Dynamic Analysis of the Effect of Network Externality in Vertically Differentiated Market Hyung-Rae Cho․Minho Rhee † Dept. of Industrial Systems Engineering/ERI, Gyeongsang National University

조형래(Hyung-Rae Cho):이민호(Minho Rhee) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2019 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.42 No.2

Network externalities are essentially dynamic in that the value consumers feel about a product is affected by the size of the existing customer base that uses that product. However, existing studies on network externalities analyzed the effects of network externalities in a static way, not dynamic. In this study, unlike previous studies, the impact of network externalities on price competition in a vertically differentiated market is dynamically analyzed. To this end, a two-period duopoly game model was used to reflect the dynamic aspects of network externalities. Based on the game model, the Nash equilibria for price, sales volume, and revenue were derived and numerically analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows. First, if high-end product has strong market power, the high-end product vendor takes almost all benefits of the network externality. Second, when high-end product has strong market power, the low-end product will take over most of the initial sales volume increase. Third, when market power of high-end product is not strong, it can be seen that the effects of network externalities on the high and low-end products are generally proportional to the difference in quality. Lastly, if there exists a strong network externality, it is shown that the presence of low-end product can be more profitable for high-end product vendor. In other words, high-end product vendor has incentive to disclose some technologies for the market entrance of low-end product, even if it has exclusive rights to the technologies. In that case, however, it is shown that the difference in quality should be maintained significantly.

『소년』의 과학

조형래 ( Hyung Rae Cho ) 국제한국문학문화학회 2009 사이 Vol.6 No.-

개항 이후 서구의 발달된 과학·기술 지식이 조선 내부에 대대적으로 유입되었지만 과학이라는 개념의 정립 및 그 실천과 관련하여 중대한 전환점이 되었던 것은 특히 1900년대 초반이었다. 특히 「소년」은 `과학`을 당시의 중요한 학지(學知)로서 취급하고 있었던 유력한 잡지 중 하나였다. 이것은 서구 사회의 고유한 전통과 문화를 반영하고 있는 특수한 학제이자 실천으로서의 사이언스의 번역어로서 카가쿠(科學)라는 말이 일본에 정착되고, 일본의 대학제도 내부에서 과학의 제반 학과가 설치되고 있었던 상황과 무관하지 않았다. 『소년』에서 주로 `이과`로 나타나고 있는 과학이란 무엇보다도 실험이라는 고유한 실천 및 진리생산 및 사실재현을 위한 정교한 글쓰기의 형식을 도입·정립했다고 할 수 있다. 그것은 당대의 조선인들로 하여금 자연과 세계의 객관적인 인식을 가능하도록 하는 기준을 제공했다. 뿐만 아니라 그것은 생물의 하위범주로서 인간을 자연 내부에 정위하는, 인간정신의 보편화에 관한 인식론적 전회와 관련되어 있다. 어떤 의미에서 과학이란 정의 만족과 관련된 1910년대 조선의 문학론의 탄생과 전혀 무관하지 않은 담론이었다. Since 1876, it had been an extensive flux of scientific and technical knowledge from the West into Cho-sun. But the important times for the establishment and revolution on that concepts in Korea was the early of 1900`s. Especially a word `과학` was treated as modern scholarship in So-nyun(the Young). This is a translation of very science that is the principle and practice of study represented historical traditions, experiences and cultures of the west And it was translated as Japanese Kagaku(科學) that introduced as study and education system into the society at that time. These were related with the beginning of modern science in Korea and with So-nyun first of all. In this children`s magazine it was mainly called a word `이과` that could make a particular practice of an experiment and a form of ecriture for production of truth and representation of experience. Also it offered to Korean some standardization for objective recognition of nature and world. Futhermore it considered a man to a part of nature, and then universalized human mental. This caused very important epistemological conversion about understanding nature and world. In a manner of speaking, science as episteme had concerned with discourses on the birth of literature as the satisfaction of sense in 1910`s Korea.

수직적으로 차별화된 시장 하에서 망외부성이 미치는 영향에 대한 동태적 분석

조형래,이민호,Cho, Hyung-Rae,Rhee, Minho 한국산업경영시스템학회 2019 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.42 No.2

Network externalities are essentially dynamic in that the value consumers feel about a product is affected by the size of the existing customer base that uses that product. However, existing studies on network externalities analyzed the effects of network externalities in a static way, not dynamic. In this study, unlike previous studies, the impact of network externalities on price competition in a vertically differentiated market is dynamically analyzed. To this end, a two-period duopoly game model was used to reflect the dynamic aspects of network externalities. Based on the game model, the Nash equilibria for price, sales volume, and revenue were derived and numerically analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows. First, if high-end product has strong market power, the high-end product vendor takes almost all benefits of the network externality. Second, when high-end product has strong market power, the low-end product will take over most of the initial sales volume increase. Third, when market power of high-end product is not strong, it can be seen that the effects of network externalities on the high and low-end products are generally proportional to the difference in quality. Lastly, if there exists a strong network externality, it is shown that the presence of low-end product can be more profitable for high-end product vendor. In other words, high-end product vendor has incentive to disclose some technologies for the market entrance of low-end product, even if it has exclusive rights to the technologies. In that case, however, it is shown that the difference in quality should be maintained significantly.

거래비용이 상이한 복수의 유통채널에 대한 다자간 협상전략에 관한 연구

조형래(Hyung Rae Cho),이민호(Min ho Rhee) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2015 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.38 No.4

The proliferation of the Internet and communication technologies and applications, besides the conventional retailers, has led to a new form of distribution channel, namely home sopping through the telephone, TV, catalog or the Internet. The conventional and new distribution channels have different transaction costs perceived by the consumers in the following perspectives: the accessibility to the product information, the traffic cost and the opportunity cost for the time to visit the store, the possibility of 'touch and feel' to test the quality of the product, the delivery time and the concern for the security for the personal information. Difference in the transaction costs between the distribution channels results in the different selling prices even for the same product. Moreover, distribution channels with different selling prices necessarily result in different business surpluses. In this paper, we study the multilateral bargaining strategy of a manufacturer who sells a product through multiple distribution channels with different transaction costs. We first derive the Nash equilibrium solutions for both simultaneous and sequential bargaining games. The numerical analyses for the Nash equilibrium solutions show that the optimal bargaining strategy of the manufacturer heavily depends not only on the degree of competition between the distribution channels but on the difference of the business surpluses of the distribution channels. First, it is shown that there can be four types of locally optimal bargaining strategies if we assume the market powers of the manufacturer over the distribution channels can be different. It is also shown that, among the four local optimal bargaining strategies, simultaneous bargaining with the distribution channels is the most preferred bargaining strategy for the manufacturer.

제조업체와 복수의 유통업체 간의 다자간 협상전략 분석

조형래(Hyung-Rae Cho),이민호(Minho Rhee) 한국SCM학회 2022 한국SCM학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Recently, distribution companies have shown market dominance that has grown so much that they have comparative advantage in negotiating delivery prices with manufacturers in some items. Considering the ever-growing market dominance of distribution companies, the question of how manufacturers should negotiate delivery prices with distribution companies is considered one of the important decisions made by manufacturers. In this paper, we study the bargaining strategy of a manufacturer who sells a product through multiple distribution companies with a difference in distribution market dominance and bargaining power with the corresponding manufacturer. To do this, we derive and analyze the equilibrium solutions for both simultaneous and sequential bargaining games. The result can be summarized as follows: (1) For the manufacturer, it is more advantageous to conclude delivery negotiations with both distribution companies than to sign a supply contract with a specific distributor and abandon the rest; (2) If there is a difference in control of the distribution market between distribution companies, it is disadvantageous to manufacturers, but it works in favor of distributors.; (3) Simultaneous negotiation method has always been found to be advantageous to manufacturers profits over sequential negotiation method; (4) If the manufactrure has to negotiate sequentially, the order of negotiations has a significant impact on manufacturer’s profit.

“유정(有情)”한 감각의 테크놀로지

조형래(Cho, Hyung Rae) 동악어문학회 2017 동악어문학 Vol.71 No.-

20세기 초 개화기 신소설을 비롯한 여러 서사 텍스트에 나타난 재현에 있어서의 시각적 생생함은 비약적으로 진보했다. 그러나 그것은 다양한 근대적 변화가 전대 서사의 다양한 형식과 절합되어 신․구의 절충으로서의 신소설의 문체를 형성해갔던 과정에서 출현했던 의외의 변이였다. 리얼리즘의 중핵을 형성하는 시각중심주의는 쉽게 도입되거나 번역될 수 있는 성질의 것이 아니었다. 『소학령』이나 『착각의 기현상』 같은 사례는 시각으로 대표되는 주관적 감각에 대한 광범위한 의심이 존재했으며 그것에 따른 지체와 진통이 발생했다는 사실을 예증한다. 이에 반해 『무정』은 개인에 따라 서로 상충할 수밖에 없을 개별적 목소리와 감각의 소실점이 서술자라는 카메라 옵스큐라의 촬상면(撮像面)에 반영되는 유비의 구조에 의해 부분과 전체, 영혼과 육체, 주관과 객관이 변증법적으로 통합되어 재현되는 장치의 프로세스로서의 리얼리즘의 기술적 장치를 도입했다. 『무정』의 여러 삽화가 환기하는 감각적 생생함은 이러한 시각의 재구성에 의한 몰입을 가능하도록 하는 다층적 언술 장치의 도입에 의해 가능해진 것이다. 그것에 의해 영혼이나 정신에 구체적 목소리나 이미지가 부여되었다. 이러한 쓰기의 테크놀로지에의해 투명하게 보고 들을 수 있는 실체로서의 내면이라는 형식이 정초된 것이다. 내면은 형식을 비롯한 개인들의 마음속에 존재하는 것이 아니라 쓰기의 테크놀로지, 텍스트라는 형식 자체였다. 그리고 그것이 원래부터 누구의 마음속에나 존재했던 것처럼, 누구나 속으로 그러한 감각과 글쓰기의 형식에 입각하여 사고하거나 느끼고 있는 것처럼 전도되어 근대적 개인의 보편타당한 자아와 개성의 변경 불가능한 중심 내지는 재현 가능한 감각적 모델로 확립되었다. 그것이 외부 세계와 현상 일체를 사고하며 통합하는 중심으로서의 단일한 주관성의 모델 즉 새로운 인간상 자체를 만들어냈던 것이다. In the early 20th century, the visual vividness of representation in various narrative texts, including the Sinsoseol, advanced dramatically. But it was an unexpected variation that emerged in the course of the process of various modern changes being articulated with the various forms of prose narratives to form the style of the Sinsoseol texts as a compromise between the new and the old. The visual centrality that forms the core of realism was not easily introduced or translated to modern Korea. Examples such as Yi Haejo"s Sohakryeong or the script, “illusion of vision” illustrate the existence of a wide range of suspicions about the subjective sense represented by the visual, and the resulting retardation and delay. On the other hand, The Heartless is a dialectical integration of the part and the whole by the structure of ubiquity reflected in the single imaging target of the camera obscura that the vanishing point of individual voices and senses, And it introduced a technical device of realism as a process of the represented device. The sensual vividness of the various episodes of The Heartless is made possible by the introduction of a multilayered narrative system that enables immersion by such reconstruction of the visuals. By that it was given specific voices or images in soul or spirit. It established the inner form of reality that can be seen and heard transparently by the technology of writing. The inner was not in the individual"s mind, but the technology of writing, the form of text itself. And as if it existed in someone"s mind as if it were originally in someone"s mind, it was reversed as if everybody thinks or feels on the basis of such senses and the form of writing, the universal and the irreducible center or reproducible sensual model of personality and the modern individual. It had created a model of single subjectivity as the center for thinking and integrating the external world and all of the phenomena, the new human being itself.

NEMO 에서 Proxy 방식을 이용한 최상위 이동 라우터간의 멀티캐스트 핸드오버 기법

조형래(Hyung-Rae Cho),강경란(Kyungran Kang),조영종(Young-Jong Cho) 한국통신학회 2008 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.11

스테레오 카메라 이미지에서 물체의 기울어진 각도를 찾기 위한 특징점 선택 기법

조형래(Hyung Rae Cho),김선빈(Sun Byn Kim),이채은(Chae Eun Rhee) 대한전자공학회 2015 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.6

망외부성이 존재하고 수직적으로 차별화된 제품 간의 호환성 전략 분석

조형래(Hyung-Rae Cho),이민호(Minho Rhee) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2020 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.43 No.1

It is a general phenomenon for manufacturers to provide vertically differentiated product line for more profit through improved market coverage. For such manufacturers, the compatibility between vertically differentiated products is an important decision issue. Some manufacturers provide full compatibility between high and low version products, whereas some provide only downward compatibility for the purpose of recommending high version product. In this study, the two representative compatibility strategies, full or downward, between vertically differentiated products produced by a single manufacturer are analyzed, especially under network externality and in the viewpoint of profit maximization. To do this we used a market model which captures the basic essence of vertical differentiation and network externality. Based on the proposed market model, the profit maximizing solutions are derived and numerically analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows : (1) Regardless of compatibility strategy, under network externality, vertical differentiation is always advantageous in terms of profit. (2) The full compatibility strategy is shown to be the most advantageous in terms of profit. In addition, it is necessary to make quality difference between differentiated products as wide as possible to maximize profit. (3) To gradually drive low version product out of the market and shift the weight pendulum of market to high version product, it is shown that the downward compatibility strategy is essential. Unlike intuition, however, it is also shown that in order to drive low version product out of market, it is necessary to raise the quality of the low version product rather than to lower it.

후속시장이 가격결정에 미치는 영향 분석

조형래(Hyung-Rae Cho),이민호(Minho Rhee) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2020 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.43 No.3

Aftermarket refers to a market in which a company sells complementary goods, replacements of parts, and upgrade or maintenance services to consumers after selling them main durable goods. Intuitively, consumers who purchase main durable goods become major potential customers in subsequent aftermarket. Thus the existence of the aftermarket has a significant impact on pricing of the main durable goods as well as the aftermarket products. In this study, we analyze the effect of aftermarket on the pricing strategy for a company selling both main durable goods and aftermarket products. To do this we first divided the market into markets where the aftermarket products are indispensable and optional. Based on the proposed market types, the profit maximizing solutions are derived using two-period model, and the impacts of consumers’ undervaluation of aftermarket product prices on pricing strategy are analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows : (1) Regardless of the market type, the total profits were found to be inversely proportional to the consumer’s awareness accuracy of product prices in the aftermarket. This is in line with marketing efforts that sales companies have made intuitively to make consumers underestimate the cost of the aftermarket. (2) If aftermarket product is indispensable, only revenue from the aftermarket is sought. On the other hand, if aftermarket product is optional, revenue from the main durable good as well as the aftermarket product will be sought simultaneously. (3) Moreover, when aftermarket product is optional, the lower the awareness accuracy of consumers, the higher the price and profit of the main durable goods, while the lower the price and profit of the aftermarket products. This is contrary to the intuition that the lower the consumer s valuation of the costs of aftermarket, the more advantageous it would be to rely on aftermarket products rather than on main durable goods.