트레드밀 전·후방 보행과 속도에 따른 다리근육의 근활성도 비교

최석화,전혜림,이규리,Choi, Seok-Hwa,Chun, Hye-Lim,Lee, Cu-Rie 대한물리치료과학회 2018 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Purpose: This study is to compare muscle activation of leg muscles with forward and backward gait and treadmill speed. Method: The experimenter is a healthy ten male and female. They practice walking on the treadmill for 2 minutes and then walk 2km/h and 4km/h in front and back for 3 minutes. Muscle activities were recorded from the lower limb muscles (rectus femoris [RF], biceps femoris [BF], gastrucnemius [GCM]). Results: According to the study, lower extremity muscles have higher backward gait than forward gait. Conclusion: Muscle activity at the speed indicated that the muscular activity of the lower limbs was 4.0km/h, which is higher than 2.0km/h.

${\alpha}_2$-Adrenergic Antagonists가 Xylazine 진정견의 혈액화학치에 미치는 영향

최석화,장경진,Choi Seok-Hwa,Chang Kyung-Jin 한국임상수의학회 1990 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.7 No.2

This study was designed to examine effects of $\alpha$$_2$-Adrenergic Antagonists on blood chemical values in xylazine-sedated dogs. Twenty-four crossbred dogs of both sexes were intramusculary injected with a standard dosage of xylazine(2.2mg/kg of body weight). Righting reflex was uniformly lost and considered to be the point of maximum sedation. When the dogs were maximally sedated, tested groups were in-travenously injected with yohimbine 0.125mg/kg, 4-aminopyridine(4-AP) 0.3mg/kg, and a combination of yohimbine with 4-AP. Control group was intravenously 1 $m\ell$ of physiological saline solution. Total protein(T.P), albumin, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotrnasferase(ALT), blood urea nitrogen(BUN) were analyzed in the conditions of 0-, 30-, 60- and 120-minute after the administration of drugs. The results obtained in the study were as follows. 1. Changes of T.P, albumin, AST, ALT and BUN values in the control group were not significant during or after xylazine administration for at least 120minutes. 2. No changes of T.P, albumin, AST, ALT and BUN values in the tested groups were observed during or after $\alpha$$_2$-Adrenergic Antagonists treatment. 3. Serum glucose values of control group were getting remarkably increased after xylazine injection. 4. The xylasine-induced hyperglycemia was reversed in the dogs administrated with $\alpha$$_2$-Adrenergic Antagonists. Therefore, the results of the study show that the combined treatment with antagonists may be useful for accidental overdoses of xylazine and rapid reversal of animals sedated with xylazine.

한국 현대시 리듬론 재고

최석화(Choi, Seok-hwa) 한국근대문학회 2014 한국근대문학연구 Vol.15 No.2

한국 현대시의 리듬론은 음수율에 의지한 정형시에서 자유시, 산문시로 시의 형태가 변화하면서 다양하게 전개되었다. 초기 현대시의 리듬은 ‘운율’이라는 용어를 사용하는 것이 대부분이었으며 이때 ‘운율’은 다분히 정형적인 성격을 띤 것이다. 이후 ‘운율’과 ‘리듬’이라는 용어는 현재까지 뚜렷한 구분 없이 사용되고 있다. 한편 앙리 매쇼닉의 리듬론이 소개된 이후 한국 현대시의 리듬론은 좀 더 구체적으로 연구되었다. 이에 따라 현재 전개되고 있는 현대시의 리듬론은 두 가지 방향에서의 새로운 규명을 요한다. 먼저 ‘운율’과 ‘리듬’이라는 용어에 대한 개념규정이다. 두 번째는 앙리 매쇼닉의 리듬론으로 촉발된 한국 현대시 리듬론의 적절성이다. ‘리듬’이라는 용어를 존재들의 생존방식으로 보면 이는 매우 넓은 범위로 적용되며 때로는 모호해진다. 따라서 ‘리듬’을 시의 범위 안에서 전제해야만 비로소 시적 용어로의 ‘리듬’이 규명된다. 또한 ‘운율’이라는 용어는 다분히 정형적인 성격을 띤 것으로 현대시의 속성에 맞지 않는다. 그러나 외국이론의 번역과정에서 ‘운율’과 ‘리듬’은 혼재되어 사용되어 있어 용어의 통일을 필요로 한다. 한편 앙리 매쇼닉의 시학에서 출발한 다양한 리듬론은 기존의 정형적, 음성적이거나 형식과 내용, 운문과 산문의 이분법적인 ‘운율’의 개념을 뛰어넘고자 하는 것으로 리듬이 시의 형식적인 요소가 아니라 의미와 관계하는 주체적인 성격을 가진다는 것이다. 이것은 산문화되고 있는 시에서 리듬을 해명할 수 있는 새로운 접근법으로 자유시나 산문시의 답보된 리듬 연구에 새로운 가능성과 활기를 주었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 위의 논의들은 여러 가지 문제점들을 동시에 던져주었다. 그것은 강세나 자음이 중심이 된 언어를 매개로 한 매쇼닉의 리듬론이 한국어의 특성에 맞지 않으며 그의 ‘시학’은 ‘시’가 아닌 ‘글쓰기’를 전제로 하여 ‘시의 리듬’만을 설명하는 것이 아니라는 것이다. 따라서 한국 현대시의 리듬론은 한국어로 되어 있다는 것, 이미지를 중요한 요소로 삼는다는 것, 시의 구조나 형태와 밀접한 관계를 가진다는 것 등을 중심으로 하여 역학적인 관계로 형성된다는 것을 전제로 하여야 한다. As the pattern of Korean modern poetry has changed from fixed verse, which is based on syllabic meter, to free verse and prose poem, its rhythm theories have been developed diversely. Modern poetic rhythms of early days used the term of ‘cadence’ for the most part, and this ‘cadence’ commonly contained the sense of fixed form. Since then, the terms of ‘cadence’ and ‘rhythm’ have been used without clear distinction. On the other hand, after H. Meschonnic’s rhythm theory was introduced, Korean modern poetic rhythm theories have been examined more precisely. On this account, modern poetic rhythm theories, for the present, need to be verified from two perspectives newly. First, it is necessary to redefine the conceptual rule of terms of ‘cadence’ and ‘rhythm.’ Second, it is necessary to verify the propriety of Korean modern poetic rhythm theories which are triggered by H. Meschonnic’s rhythm theory. From the perspective of creature’s method of survival, the term of ‘rhythm’ has been used in a far broad way and it was ambiguous sometimes. Therefore, only when ‘rhythm’ is included in the scope of poetry, it can be verified as a poetic terminology at last. In addition, since the term of ‘cadence’ bears the character of fixed form for the most part, it is not appropriate for the properties of modern poetry. However, ‘cadence’ and ‘rhythm’ have been used in a mixed manner throughout the translation process of overseas theories. So it is necessary to unify the terms. On the other hand, started from H. Meschonnic’s poetics, a variety of rhythm theories have attempted to overcome the dichotomous concepts of ‘cadence’, such as fixed form and phonetic pattern, form and content and verse and prose. and rhythm is not a formal component of poetry but has the character of a main agent that is related to meaning. This is a new approach that can explain rhythms contained in prosed poetry, and gives new potentials and vitality to the stalemated studies on the rhythms of free verse and prose poem. Nevertheless, above discussions raised many problems simultaneously. The center of the problem is that H. Meschonnic’s rhythm theory, which is mediated by accents- or consonants-centered language, is not appropriate for the character of Korean language, and Meschonnic’s poetics does not explain ‘poetic rhythms’ only, since its premise is not ‘poetry’ but ‘writing.’ Therefore, Korean modern poetic rhythm theories must be studied on the premise that it is formed with dynamic relationship, focusing on that facts that its base is Korean language; it regards images as an important component; and it is closely related to the structure and pattern of poetry.

현대시의 형태와 리듬에 관한 연구

최석화(Choi, Seok-hwa) 한국시학회 2017 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.49

형태에 관한 본격적인 관심은 자유시와 산문시의 발생과 관계한다. 정형적인 시 형태를 벗어난 . 자유시나 산문시의 출현은 시를 구성하는 요소에 관한 다양한 질문들을 상기하게 하였다. 김춘수의 『한국 현대시 형태론』은 자유시와 산문시의 형태와 구성요소를 본격적으로 분석하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그가 강조한 행과 연에 의한 리듬의 발생은 산문화 되고 있는 자유시의 중요한 기능을 설명하였다. 그러나 반대로 행과 연이 없는 산문시는 ‘이미지’나 ‘내용’만이 남는다는 결론에 이르러 그 한계를 보였다. 이후 시의 리듬은 단어나 구, 절 등의 반복에 의해 발생한다는 것을 규명하는 다양한 연구가 이루어졌다. 더 나아가 앙리 메쇼닉의 의미를 포함하는 리듬의 개념은 시의 리듬 연구가 음성과 의미의 이분법적 차원을 넘어서게 하였다. 그러나 앙리메쇼닉의 이론은 디스크루 전반에 걸친 이론이라는 점에서 시의 형태보다는 어법적 차원에 집중하게 한다. 시의 리듬은 일반적인 리듬론이나 어법으로만 결정되는 것이 아니며 시의 형태와 매우 밀접한 관계를 가진다. 바꾸어 말하면 시의 리듬은 형태에 매우 큰 영향을 미치며 또 받는다는 것이다. 여기서 리듬은 단순히 음성적, 음운적 차원이 아니라 의미, 이미지와 관계하여 시의 형태에 따라 각기 다른 리듬을 만들어낸다. 따라서 시의 형태나 리듬에 관한 연구는 이 둘이 중층적으로 융합해가는 미학적 측면을 분석하는 과정이다. A full-scale interest in the form of modern poetry has been closely related to the emergence of free verse and prose poem. The emergence of free verse or prose poem that departs from the standard pattern of poetry has played the role of calling to mind diverse questions on the components of poetry. Kim Chun-su’s 『Morphology of Modern Korean Poetry』 seems to be meaningful in that it examined the form and component of free verse and prose poem in full-scale. He laid stress on the generation of rhythms by lines and stanzas, thus explaining an important function of free verse that gradually becomes a prose. On the other hand, his conclusion that a prose poem with no line and stanza only leaves ‘images’ or ‘contents’ is the limitation of his research. Since then, a variety of studies have been carried out to examine the generation of poetic rhythms via repeating words, phrases and passages. The conception of rhythms, which includes the meaning of Henri Meschonnic, has made studies on poetic rhythms overcome the dichotomous perspective of voice and meaning. However, the focus of Henri Meschonnic’s theory is not on the form of poetry but on the expressive technique of poetry, since his theory deals with discours on the whole. The generation of poetic rhythms cannot be decided only by general theories of rhythms or expressive techniques. Rather, it is closely related to the form of poetry. In other words, the rhythm of poetry exchanges a very crucial effect with the form of poetry. The rhythm here is not a simple aspect of voice or phoneme. It is related to the meaning and image of poetry and generates different rhythms according to the form of poetry. In this vein, research on the form or rhythm of poetry is an analytic process of aesthetics of multi-layered integration of poetic forms and rhythms.

한국 현대시 이미지론 재고

최석화(Choi, Seok-hwa) 중앙어문학회 2015 語文論集 Vol.62 No.-

이미지는 자신의 감정이나 정서를 그대로 드러내는 낭만주의를 극복하고자 한 것으로 파운드의 이미지론에 힘입어 현대시의 중요한 창작요인이 되었다. 그러나 한국 현대시에서는 로우웰의 후기 이미지론이 먼저 이입되어 ‘회화성’에 고착되는 양상을 보인다. 한편으로는 이미지가 초현실주의와 맞물려 언어를 잃는 형태로 나타나기도 한다. 이와 같은 현상은 시의 이미지 분석에 있어 사진이나 회화의 용어를 사용하거나 일반적인 이미지론을 구별 없이 사용하기도 하여 시적 이미지의 정의를 모호하게 하였다. 기존의 이미지 분류 또한 이미지의 발생을 고찰하는 과정에서 매우 다른 층위에 있음이 확인된다. 시적 이미지에서 중요한 것은 시의 이미지가 일반적인 정의나 예술의 이미지와 달리 언어를 가지고 있으며 리듬과 시의 구조 안에서 형성된다는 것이다. 시의 발생 과정이나 시를 구성하는 요소들에 의해 이미지를 새롭게 분류하면 이미지는 크게 언어 이미지, 리듬 이미지, 구조 이미지로 정리할 수 있다. 한편 기존의 상징 이미지는 ‘이미지군’으로 시를 해석하고 시인의 사상을 이해하는데 중요한 역할을 하지만 그것은 오히려 고정화되어 죽은 은유가 되기도 한다. 따라서 시인은 늘 새로운 상상력을 필요로 한다. 그러나 상상력은 단지 시를 창작하는 일차적인 주체에게만 일어나는 것이 아니다. 시를 읽는 독자는 상상력을 통해 새로운 현실을 인지하거나 만들어내며 이때 상상력의 주체는 이동한다. 또한 이미지가 시인의 주제나 사상을 드러내기 위해서가 아니라 현실이나 대상의 본질을 드러내고자 할 때, 주체나 대상, 혹은 기존의 관념이나 의미에 종속되지 않는다. 이 과정에서 시인과 독자사이에서 생성된 이미지는 그 어느 것에도 한정되거나 고정화되지 않고 스스로 창조성을 가진다. 이것은 고정화된 관념을 거부하고 본질의 실체에 접근하고자 하는 것이며 이미지를 구조 안에서 새롭게 형성시키는 것이다. The image in modern poetry must overcome romanticism, which reveals a poet’s naked emotions and feelings, and has become an important factor in the creation of modern poetry thanks to E. Pound’s theory of image. However, in light of the advanced introduction of A. Lowell’s later image theory, modern Korean poetry clings to “pictorial inclination.” On the other hand, the image has sometimes moved into surrealism, and then, it appeared to lose its language. This phenomenon has led to the analysis of poetic images utilizing the terminology of photography or painting, or using general image theories indiscriminately, thus making the definition of poetic images ambiguous. In addition, in the course of studying the origin of images, it has been confirmed that the existing classification of images occurs on very different strata. For the poetic image, it is important that, unlike a general definition or an artistic image, it have a language and is formed in the structure of rhythm and poetry. When the image is newly classified by the course of poetic creation or poetic components, it can be generally divided into a language image, a rhythmic image, and a structural image. Existing symbolic images play a crucial role in interpreting poems according to “an image group” or in understanding a poet’s thought, but they also become stereotypes and dead metaphors. In this vein, a poet always needs to have a novel imagination. However, imagination is not the exclusive property of a primary agent of poetic creation. A reader of poems perceives or creates a new reality through imagination. At this point in time, the main agent of imagination changes. In addition, when the image is meant to reveal not a poet’s theme or thought but the inherent nature of reality or objects, it is not subordinated to main agents, objects, or an existing idea or meaning. In this procedure, the image created between poets and readers is not confined or fixed to anything, but has its own creativity. This phenomenon rejects fixed ideas, approaches the true nature of essences, and forms a new image within a structure.

生蜂(Apis mellifera)毒을 利用한 母豚의 無乳症 治療 效果

崔錫和(Seok-hwa Choi),姜成秀(Seong-soo Kang),崔香順(Xiang-shun Cui),朴錫天(Sok-cheon Pak),趙成九(Seong-koo Cho) 한국양봉학회 1999 韓國養蜂學會誌 Vol.14 No.2

$1{\alpha},\;25\;Dihydroxyvitamin\;D_3$이 랫드 골다공증에 미치는 영향

배춘식,최석화,Bae, Chun-Sik,Choi, Seok-Hwa 한국현미경학회 2002 Applied microscopy Vol.32 No.3

Sprague-Dawley rat에 complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)를 투여하여 유발한 골다공증에 미치는 $1{\alpha}$, 25 dihydroxyvitamin $D_3\;(Vit\;D_3)$의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 실험동물을 정상 대조군, CFA 투여 대조군, CFA 투여후 $1{\alpha}$, 25 dihydroxyvitamin $D_3\;0.01{\mu}g/kg$ 투여군 (Vit $D_{3}L$) 및 $0.1{\mu}g/kg$ 투여군(Vit $D_{3}H$)으로 분류하여 경구로 3주간 투여하였다. 골다공증의 억제 효과를 알아보기 위하여 골밀도와 골함유량의 변화 및 주사전자현미경적 소견을 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 골밀도와 골함유량은 $1{\alpha}$, 25 dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ 투여용량과 부위에 따라 차이가 있었는데 Vit $D_3$ 투여군이 CFA 투여 대조군과 비교하여 골밀도와 골함유량이 증가하였으며 Vit $D_{3}H$군이 Vit $D_{3}L$군보다 좀 더 효과적이었다. 대퇴골의 주사전자현미경적 소견은 Vit $D_3$ 투여군의 골피질과 골소주의 손상이 CFA 투여 대조군보다 억제되었음을 볼 수 있었으며 Vit $D_{3}H$ 투여군이 Vit $D_{3}L$ 투여군보다 좀 더 효과적이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 $1{\alpha}$, 25 dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$의 투여는 CFA에 의해 유발된 rat의 골다공증 모델에서 골다공증의 진행을 억제하였고 Vit $D_{3}H$ 투여군이 Vit $D_{3}L$ 투여군보다 좀 더 효과적이었다. Vitamin D is one of important factors involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. In osteoporosis, the therapeutic effect of vitamin D on the healing process has still been controversial. To confirm the effects of $1{\alpha},\;25\;Dihydroxyvitamin\;D_3$ on the osteoporosis, the change of bone mineral density and the histologic changes of osteoporotic femur were examined comparatively in normal control group (positive control), CFA control group (negative control), CFA+$1{\alpha}$, 25 dihydroxyvitamin $D_{3}\;0.01{\mu}g/kg$ group (Vit $D_{3}L$) and CFA+$1{\alpha}$, 25 dihydroxyvitamin $D_{3}\;0.1{\mu}g/kg$ group (Vit $D_{3}H$) after osteoporosis was induced by single injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. The value of bone mineral density and bone mineral content of femur was increased in both Vit $D_{3}L$ and Vit $D_{3}H$ than CFA control, and the increase rate of that was higher in Vit $D_{3}H$ than Vit $D_{3}L$. In CFA control, the size of the bone marrow cavities significantly increased and the width from the bone marrow cavity and cortex significantly decreased than normal control. In Vit $D_{3}H$ and Vit $D_{3}L$, the increase rate of the size of bone marrow cavity and the decrease rate of the width from the bone marrow cavity and cortex was depressed than CFA control. These results suggest that $1{\alpha},\;25\;Dihydroxyvitamin\;D_3$ has therapeutic effect on adjuvant-induced osteoporosis in rats.

국내 사육견의 심장사상충 실태조사

이상목,최석화,이현하,이원창,Lee Sang-mog,Choi Seok-hwa,Lee Hyun-ha,Lee Won-chang 대한수의사회 1992 대한수의사회지 Vol.28 No.6

This study was performed to investigate the infestation rate of heartworm(Dirofilaria immitis) in the peripheral blood of the dog being raised in Korea. Blood samples were obtained between 17 : 00 and 20 : 00 from June to August, 1991. Heartworm was exami

말에서 체열촬영술의 응용

양영진,조길재,남치주,최석화,Yang, Young-Jin,Cho, Gil-Jae,Nam, Tchi-Chou,Choi, Seok-Hwa 대한수의학회 2002 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.42 No.2

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness and effectiveness of thermography in horse. Total 21 horses associated with locomotors, wound, and ophthalmic disease were investigated. Thermographically, the wannest area in normal limb was coronary band ($27.26^{\circ}C$), and carpus, metacarpus, fetlock, and pastern area were $26.64^{\circ}C$, $24.42^{\circ}C$, $23.64^{\circ}C$ and $23.06^{\circ}C$, respectively. The temperature($^{\circ}C$) of horses with lameness, swelling, nervous, ataxia was lower(cold spot) than surrounding tissue or symmetry area, and with heat, signs of inflammation was increased(hot spot). These results suggest that the thermography is useful for the early detection of locomotors, wound, and ophthalmic disease in horse and an excellent adjunct to clinical examination.

CT and scintigraphic evaluation of osseointegration following immediate versus delayed implantation in dogs

김중현,이재영,이원국,오원영,김소섭,강성수,최석화,Kim, Juoog-Hyun,Lee, Jae Yeong,Lee, Won-Guk,Oh, Won Young,Kim, So-Seob,Kang, Seong Soo,Choi, Seok Hwa The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2004 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.44 No.1

Osseointegration involves anchoring dental implants to stable bone rather than to soft-tissue. Clinical osseointegration is currently defined as the process whereby alloplastic material is asymptomatically and rigidly fixed and maintained in bone during functional loading. Full osseointegration is necessary for the success of long-term dental implants. Recent developments in computer assisted measurement of bone formation have improved maxillofacial examination and osseointegration. Computer assisted examination has also proved effective in dental implantology. This investigation was aimed to determine osseointegration in immediate and delayed implantation in the dog mandible using dental computed tomography (CT) and bone scintigraphy. Five adult (mean age of 2 years) mongrel dogs with a mean weight of 9.1 kg were used in this investigation. Titanium alloy implant systems with 4 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length were chosen for insertion. The second and third left mandibular premolars in each dog were extracted for the delayed implant insertion. Twelve weeks later, the second and third right mandibular premolars were extracted for the immediate implant insertion. Before the delayed and immediate implantation procedures and 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the insertions, dental CT and scintigraphy were conducted. The CT and scintigraphic images indicate that reconstruction of bone surrounding of the immediate implant can be as successful as reconstruction of bone surrounding of the delayed implant.