Jeong Seob,Lee, Seung Youn,Kays, Stanley J. American Society for Horticultural Science 2011 HortScience Vol.46 No.12
<P>Changes in phytoremediation efficiency after repeated exposures (three) to toluene (1.3 ppm) were assessed in 26 species and two additional cultivars of indoor plants. There was a rapid increase in toluene removal efficiency in 27 of the 28 crops with the greatest increase between the first and second exposure (i.e., after 3 days). The increase in efficiency between the first and third exposure ranged from 378 μg·m<SUP>−3</SUP>·h<SUP>−1</SUP>·m<SUP>−2</SUP> leaf area in <I>Pinus densiflora</I> to -16.6 in <I>Salvia elegans</I> with a mean of 156 for all crops. Percent change ranged from 614 (<I>Pittosporum tobira</I>) to -8 (<I>Salvia elegans</I>) but was not necessarily indicative of phytoremediation value of a species. Rapid changes in phytoremediation efficiency in response to exposure to toluene appear to be widespread in plants and may be the result of an effect on gene expression in the plant and/or certain soil microbes or changes in the population density of toluene-metabolizing microbes. Increasing toluene removal efficiency is advantageous and as a consequence, a better understanding of the mechanism(s) operative may improve use of the response for practical applications.</P>