Oceanographic Conditions of Maxwell Bay, King George Island, Antarctica (Austral Summer 1989)

Kyung Il Chang(張京一),Ho Kyung Jun(全鎬景),Gun Tai Park(朴建泰),Young Sang Eo(魚泳相) 한국해양과학기술원 1990 KOREAN JOURNAL of Polar Research Vol.1 No.1

1983년 춘계 제주해협의 해황과 해류

장경일,김구,이석우,심태보,Chang, Kyung-Il,Kim, Kuh,Lee, Suk-Woo,Shim, Tae-Bo 한국해양학회 1995 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

Two hydrographic surveys along with direct current measurements using drogues and moored current meters were conducted in Cheju Strait during April and May, 1983. The data clearly demonstrate that a branch of the Kuroshio characterized by high temperature and high salinity enters the Cheju Strait after turning around the western coast of Cheju-Do. The width of the current turning west of Cheju-Do is about 60 km and reduces to 20∼30 km in the strait, resulting in a high speed(>10 cm/s) at the western entrance and in the middle of the strait, compared with a low speed (>5 cm/s) west of Cheju-Do. The Tsushima Current water also originating from the Kuroshio shows its influence in the eastern part of the Cheju Strait. Thermohaline fronts formed between the warm current waters and the coastal waters suggest the southward extension of the Yellow Sea Coastal Water west of the Cheju Strait. A warming of the warm current waters occurs in May, while a cooling takes place in other areas. The major freshening and cooling of water take place in the middle of the Cheju Strait in May due to the intrusion of cold and low salinity water from the west of the Cheju Strait.

한국 남해의 해수순환: 2차원 순압모델

장경일,박경,석문식,김충기,Chang, Kyung-Il,Park, Kyeong,Suk, Moon-Sik,Kim, Choong-Ki 한국해양학회 2000 바다 Vol.5 No.4

개방경계에서의 조석 강제력과 해수의 유 ${\cdot}$ 출입에 의한 남해의 해수순환을 모의하기 위하여 수직적분된 2차원 Princeton Ocean Model을 적용하였다. 두 강제력을 동시에 고려하기 위하여 일차적으로 개방경계에서 조석을 부과하여 조류순환을 재현한 후 개방경계에서 모델이 계산한 평형상태의 조류와 관측된 해류를 동시에 고려하는 2단계 모델링기법을 채택하였다 조류의 영향이 제거된 순환모델 결과에 의하면 남해에서 정상상태의 해류분포는 강한 해류의 영향으로 조석 잔차류 분포와는 상당히 다른 양상을 보이고, 해역에 따라서는 조류만큼 강한 해류가 나타난다. 제주해협을 통해 유입된 제주해류는 해저지형의 영향으로 인해 국지적으로 연안역과 가까워지거나 멀어지면서 동향하며, 제주도 동쪽과 대마도 사이을 통하여 남해로 유입되는 대마난류는 제주도 동쪽에서 비교적 멀리 북쪽까지 북상 후 시계방향으로 회전하여 제주해류와 합쳐진다. 제주해류와 대마난류가 합쳐진 후 대한해협을 통해 동해로 유출될 때 대마도 서쪽의 수심이 깊은 골에서 해류의 강화가 일어나며, 이는 수층의 두께가 증가함으로서 생성되는 양의 상대와도를 없애주기 위한 마찰경계층이 형성되기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 개방경계에서의 조석 강제력과 해수 유출입을 개별적으로 고려할 경우 연안역에서의 해수순환은 두 강제력을 모두 고려한 경우의 순환형태와 차이를 보이고 있어 이들 두 강제력이 동시에 고려되어야 함을 뚜렷이 보여준다. A vertically-averaged, two-dimensional version of the Princeton Ocean Model has been applied to the South Sea to simulate the circulation driven by tides and inflows/outflows across open boundaries. To incorporate both forcing properly, a two-step modeling approach is adopted, in which the tidal circulation is first simulated by specifying the tides along the open boundaries, and then both the calculated tidal currents and the observed steady mean currents are prescribed across the open boundaries. Model results show that the steady, subtidal circulation of the South Sea is different from the residual circulation due to tidal rectification, and subtidal currents become locally as strong as tidal currents. The Cheju Current entering the model domain across the Cheju Strait flows eastward in general while shifting onshore or offshore areas following local isobaths. The Tsushima Current entering across the southern boundary reaches farther to the north in the eastern vicinity of Cheju-Do as compared to that entering across other parts of the southern boundary. The Tsushima Current turns to the east, merges with the Cheju Current, and both the Cheju and Tsushima Current exit to the East Sea through the western channel of the Korea Strait. An intensification of the outflow occurs over the deep trough adjacent to the Tsushima Island, which appears to be due to the formation of the frictional boundary layer in order to remove excess positive relative vorticity generated by an increase in the layer thickness. The circulation driven by both the tidal and inflows/outflows is different from that driven by each forcing separately in coastal areas, which implies that both forcings should be considered simultaneously in the simulation of more realistic coastal circulation.

해양부이 자료를 이용한 황해 남동부 해역 표층 열속 산출

김선복,장경일,Kim, Sun-Bok,Chang, Kyung-Il 한국해양학회 2014 바다 Vol.19 No.3

황해 남동부 해역에 설치한 해양부이(YSROB)에서 약 27개월간 관측된 장파, 단파 복사량을 포함한 대기, 해양 변수와 COARE 3.0 알고리즘을 이용하여 월평균 해양-대기간 열속을 산출하고 기존 연구결과와 비교하였다. YSROB 위치에서 열속은 순 단파복사(Qi)에 의해 해양은 대기로부터 열을 얻고 순 장파복사($Q_b$), 현열($Q_h$), 잠열($Q_e$)에 의해서 열손실이 일어난다. 전체 열손실 중 $Q_e$에 의한 손실이 51%로 가장 크게 나타났으며 $Q_b$와 $Q_h$에 의한 손실은 각각 34%, 15% 이다. 순열속($Q_n$)은 $Q_i$가 최대인 5월에 최대($191.4W/m^2$)이며 모든 열속 성분이 최소인 12월에 최소($-264.9W/m^2$)이다. 연평균 $Q_n$은 $1.9W/m^2$ 이지만 관측기기의 정확도에 의한 오차산정 결과(최대 ${\pm}19.7W/m^2$)를 고려하면 무시할 정도로 작다. YSROB과 동일한 위치에서의 기존 월별 열속 산출 결과는 YSROB에서 실측값에 기반한 열속에 비해 여름철 $Q_i$가 약 $10{\sim}40W/m^2$ 과소 평가된 반면에 겨울철에는 $Q_e$와 $Q_h$에 의한 열 손실이 각각 약 $50W/m^2$, $30{\sim}70W/m^2$ 과다하게 산출되었다. 이로 인하여 해양이 열을 얻는 4월~8월에는 기존 연구에서의 열 획득량이 본 연구 결과보다 적게 나타나며, 해양이 열을 잃는 겨울철에는 기존 연구에서의 해양으로부터의 열 손실이 본 연구 결과에 비해 크게 나타난다. 특히, 12월과 1월의 $Q_n$ 차이는 약 $70{\sim}130W/m^2$에 달한다. 장기적인 재분석장(MERRA) 분석 결과에 의하면 이와 같은 월평균 열속의 차이는 연변동 등 시간 변동에 의한 것이 아니라 열속 산출 시 사용된 자료의 부정확성에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과로부터 기존의 기후적인 열속을 연구에 활용하거나 수치모델에 사용함에 있어 주의가 요망된다. Monthly mean surface heat fluxes in the southeastern Yellow Sea are calculated using directly observed airsea variables from an ocean buoy station including short- and longwave radiations, and COARE 3.0 bulk flux algorithm. The calculated monthly mean heat fluxes are then compared with previous estimates of climatological monthly mean surface heat fluxes near the buoy location. Sea surface receives heat through net shortwave radiation ($Q_i$) and loses heat as net longwave radiation ($Q_b$), sensible heat flux ($Q_h$), and latent heat flux ($Q_e$). $Q_e$ is the largest contribution to the total heat loss of about 51 %, and $Q_b$ and $Q_h$ account for 34% and 15% of the total heat loss, respectively. Net heat flux ($Q_n$) shows maximum in May ($191.4W/m^2$) when $Q_i$ shows its annual maximum, and minimum in December ($-264.9W/m^2$) when the heat loss terms show their annual minimum values. Annual mean $Q_n$ is estimated to be $1.9W/m^2$, which is negligibly small considering instrument errors (maximum of ${\pm}19.7W/m^2$). In the previous estimates, summertime incoming radiations ($Q_i$) are underestimated by about $10{\sim}40W/m^2$, and wintertime heat losses due to $Q_e$ and $Q_h$ are overestimated by about $50W/m^2$ and $30{\sim}70W/m^2$, respectively. Consequently, as compared to $Q_n$ from the present study, the amount of net heat gain during the period of net oceanic heat gain between April and August is underestimated, while the ocean's net heat loss in winter is overestimated in other studies. The difference in $Q_n$ is as large as $70{\sim}130W/m^2$ in December and January. Analysis of long-term reanalysis product (MERRA) indicates that the difference in the monthly mean heat fluxes between the present and previous studies is not due to the temporal variability of fluxes but due to inaccurate data used for the calculation of the heat fluxes. This study suggests that caution should be exercised in using the climatological monthly mean surface heat fluxes documented previously for various research and numerical modeling purposes.

Axenization of Entamoeba histolytica, a Korean strain YS-27

Jae-Kyung CHANG(장재경),Kyung-il IM(임경일),Chin-Thack SOH(소진탁) 대한기생충학열대의학회 1995 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.33 No.4

Mass treatment of head louse infestation with Sumithrin powder in primary schools in Korea

Han-Il Ree(이한일),Tai-Soon Yong(용태순),Ho-Joon Shin(신호준),Chu-Og Shin(신주옥),In-Yong Lee(이인용),Sung-Ahn Seo(서성아),Jang-Hoon Seo(서장훈),Jae-Kyoung Chang(장재경),Du-Ho Lee(이두호),Kyung-il Im(임경일) 대한기생충학열대의학회 1992 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.30 No.4

한반도 근해의 상대적 위치에너지 편차 변화를 이용한 성층화의 특성과 계절별 변화에 대한 연구

조창봉,김영규,장경일,Cho, Chang-Bong,Kim, Young-Gyu,Chang, Kyung-Il 한국군사과학기술학회 2011 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.14 No.2

In this paper, we have proposed a method for quantization of the stratification strength in the sea water and analysing the distributions of the maximum stratification depths calculated by the method at the seas near the Korean peninsular. For calculating the stratification strength, modified and applied the potential energy anomaly formular which was suggested by Simpson in 1977. The data had been collected by NFRDI from 1971 to 2008 were used to determine the maximum vertical density gradient depth and the relative potential energy anomaly at that depth. In the East Sea, the stratification depth has become deepened about 20m in February and April since 1971. In Yellow-South Sea, the maximum density gradient depth has been deepened about 10m only in December during the same period and the difference of the stratification depth between summer and winter has been enlarged. These trends of variation of stratification strength and depth near the Korean peninsular should be investigated more carefully and continuously. And the results of these studies could be adopted for the more efficient operation of underwater weapon and detection systems.

제주해협을 통과하는 화학물질 플럭스

정창수,홍기훈,김석현,박준건,김영일,문덕수,장경일,남수용,박용철,Chung, Chang-Soo,Hong, Gi-Hoon,Kim, Suk-Hyun,Park, Jun-Kun,Kim, Yong-Il,Moon, Duk-Soo,Chang, Kyung-Il,Nam, Su-Yong,Park, Yong-Chul 한국해양학회 2000 바다 Vol.5 No.3

한국 남해대륙붕에서의 물질순환을 이해하기 위해 남해연안의 보길도와 제주도를 잇는 제주해협에서 1997년부터 1999년까지 3년간 화학물질 플럭스에 대한 조사를 실시하였다. 제주해협의 입자성부유물질, 용존무기영양염류, 입자성유기탄소 및 질소는 전계절에 걸쳐 90% 이상이 동향류에 의해 황해 및 동중국해로부터 제주해협을 통해 남해로 유입된다. 제주해협을 통해 남해로 유입되는 화학물질들의 연간 플럭스는 부유물질이 22.9${\times}$10$^6$ ton yr$^{-1}$, 암모니움 이온은 0.52${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$, 질산이온은 6.05${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$, 인산이온은 0.36${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$, 규산은 10.27${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$이다. 해수수송량(Sv)당 입자성부유물질 연간 플럭스는 제주해협(44.48${\times}$10$^6$ ton yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$)이 대한해협 (26.08${\times}$10$^6$ ton yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$)보다 약 1.7배 크다. 또한 제주해협 통과 질산이온 연간 플럭스(11.60${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$)는 대한해협 (9.72${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$)보다 약 1.2배, 동중국해에서 쿠로시오에 의한 수송량(18.55${\times}$10$^{10}$ ton yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$)에 비해서는 2/3 수준으로 높다. 결론적으로 풍부한 화학물질들을 함유한 제주해류는 남해 및 동해의 생지화학적 과정들에 있어 상당히 중요함을 시사한다. The estimated total material transports through the Cheju Strait using all data which investigated in 1997 and 1999 are as follows; A large amount of suspended sediments and dissovted inorganic nutrients are carried tothe South Sea through the Cheju Strait by a persistent eastward flow (Cheju Current) from the Y311ow Sea andthe East China Sea. The annual material Oanspous by the Cheju Current are as follows; 22.9${\times}$10$^6$ ton yr$^{-1}$(SS), 0.52${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ (NH$_4\;^+$), 6.05${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ (NO$_3\;^-$), 0.36${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ (PO$_4\;^{3-}$), 10.27${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ (Si(OH)$_4$). The annual suspended sediment flux per water transport in the Cheju Strait (44.48${\times}$10$^6$ ton yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$) is about 1.7 larger than that in the Korean Strait (26.08${\times}$10$^6$ ton yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$). The annual nitrate flux per water transport (11.60${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$) is about 1.2 larger than that in the Korean Strait (9.72${\times}$10$^{10}$ mol yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$) and 2/3 of that by Kuroshio in the East China Sea (18.55${\times}$10$^{10}$ ton yr$^{-1}$ Sv$^{-1}$). It suggests that chemical rich Cheju Current will play a significant role in the biogeochemical processes in the South Sea where the huge land-based waste are introduced.

감성돔(Acanthopagrus schlegelii) 치어의 포르말린에 대한 내성 및 조직학적 반응

명정인 ( Jeong In Myeong ),민병화 ( Byunng Hwa Min ),박미선 ( Mi Seon Park ),황형규 ( Hyung Kyu Hwang ),도정완 ( Jeung Wan Do ),정경일 ( Kyung Il Jeoung ),장영진 ( Young Jin Chang ),정달상 ( Dal Sang Jeong ) 한국수산과학회 2013 한국수산과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Black seabream juveniles Acanthopagrus schlegelii held at 20°C were exposed to formalin at concentrations of 50 to 400 ppm, and tolerance values were determined by calculating median lethal concentration values (LC50) through probit analysis. The 12-, 24,48, 72- and 96-h LC50 values for formalin were 297, 233, 171, 162 and 157 ppm, respectively. The histological effects of formalin on gill and liver tissues in this fish were determined. No histological effects were observed in the control group. The intensity of cell damage increased with the concentration of, and duration of exposure to, formalin. Hyperplasia, separation and epithelial necrosis,epithelial lifting, lamellar synechiae and collapsed lamellae were observed in gill tissues exposed to formalin. Hepatic lesions in liver tissues of fishes exposed to formalin were characterized by cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization,deposition of pigments, spongiosis hepatis, nuclear hypertrophy, dilation of sinusoids and bile stagnation. The LC50 values and histological results obtained in this study will aid in designing treatment regimens to minimize toxic side effects and increase efficacy.

Axenization of Entamoeba histolytica, a Korean strain YS-27

CHANG, Jae-Kyung,IM, Kyung-il,SOH, Chin-Thack INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1995 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.26 No.1

1969년 8월 10일 서울 고려병원의 입원환자 김00의 간농양에서 채취한 고름을 modified diphasic배지(Faust and Russell. 1964)에서 배양하여 이질아메바 한국분리주 YS-27을 얻었다. 이를 1985년 2월부터 TTY-SB 배지에 넣어 Crithidia와 함께 37℃에서 혼합 배양하였으며 3-4일 간격으로 계대하였다. Crithidia는 Dr. L.S. Diamond(미. NIH)로 부터 분양받아 TTY-SB 배지 10ml에 100-500만개씩 넣어 25℃에서 1주 간격으로 계대 배양하였다. Monoxenic 배지인 TTY-SB에서 이질아메바와 Crithidia를 혼합배양하면서 세균 제거를 위하여 배지 100ml 당 Penicilin G 2.000-10.000 I.U.와 Streptomycin 2-10 mg을 첨가하였으며 세균이 완전히 제거되고 monoxenic 상태로 되기까지 1년 이상 걸렸다. TTY-SB 배지에서 axenic 배지 TYI-S-33으로 바꾸었더니 처음 이질아메바 영양형의 증식이 되지 않았으나 Crithidia를 넣어 주었더니 이질아메바의 증식이 잘 되었다. 3-4일 간격으로 계대 배양하였으며, 수주가 배양후에는 Crithidia를 보충하지 않아도 이질아메바영양형만 잘 증식 되었다. 이질아메바 한국분리주 YS-27은 1995년 10월 현재 TYI-S-33 배지에서 무균적으로 지속적으로 계대 배양되고 있으며, 영양형의 증식도 양호하다. In the present communication, YS-27, a Korean strain of Entamoeba histolytica is described for the isolation and establishment of axenic cultivation. E. histolytica, designated as strain "YS-27", was isolated from the pus of a hepatic abscess obtained from a 72 year old inpatient of August 10, 1969. Specimens, were obtained by needle aspiration, inoculated immediately and weekly cultured in a modified diphasic medium at 37℃. Strain YS-27 had been maintained for more than 15 years by weekly subculture until February, 1985. These cultures were transferred to a monoxenic TTY-SB medium seeded with a trypanosomatid of the genus Crithidia. Penicillin g, 2 to 10×10³International units and Streptomycin, 2 to 10 mg per 100 ml, were added to the cultures to eliminate the bacteria. After more than one year later, these two organisms were well maintained by transfer every 3 to 4 days until January, 1986 at 37℃ in TTY-SB medium in the absence of other microorganisms. These monoxenic cultures were then transferred to TYI-S-33 medium. Strain YS-27 alone had not been growing at the time of transfer, but when overlaid with Crithidia at intervals of 3 to 4 days, strain YS-27 propagated well. The Crithidia dies out several weeks later after several passages. Beginning in April. 1986, strain YS-27, was successfully established in axenic culture in TYI-S-33 medium and has been maintained in continuous culture and multiplied well to present.