朝鮮의 喪葬과 灰隔

趙吉煥(Cho Gil Hwan) 중앙문화재연구원 2009 중앙고고연구 Vol.0 No.5

조선은 성리학을 사회통치이념으로 채택하고, 經國大典 반포와 國朝五禮儀를 제정하여 신분질서를 제시하였다. 사대부는 仁祖 26(1648)年에 간행된 喪禮備要와 이후에 편찬된 四禮便覽을 따랐다. 이에 따라 탄과 삼물(石灰·細沙·黃土 拌均者)을 이용하여 관을 넣을 수 있게 장(墻)을 만들어 광과 관을 구별짓는 회격(灰隔)이라는 새로운 무덤양식이 지배층의 묘제로 채택된다. 상례비요와 사례편람에서 ①곽을 사용한 방식, ②층층으로 다진 방식, ③내부에 흙을 넣어 회격을 조성하는 방식 등이 확인된다. 회격은 조선시대 무덤의 매장주체부를 형성하는 하나의 양식으로, 세조 이전까지 지배층에서 채택한 석실(곽)을 대체하는 개념으로 받아들여지는데, 왕과 대부사서인에게 모두 적용된다. 이러한 인식의 토대에는 회격이 온전히 돌이 되어 시신을 풀뿌리와 벌레 등으로부터 지킬 수 있다는 장점에 의해 사후(死後)의 효를 실천하는 구체적인 방법으로 지배층에 권장된 사항으로 판단된다. 회격은 유풍(遺風)과 발굴조사를 통하여 1980년대까지 사용되었음을 알 수 있는데, 고래로 내려오는 실·곽·충전 등이 복합된 개념으로 수용된 것이다. 본 연구는 추후 발굴조사를 통하여 얻어지는 많은 조선시대 토광묘의 회격을 이해하는 한단초가 될 것을 믿어 의심치 않으며, 조선의 성리학적 상례에 대한전반적 이해의 첫걸음이 될 것으로 기대한다. Joseon adopting Neo-Confucianism as a ruling ideology suggested order of social caste through promulgation of Gyeongguk Daejeon(『經國大典』, Grand Code of Managing the Nation) and enactment of Gukjo Oryeeui(『國 朝五禮儀』, The National Five Rites). Literati followed Sangryebiyo(『喪禮備 要』, Guidebook for Funeral Rites) compiled in the reign of 26th year of King Injo(1648) and Saryepyeonram(『四禮便覽』, Handbook for four the ceremonial occasions of coming-of-age, marriage, funeral, and ancestor worship) compiled later. A new burial structure called Hoegyek(灰隔) which separated a burial hole and a coffin with making a wall. According to Sangryebiyo and Saryepyeonram, there were three types of burial as follows: 1) the first type using an outer-coffin, 2) the second type tramping earth layer upon layer, and 3) the third type forming a Hoegryek with filling a space between a coffin and a burial hole with earth. The Hoegyek, a style to prepare a burial platform were considered to be a facility to substitute a stone chamber(or an outer-coffin) before the reign of the King Sejo, and it was applied to kings, officials, and commoners. The Hoegyek, considered a facility to protect the dead fromgrass roots and insects seems to have been recommended as a device to practice filial pietyafter ancestor’s death. Based on excavation reports and a custom handed down, the Hoegyek, had been adopted until the 1980s, and it could be understood as a facility adopted as combined concept of a burial chamber, an outer-coffin, and a filling up. This study will be a foundation to understand the Hoegyekof pit burials built in the Joseon period which will be reported in future excavations, and it will be also a first step to understand Joseon’s funeral rites based on Neo-Confucianism in a general sense.

조선 중ㆍ후기 사람들의 연령별, 분묘형식별, 사망연령별 치아 선형 에나멜 형성부전증 발생 양상

박순영(Sunyoung Pak),우은진(Eun Jin Woo),정양승(Yang Seung Jeong),조길환(Gil Hwan Cho) 대한체질인류학회 2011 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.24 No.3

본 연구에서는 은평지역 분묘군 인골집단을 대상으로 대표적인 발달 스트레스 지표로서 많은 연구에서 이용되어온 영구치 선형 에나멜 형성부전증(LEH)의 발생 양상을 조사하여, 조선시대 중기에서 후기 사이에 서울에 거주했던 사람들이 유아기에 경험한 발달 스트레스의 양상을 파악하고자 하였다. 은평 뉴타운 건설을 계기로 발굴된 은평 분묘군 출토 인골개체 가운데서 영구치의 앞니부위 치아 중 최소한 한 개 이상이 남아 있으면서 LEH의 발생유무를 확인하는 것이 가능한 160개체를 본 연구의 분석대상으로 삼았다. 먼저 분묘군의 조성연대, 개체별 성, 사망연령, 분묘형식에 대한 정보를 얻은 후 각 치아별로 LEH의 발생유무, 발생개수를 조사하여 치아유형별 LEH의 발생률과 발생개수, 성별 LEH 발생개수, 분묘형식별 LEH 발생개수, 사망연령과 LEH 발생개수의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 치아별로는 아래턱 좌ㆍ우 송곳니, 위턱 좌ㆍ우 송곳니, 위턱 좌ㆍ우 안쪽앞니의 순서로 LEH의 발생률이 높고 치아당 발생개수도 많았다. 성별차이는 일관성이 없었고 뚜렷하지도 않았다. 분묘형식별 LEH 발생 양상의 차이는 뚜렷하지는 않았으나 대체적으로 토광묘 피장자들이 회묘 피장자들에 비해 높은 빈도의 LEH를 보여주는 경향이 있었다. 사망연령과 LEH 발생개수 사이에는 분명한 패턴이 나타나지 않았다. 유일하게 아래턱 좌측 가쪽앞니에서만 LEH 발생개수와 사망연령 사이에 음의 상관관계가 나타나 LEH를 많이 가진 개체일수록 조기 사망한 경향을 보여주었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 결과를 세계 각 곳에서 조사된 연구 결과들과 비교하여 고찰하고 본 연구 결과의 의미를 검토하였다. 본 연구는 국내 고인골을 대상으로 치아에서 나타나는 성장기의 발달 스트레스 지표를 분석한 최초의 시도라는 점에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다. Dental linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is probably one of the most widely used developmental stress indicators among all known skeletal stress indicators. This research examined LEH on the permanent anterior teeth of 160 human skeletal remains from the Joseon Dynasty period. The purpose of this investigation is to understand the characteristics of the developmental stresses experienced by the people of the Joseon period by analyzing the patterns of LEH incidences. The skeletal remains analyzed for this research were excavated during an archaeological investigation at a construction site in Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, South Korea. Eunpyeong site is estimated to date from the late 15<SUP>th</SUP> century to the late 19<SUP>th</SUP> century based on the burial type and goods discovered within the graves. Of all the skeletal remains found at this site, 160 individual specimens with at least one of the permanent anterior teeth constituted the sample of the study. Information regarding each individual specimen’s sex, age at death, and burial type was collected by the standardized methods. The prevalence and number of LEH by tooth type, and the number of LEH by sex, by burial type, and by age at death were analyzed. Mandibular canines were the most frequently affected teeth, maxillary canines coming next in the occurrence of LEH, and the third turned out to be the maxillary incisors. This result generally agrees with the findings from previous studies. When number of LEH by sex was compared, there was no consistent difference by sex which also agrees with the findings of previous studies. Although specimens from lime-mortar burials tended to have less number of LEH then those from earth-pit burials, a probable indication of the socioeconomic status effect on the formation of LEH, the result was not very pronounced. No obvious association between the number of LEH and age at death was found, either. Finally the results from this study were compared with those reported by other researches on LEH worldwide. Although preliminary in its level of analysis, this study is the first report of the patterns of LEH of a skeletal population of Korea. With more studies of human skeletal remains from the past, it is hoped, physical anthropology can contribute to the understanding of the past life of the Korean people.

파형판 열교환기를 이용한 백연저감 시스템에 대한 실험적 연구

오용훈(Yong-Hoon Oh),박상희(Sang-Hee Park),오신일(Shin-Il Oh),조길환(Gil-Hwan Cho) 대한설비공학회 2015 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.11

This experiment was a study of white plume reduction in range of a high temperature. To investigate the white plume reduction in system, the exhaust air velocity(2, 3, 4m/s), the outdoor air intake velocity(0.5, 1, 1.5m/s) and the water velocity(0.2, 0.4, 0.6m/s) were changed. The system is composed of corrugated plate heat exchanger, Air to Air heat exchanger, Air to Water heat exchanger and mixing chamber. White plume effect was better depending on system operation condition. At whole experimental results, even if temperature and humidity exist under saturation line has occurred the white plume when difference in air temperature between outdoor air is great. But it is showed that white plume is happening in no less than 35℃. Reduction effect of white plume showed that appeared in sequence of case 1, 2, 3, 4 according to the system operating conditions.

플라보노이드 루테올린의 lippopolysacharide로 유도한 type 1 interferon 억제 효과

정원석(Won Seok Jung),배기상(Gi Sang Bae),조창래(Chang Re Cho),박경철(Kyoung Chel Park),구본순(Bon Soon Koo),김민선(Min Sun Kim),함경완(Kyung Wan Ham),조범연(Beom Yeon Jo),조길환(Gil Hwan Cho),서상완(Sang Wan Seo),이시우(Siwoo Lee),송 한의병리학회 2009 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.23 No.5

오령지 추출물의 염증성 세포활성물질 억제효과

김병진 ( Byung Jin Kim ),함경완 ( Kyung Wan Ham ),박경배 ( Kyung Bae Park ),김대현 ( Dae Hyeon Kim ),조범연 ( Beom Yeon Jo ),조창래 ( Chang Re Cho ),조길환 ( Gil Hwan Cho ),배기상 ( Gi Sang Bae ),박경철 ( Kyoung Chel Park ),구본순 대한본초학회 2009 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.24 No.3

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of extract from Trogopterorum Faeces (TF) on the RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: To prove the TF`s anti-inflammatory effects, we investigated nitric oxide (NO) production and own cell viability. We examined the cytokine productions on lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and also cellular regulatory mechanisms. Results: TF does not have any cytotoxic effect. TF reduced LPS-induced NO production, interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in RAW 264.7 cells. TF inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and also the degradation of inhibitory kappa B a (Ik-Ba) in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. TF reduced the serum levels of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a. The survival rate of LPS-induced endotoxin shock was increased by TF administration. Conclusions: TF down-regulated LPS-induced NO and cytokines production, which could provide a clinical basis for anti-inflammatory properties.

都市公營開發事業에 對한 考察

조길환,황의진,김영곤 여수대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.13 No.2

This Paper studied the background and characteristics of the adopted public development among the system of housing land development that is executing in our country nowadays And it defined the reasons of problems that is caused by a social change in the Project of public development at the level of city public development toward a service that the public development effects to the City planning. So it would like to propose reform methods in develo-ping housing area to give basic data in establishing system of city public development by the local selfgoverning body as the methods for a construction of effective city space and smooth supply of housing area is presented as follows. First : In order to ensure a legitimacy of an exercise of government power for the business of public development, the gualification of a practical system of public development is to be strengthened. According to the guideline of the policy of city development or nation's housing or land, the condition of Yelated areas, the characteristics of business subject, the system of public development is to be selected. The object of the public development such as the developing business of residential land for the low-incomed class, the suitable business that is developed by the pu-blic, the developing business of land in national basic industries is to be realized and objectified more. Second : A differtial application of distribution price of the residential land according to not only the distribution of residential land related with housing construction business and its use or object but also the storage of public land and reformation of system and distribution object of public development land through an activation of the system of land selling in advance. Third : The idleness one of planning developed land such as a rational management for restriction of privaty ownership of developing profit, the establishment of effective restoration system of the developed profit, and establishment of land developing fund is to be controlled. Fourth : To ensure a reinvestment resources for continuous propulsion of the city developing business, its effective propulsion of developing business by a preaying distribution and induction of land demand and distribution acceleration ncouragement of purchase interest) is to be drived. So the distribution acceleration and fund revulsion is to be smooth with a rational reform of a distribution method by a minimization of dependency degree of outer fund in an early period of development and establishment of inverstment resources by a restoring profit of the public development. Fifth : A method of activation in city developing business is to be considered by a diversity of the developing subject. Sixth : The search for distribution method of space for city environment and the enlargement method of equipment space is to be considered.

도시경관 조성방안에 관한 연구 : 여수시를 중심으로 About the Yosu City

김영곤,조길환 麗水大學校 産業基術硏究所 1999 産業基術硏究所 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

Because of industrialization, the raid cityward drifting of population and industry has been made. In consequence, the overcrowding in the great cities has created various urban problems. So it is felt that it has been necessary to develop the satellite cities quickly. Owing to the rapid industrialization and urban overpopulation, the problems like the formation of a crude urban scenic beauty and a shortage of collateral foundation facilities has taken place. However, recently it is fortunate that the discussion about how we can make our city pleasant and beautiful is slowly being made and in one side institutional intervention for the urban scenic beauty control is being disclosed. On the other hand, we can say that these movements paradoxically offer evidences against the fact that the pursuit of suitability and pleasantness which is another goal of the urban development was ver insufficient because our urban development has been clung to economical efficiency and effectiveness. When cities are developed until now, the systematic considering the urban scenic beauty has not been made. The truth is that concentrating on only quantitative growth has not created the pleasant urban scenic beauty, and rather it has brought about disorder, destroyed the spatial order, and mass-produced only featureless cities. Out of physical and spatial structure to decide the impression of a city, we can say that the urban scenic beauty is a cognitive factor which can remember the whole city most impressively. Particularly the road scenic beauty for skyline and various road facilities, which are closely connected with taste and a fine prospect, occupies an important position in the urban scenic beauty. Therefore, the height, position and color of buildings, which are constituents of this urban scenic beauty, and visual effect of the road facilities are important factors to determine an urban environment, in other words, " the quality of environment." As a result, from this point of view, the present research show an alternative plan for a very ple urban environment creation by making a comparative examination of the formative present situation of the urban scenic beauty which is developing in Yosu now.

公共土地開發事業 地方化問題와 代案에 관한 小考

조길환,황의진,김영곤 여수대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.13 No.2

Since 1980 the Korea Land Development Coporation has played a major role in land development by means of a Public Initiated Land Development Scheme. This strategy has attempted to correct the market failure of the generation of large sum of windfall profits. In accordance with reimplementation of the local autonomous ruling system since 1991, the demend for local government initiated land development have increased rapidly as local governments attempt to math the influence of national local development policy. In this regards, it is very useful for urban planners to analyze the merits and dismerits of the local government initiated land development schemes in view of national agency's development. This paper recommends several mitigation measures to improve the settlement of the local government initiated land development scheme.