홍기문(洪起文)의 국어 문법 연구(硏究)

양명희 ( Yang Myung-hee ) 한국어문교육연구회 2002 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.30 No.3

洪起文은 북한에서 사회과학원 부원장을 지냈던 사람으로 문법, 정음, 고어 등 국어에 대한 연구 성과를 많이 남겼다. 이 논문에서는 그의 문법서 『朝鮮文法硏究』(1947)를 중심으로 그의 國語 硏究 態度와 品詞論, 文章論에 대한 연구 성과를 고찰하고, 그의 연구 성과가 북한의 국어 연구에 어떻게 계승되었는지 살펴보는 것이었다. 홍기문은 국어가 만인의 공유임을 인식하고 국어를 연구해야 함을 강조하고 있는데, 이러한 태도는 그가 주장한 맞춤법이나 한자를 존중하는 태도와 직접적으로 관련된다. 그리고 品詞 分類에서 토를 따로 설정한 것과 문장론에서 논의한 문장 성분 분류는 북한의 문법 연구에 영향을 미쳤으며, 二重 主語文의 해석에 사용된 ‘大主語, 小主語’라는 용어는 우리 문법에도 아직까지 영향을 미치고 있다. Hong, Gi-mun (1903 to 1992) was a North Korean linguist who specialized in the study of the Korean language. Because he held the position of chief at the Academy of Social Sciences, we can probably assume that his study influenced the study of the Korean language in North Korea. He focused his studies on three aspects of the Korean language:(i) Korean grammar, (ii) Han-guel (i.e., Korean alphabet) and (iii) ancient Korean. I am mainly interested in his study of the Korean grammar. In 1947, he wrote a book called “The Study of Joseon Grammar” (note:Korea was called “Jo-seon” from 1392 to 1910) in which he emphasized the point that the Korean language does not belong to a limited class of people but to all classes of people. On the basis of this rational spirit, he systemized the parts of speech in the Korean language. For example, he placed “to(토)” under one of the categories for the parts of speech. “To(토)” is one of the parts of speech in the North Korean grammar which may have been influenced by the Chinese writing grammar. Also, in his orthography system, he accepted “ㄹ” in the initial [r] sound of a word. This system is same as the one found in North Korean orthography. However, he criticized the North Korean policy of discouraging the use of Chinese characters.

한국어사전의 동음어, 다의어 처리에 대한 소고

양명희 ( Yang Myung-hee ) 반교어문학회 2017 泮橋語文硏究 Vol.0 No.46

이 연구는 사전마다 다르게 처리된 동음어, 다의어의 유형을 살펴보고 그 기준이 무엇이며 동음어와 다의어의 구분을 어떻게 하는 것이 좋을지를 논의하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 국어대사전, 외국인을 위한 학습사전, 대역사전 들을 대상으로 사전 표제어의 동음어, 다의어 처리 기준을 분석한바 어원, 의미적 기준, 문법적 기준 외에도 관련어, 대역어 등이 영향이 미침을 살펴보았다. 의미적 기준은 주관적 판단이 개입되며, 문법적 특징에 따른 기준은 자립명사의 분류사적 용법, 품사 통용, 보조용언, 접미사 등에 대한 국어학적 이론에 따라 처리가 달랐다. 또한 사전 이용자와 사전 편찬의 목적에 따라서도 동음어와 다의어 처리가 다른데, 본고에서는 사전의 종류에 따라 동음어, 다의어 구분기준을 달리하는 것을 제안하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the standards that classify homonym (words with the same sound) and polysemy (word with the multiple meanings) in various dictionaries and to claim that the standards may differ depending on the dictionary. We examined the Korean Unabridged Dictionary, the dictionary for learners of Korean, the bilingual dictionary. Through this we found out the key factors that influence the standards that classify homonym and polysemy was not only the origin of the words, standards based on semantic and grammatical characteristics of the word, but also the related and translated words. The criteria based on the meaning of the word was relatively subjective while the criteria based on the grammar of the word was objective. Furthermore, the standards that classify homonym and polysemy may also differ depending on the user of the dictionary and the purpose of its publication. In this study, I would like to suggest that the standards should be different depending on the type of dictionary. First of all, the Korean Unabridged Dictionary should have the characteristic of a historical dictionary. For this, the origin of the word must be the top priority when sorting homonym and polysemy. When its origin is not clear the standard based on the meaning of the word would be the second priority. Once a entry with the same origin is used in different parts of speech, we can show its origin by dividing and partitioning the word in one entry as shown in the < Standard Korean Language Dictionary >. Secondly, in the case of the dictionary for learners of Korean, the standard based on the grammar of the word should be used. By doing so, it would be easier for the foreigners to learn Korean words that can be used in different parts of speech. The classification of words based on grammar must remain objective and consistent. Finally, since the publisher of the bilingual dictionary is a foreigner, his/her intuition of the target language affects the standard. The characteristics of contrastive linguistics and the translation words seems to be constantly involved in classifying the homonym and polysemy. Considering that foreigners who are engaged in Korean are the users of the dictionary, the accuracy of the meaning and grammatical terms must be the most important criteria when classifying homonym and polysemy. To wrap up, through this study we once again emphasize the importance of the origin of the word when sorting the homonym and polysemy. We would also like to assert that the main objective of the publication of the Korean unabridged dictionary is to strengthen its character as a historical dictionary. We were able to compare the publishers intuition on classifying the homonym and polysemy and found their pattern and standards. Yet, the fact that we were not able to have a closer examination remains lacking.

한국 학생과 중국 유학생의 경어법 사용 비교ㆍ연구

양명희(Yang, Myung-hee),김려연(Kim, Ryeo-yeon) 한국사회언어학회 2013 사회언어학 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this study is to compare the use of Korean honorifics between Korean students and Chinese students in Korea in order to find out why there are similarities and differences. To do this, a survey was conducted with questions about the terms of address, the greeting expression, and the honorific system of hearer. Social variables were limited to [intimacy], [senior], and [age]. As a result, Korean students were found to be affected by the variables in the order of intimacy, senior, and age. This answer had some similarities and differences with the answer of the Chinese students in Korea. While the cause of similarities could be found in the Korean linguistic culture, the differences were affected by the Chinese linguistic culture. Moreover, unlike the use of the same honorifics between the students of same nationality, the results of the survey have shown that two groups of students all used the 'haeyo' form more than the 'hae' form. This can be interpreted that the Korean linguistic culture to respect one another has affected the result in a linguistic culture perspective, while in the strategic perspective it may be the influence of face work technique.

피동사 ‘N+되다’와 ‘N+받다’에 대한 연구

양명희 ( Yang¸ Myung-hee ) 반교어문학회 2021 泮橋語文硏究 Vol.- No.58

본 연구는 한국어 피동사 ‘N+되다’와 ‘N+받다’가 사용된 피동 구문의 공통점과 차이점을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 ‘N+되다’와 ‘N+받다’가 피동의 의미를 지니고, 대응되는 능동문이 있으며, 행위자 강등과 피동주의 승격이 일어나면 피동사로 간주(인정)해야 함을 주장하였다. 그리고 ‘되다’가 갖고 있는 ‘변화’의 의미적 특징이 선행 명사와 결합하여 피동사로 기능하게 하고, ‘받다’가 갖고 있는 ‘수용’의 의미적 특징 역시 선행 명사와 결합하여 피동사로 기능하게 함을 살펴보았다. ‘되다’와 ‘받다’는 결합할 수 있는 명사에서 차이를 보이는데 이는 각각의 동사가 자동사와 타동사로 기능하는 것과 밀접하게 관련된다. 그런데 일부 명사는 ‘되다’와 ‘받다’의 결합이 모두 가능하고 이 결합에 의한 ‘N+되다’와 ‘N+받다’의 피동 구문을 대조해 본 결과 주어와 통사 구조에 따라 몇 가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있으며, 두 피동사가 자동사로 사용될 때 대치가 가능함을 알게 되었다. 이때 둘의 의미적 차이는 어휘상, 즉 결과 상태의 지속(되다)과 과정의 지속(받다)으로 설명될 수 있다. The purpose of this research is to find the similarities and differences of the passive sentence structure that uses ‘Noun+doeda’ and ‘Noun+badda’. I assert that since ‘Noun+doeda’ and ‘Noun+badda’ has a passive meaning, a corresponding active sentence structure, an agent demotion, and a patient promotion, just like a morphological passive verb with a suffix, it should be considered a passive verb. I used example sentences to support my assertion. Also, I found that the semantic characteristics of ‘doeda’(change of state) and ‘badda’(given) allows ‘Noun+doeda’ and ‘Noun+badda’ to function as a passive verb. ‘Doeda’ and ‘badda’ is combined with different types of nouns, and this difference comes from whether the verb is used as an active or passive voice. However, some nouns can both be combined with ‘doeda’ and ‘badda’. The passive sentence structure using these verbs is same when both verbs are used as an intransitive verb. In this case, the semantic differences of ‘doeda’ and ‘badda’ can be explained by the lexical aspect, which the former means the continuing result of change and the latter means the continuing of the given process.

띄어쓰기 변천을 통해 본 의식 연구

양명희(Yang, Myung-hee) 국어국문학회 2013 국어국문학 Vol.- No.163

This paper aims to analyze the word spacing sense of Korean linguists who defined the rules of Korean orthography, by looking into the changes of word spacing after the draft of unified Korean orthography. As a result, this essay reached to four conclusions. First, the Korean linguists tried to applied the standard of word spacing, ‘word’. This particularly became clear after "Hangul word spacing" in 1949, when word spacing rules were settled by the ministry of education. Second, they considered ‘comprehensiveness’ an important factor in determining the rules of Korean orthography. This can be known from the fact that it spaced proper nouns and technical terms by words and by units, for grasping the meanings. Third, they attempted to apply word spacing that the public commonly used for the public"s convenience; ‘actuality’. The permitted rules that allowed exceptions are examples of the linguists" efforts for actuality and convenience. Lastly, the Korean linguists had a law-abiding spirit or a consciousness of ‘traditionality’. If there wasn"t a major error in the rules that were made earlier, they elaborated within the borders of the previously made rules. This is necessary to minimize the confusion by the emergence of the new rules that the pubic will experience, who are familiar to the older rules. This essay examined what elements the linguists took into account when deciding the rules of Korean orthography through the changes of word spacing rules. Word and comprehensiveness, actuality, tradionality are conflicting senses but should be in balance to achieve the original goal of word spacing.

고등학생(高等學生) 언어생활(言語生活)에 관한 한 조사(調査) -서울, 대구 지역의 고등학교(高等學校) 2학년 학생을 대상(對象)으로-

양명희 ( Yang Myung-hee ) 한국어문교육연구회 2005 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.33 No.2

이 글은 高等學生들의 言語生活 實態를 全般的으로 把握하기 위하여 언어생활을 종래의 國語科 範疇에 따라 말하기, 듣기, 읽기, 쓰기로 나누고 設問調査를 하여 그 結果를 分析한 논문이다. 豫備 調査의 성격을 지녔기 때문에 서울과 대구 지역의 학생들을 대상으로 조사를 하였다. 또한 社會的 變因에 따른 언어생활의 差異를 알아보기 위해 性(남/여), 系列(인문계/실업계/특목고), 地域 1(서울/대구), 地域 2(서울 강남/강북, 대구 수성구/비수성구)를 고려하여 표본을 추출하였으며, 언어생활에 나타난 性別, 系列別, 地域別 特性을 살펴보았다. 이러한 조사는 사회언어학적 관심으로 언어생활을 알아보기 위한 것에서 더 나아가 청소년들의 바람직한 언어생활을 誘導하기 위해서도 필요한 일이다. 앞으로 청소년들의 언어생활과 관련하여 國語敎育界와 社會言語學界의 多樣하고 深度있는 조사 결과가 나오길 기대한다. This study is a survey on the language life style of high school students (second grade) in Korea. The language life style is one of the sociolinguistic's concerns, through the language life style we can see human's thoughts and attitudes about language. I divide language life style into four categories (speaking, listening, reading, writing) and make a questionnaire. And I am interested in social variables which affect language life style, for example, sex, department in high school, locality, so I inquire students according to them. There are many interesting results, some are new and already known. Speaking Life Style: 53.8 percent of students don't say good morning to their parents. Most of the students use mobile phone to send a message rather than call a phone. About 1/3 students have a confidence in making a speech. About 3/4 students say a slander. Listening Life Style: 21.8 percent students can't understand their class for lack of attention. Reading Life Style: They read free papers or internet papers rather than daily newspaper. 43 percent students read one or two books per month. Writing Life Style: 44.8 percent students don't write a letter in hands. 53.5 percent students don't write a diary. 84.6 percent students don't use e-mails. I expect the results from this study help to make methods of sociolinguistic survey and to make a curriculum of Korean education.

한국인의 언어의식과 국어정책

양명희 ( Myung Hee Yang ),문지순 ( Grace Ge Soon Moon ) 경희대학교 사회과학연구원 2015 社會科學硏究 Vol.41 No.3

국어기본법에 따라 국립국어원에서는 2005년부터 5년마다 국민의 언어의식 조사를 수행해 왔다. 그러나 이 조사 결과에 대한 학문적, 정책적 연구는 많지 않은데, 장기적 조사를 앞둔 이 시점에 2005년과 2010년의 조사 내용과 조사 결과를 비교하여 조사 방향을 제시하고 조사 결과를 어떻게 국어 정책 수립에 반영해야 할지에 대해 논의하는 것이 필요하다. 이 논문은 이러한 목적으로 쓰여진 것으로, 2005년과 2010년의 조사 결과를 비교, 분석함과 동시에 좀 더 효과적이고 시의적절하며 국민들의 언어생활에 도움이 되는 언어의식 조사의 내용과 방법에 대해 논의하였다. Pursuant to the Framework Act on Korean Language, the National Institute of the Korean Language has conducted a quinquennial survey on people`s language awareness since 2005. Regrettably, however, there has been little academic or policy discussion on the results and outcomes of the surveys conducted in 2005 and 2010. With the third survey coming up in less than a year, it is imperative that the findings from the first two surveys be scrutinized for their causes and policy implications. In an attempt to help fill this void, the present study analyzes the results of the 2005 and 2010 surveys and examines how they have been incorporated into language policy making. The study reveals certain shifts and developments in people`s awareness of and attitude toward the Korean language, which should feed not only into the upcoming survey but also into future policy decisions. The study also puts forward some general suggestions on how the survey may be revised and updated so as to facilitate more effective, timely, and relevant fact-finding.

국어학 : 고급 한국어 어휘 교재 개발을 위한 기초 연구

양명희 ( Myung Hee Yang ) 반교어문학회 2010 泮橋語文硏究 Vol.0 No.29

본고는 고급 학습자를 위한 한국어 어휘 교재 개발을 목적으로 고급 한국어의 개념과 범위, 고급 한국어 어휘의 선정 방법, 그리고 선정된 어휘를 제시하는 방법으로 단어족을 한국어에 어떻게 적용할 수 있는지에 대해 논의하였다. 먼저 한국어 교육 현장을 고려하여 고급 한국어 어휘를 사전의 도움으로 고급 텍스트를 이해할 수 있는 `최소한의 어휘`와 사전의 도움 없이 고급 텍스트를 이해할 수 있는 `적정한 어휘`로 구분하였다. 그리고 최소한의 고급 한국어 어휘 선정을 위하여 국립국어원(2003)의 고급 어휘 2,872항목과 대학 수학 목적공통 기본 어휘에 해당하는 신명선(2004)의 사고도구어 1,404항목을 대상으로 어휘 선정에 필요한 내용을 검토하였다. 어휘의 효율적인 학습을 위한 어휘 제시 방법으로 단어족의 개념을 제안하였는데, 서구의 단어족의 개념을 한국어에 적용하기 위한 세 가지 기준을 세웠다. 첫째, 일음절 어근은 어기로 삼지 않는다. 둘째, 합성어도 단어족에 포함하되, 융합 합성어와 병렬합성어는 선행 어기를, 종속 합성어는 중심 어기를 어기로 삼는다. 셋째, 연어가 합성어가 된 경우는 연어핵을 어기로 삼는다. 이 과정에서 고급 한국어 어휘에 결합되는 어기 결합 요소를 추출하였으며 고급 학습자의 어휘량 증진을 위해 어기 결합 요소에 대한 학습이 필요함을 주장하였다. This essay discusses the concept and range of high-level Korean vocabulary, the way to select high-level Korean vocabulary, and how to apply the concept of word families in presenting the selected vocabularies, aiming to develop Korean vocabulary textbooks for advanced learners. To begin with, high-level vocabularies were classified into two groups considering the educational conditions of the Korean language; `necessary vocabularies` which requires finding a dictionary to comprehend advanced texts and `proper vocabularies` which does not need referring to a dictionary. In addition, the high-level Korean lexicon was selected according to 2872 items from the study of NIKL`s "Vocabularies on education for foreigners learning Korean"(2003) and 1404 academic word from the study of Shin(2004). For the efficiency of acquiring Korean vocabulary, this essay suggests three standards to apply the Western`s idea of word families into the Korean language. Firstly, a root with one syllable shouldn`t be a base form. Secondly, a compound word should be included in a word family. Thirdly, if a collocation has become a compound word, the head of the collocation word should be the base form. In this process I extracted the word parts which were combined with high-level Korean vocabulary and maintained that learning word parts is necessary for advanced learners in enriching vocabulary.

국어정책에 대한 새로운 인식과 태도

양명희(Yang, Myung-hee) 우리말글학회 2014 우리말 글 Vol.60 No.-

이 연구는 국어기본법(2005)을 기점으로 국어정책에 대한 인식과 태도가 어떻게 새롭게 변화되었는지 고찰하는 것이 목적이다. 국어정책에 대한 인식과 태도의 변화를 논의하기 위해 국어정책의 대상, 범위, 국어정책론에 대한 접근 방법을 주요 내용으로 하여 국어기본법 이전과 이후를 비교해 보았다. 국어정책은 국민들을 대상으로 하는 정책으로 수혜자인 국민들의 요구에 맞는 국어정책 수립으로 방향이 변화되고 있으며, 국어정책의 범위는 단순히 국어 문제에만 한정되지 않고 언어와 관련한 문제를 전반적으로 다루고 있다. 표기와 문자 중심의 국어정책은 한국어 보급, 공공언어 향상, 국어능력 향상 등을 주요 내용으로 하게 되었고, 국어심의회의 분과 조정도 이루어졌다. 결론적으로 국어기본법은 국어정책에 대한 새로운 인식과 태도에서 비롯되었다고 할 수 있으며, 국어정책론의 외연이 넓어짐과 동시에 사회과학적 연구 방법도 생겨나게 되었다. This thesis aims to consider the change of perception and attitude towards the Korean language policy after the Framework Act on the National Language(2005). To accomplish this purpose, we compare the three aspect - recipient, extent, and the approach method to language policy. First, by examining division of the National Language Deliberation Council and the Korean government"s language policy, it can be inferred that the main Korean language policy changed from orthography and characters into Korean spread, improvement the Korean ability and the public language. After the Framework Act on the National Language, there have been efforts to reflect the needs of beneficiaries of language policies. Korean language policy is extended to and handling not only the Korean language but also the overall language. Korean language policy studies is trying to implement methods of social science. In summary the Framework Act on the National Language can be seen to have derived from the perception and attitude change towards the Korean language policy.

외국인 학습자를 위한 한글 자모와 발음 교육 방법에 대하여

양명희(Yang Myung-Hee) 중앙어문학회 2009 語文論集 Vol.41 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to present several methods of standardizing of the education of the Korean Alphabet and its pronunciation. I have researched the teaching methods used by several Korean textbooks for foreigners, and found many differences on the order of presenting the Korean Alphabet, on the classification of the Korean Alphabet, on the ways of presenting Korean pronunciation, etc. I proposed some suggestions on the standardization of teaching the Korean Alphabet and its pronunciation. First of all, educators should introduce 40 Korean Alphabets according to the phonetic features and the shape of the characters. They should teach the vowels before the consonants because Korean consonants are not syllabic. Also when teaching the vowels it is not necessary to devide the vowels into basic vowels and complex vowels using the invention principal of Hunminjeongeum because it is more efficient to teach Korean Alphabet according to the phonetic classification, single vowels and diphthong vowels. As ‘ㅚ, ㅟ’ vowels usually pronounce as diphthong, instructors should teach ‘ㅚ, ㅟ’ vowels as diphthong. Secondly, Educators should teach the name of the Korean Alphabet. Thirdly, they should teach the Korean Alphabet and its pronunciation together and represent pronunciation according to IPA.