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개화기 서양인 저술에 나타난 한국여성에 대한 인식 : Centering on Analyzing Westerners` Books
이배용 한국사상사학회 2002 韓國思想史學 Vol.19 No.-
As Korea entered the nineteenth century, the country experienced one of the most turbulent periods of its history. Domestically, it encountered challenges against its feudal system and externally, it was faced with inroads of imperial powers which led to big changes in the every fields of Korean society. In 1876, Korea had to open its country to Japan, which made Korea end its centuries of isolation. The 1875 treaty allowed a growing number of foreigners to visit Korea and as a result the country began to be known to the West. The treaty with Japan therefore opened a new chapter in Korean history. Six years later, Korea signed a similar accord with the United States that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations. such as Germany, England, Russia, France etc. After signing of the treaties with Western nations, several hundreds of westerners came to Korea. Their activities in Korea were diverse: diplomats, advisers, missionaries, traders, doctors and educators. The majority of them was American and particularly there were numbers who were protestant missionaries. Many westerners took an active interest in Korea beyond curiosity and then became to make researches on Korea, by which we could see not only a vivid picture of contemporary Korea but also their view of modern Korea. Owing to such pioneer researches and activities, many books on Korea which were written by westerners were able to come out in late nineteenth century and early twenties century. In the books written by westerners, they showed a great interest in Korean women. They had a common understanding of Korean women of those days. They had sympathy of inferior status and circumstance of Korean women. The concubinage and the distinction between man and woman were expressly pointed out by them. Furthermore, they thought it was urgent to improve th condition of women with commenting on poor lives of women who got so much work piled up. However, they put much value on patient dispositions and tough spirits of Korean women which they believed, would be strong possibilities for the development of Korea in future. There are limits in the works of westerners. First, they were usually focused on not the modernized lives which newly began to appear in Korea but the traditional lives of Korean women which had been kept from old times. But Korea already began to undertake to modernized itself since the opening of the country in 1876, which also brought about changes to the lives of Korean women. The westerners didn't notice the changed lives as women with the influx of western civilization because they as westerners wanted to emphasize the traditional image rather than western way of life. Another one is that they could see only limited looks of the contemporary Korean society. They were not allowed to see around the lives of upper classes and so their works were based on only their experience of the lives of the mid or lower classes. Thirdly, they used to give wrong accounts of Korea due to their language problem in communicating with Koreans. Last, some of them sometimes tended to misdescribe the Korean society because of their short stay in Korea or limitations of their sources only based on the books from China and Japan without their personally visiting Korea. On the other hand, their descriptions on Korean women at that time were similar even though their motives of visit to Korea and their aims of writings were different. It is partly because the peoples they met and the places they visited were different. It is partly because the peoples they met and the places they visited were not quiet a different. Westerners left quiet a many books which contained not only pictures and drawings but objective detailed descriptions of the contemporary Korea. The works are very valuable under the circumstances which there were few records of those days and would be important sources for researching a society of the modern Korea if keeping pace with reexamination of historical materials.
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이배용 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1986 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.48 No.-
After the opening port of Korean in 1876, Korean confronted with the tasks of modernizing the country and at the same time preserving her independence from the aggressive Western Powers including Japan. By then, the economic infiltration from foreign capitalistic countries increased in serious dimension so that it became the major cause of loosing her sovereignity to Japan as well as it deterred Korean economic growth. The main purpose of this paper is to examine various aspects of Western plundering for economic interests by studying the case of German E. Meyer & Company's activities which set up its brance in Chemulpo. Compared with other Western Powers, Germany had not actively involved in Korean issues in political, territorial and missionary fields but because they had been interested in economic and cultural fields, she exerted a considerable influence on Korean society in the late Yi dynasty(19th century). This German influence stemmed largely from E. Meyer & Co.' activities. With the help of Paul von Mollendorf the company could easily penetrate into the commercial society in Korea with trade, service exchange and speculation of capital. Their ultimate goal was an economic plunder concentrating on securing economic concessions based on the "Most Favoured Nation's Clause". But behind the political and economic scene at that time, tense political plunder concentrating on securing economic concessions based on the "Most Favoured Nation's Clause". But behind the political and economic scene at that time, tense political dynamics were always operating among the Great Powers and inevitably diplomatic skills were employed to reach their goals. The E. Meyer & Co. dealt in commodities such as needles, cotton cloths and dyes in the initial stage of the business, but later had slowly changed to an intermediate trader for steel, medicine, machinery and arms which bestowed lots of profits to the Company. Moreover, whenever the company was intended to sell high priced goods to the Korean Government, it used to grant loans to the Government taking advantage of the lack of fund of the Government, and then imposing a promising high interests to the loan. In other words the Company managed to infiltrate into the unfledged Korean economy by the means of usury. Also the Company could obtain unjustly high profits through a tactful device of increasing numbers of duty free articles. On the other hand, the Company encouraged many German diplomats, engineers, traders and scholars to visit Korea. They traveled all over the country in order to collect various information like the sites of valuable mineral resources and so on. After then they submitted their reports to the Company. With this information in hand, the company could actively propel the negotiations for concessions from the 1890's onward. As a result of this, the Company became to obtain a mining right in 1897 and by 1898 it could hold the right for Tanghyun Gold Mine(堂峴金鑛) in Kangwon Province. The company had also expressed keen interests in the right of railway construction project but failed to acquire it. The operation of the gold mine was unsatisfactory but its intermediate trade, loans and shipping business were so highly profitable that they contributed to the expansion of the company. Among the merchandise introduced by E. Meyer & Co., there were not few surely helped to modernize the Korean daily life. However, in the course of securing concessions the company applied pressures to the Korean Government with diplomatic power which resulted in the encroachment on Korean independence and sovereignty as well as the obstacles to her economic developments.
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