소나무 종별 대기 중 PCBs의 침착특성

신은상,여현구,조기철,천만영,Shin Eun Sang,Yeo Hyun-Gu,Cho Ki-Chul,Chun Man-Young 한국환경보건학회 2006 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Results for the concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (total PCBs) and the PCB profile with different types of leaves from four coniferous trees (pine needles) at the same sampling site are presented. Concentrations of total PCBs detected in pine needles were very similar among them regardless of their different types of leaves, which means a possibility for bio-monitoring regional contamination of PCBs. Correlation coefficients(r) of PCB congeners between pine needles were very significant (r>0.97, p<0.001), which showed that PCB congener's patterns of each pine needle were similar. Profiles of PCBs detected in pine needles showed correlation with gaseous phase PCBs in air, otherwise not with particle phase PCBs in air. Therefore, it was estimated that dry gaseous deposition was a principal pathway of PCBs accumulation in pine needles. In addition, although we analyse a different types of leaves in pine needles at the same region, they can be used to identify regional contamination patterns of PCBs for larger regions.

소나무 잎을 활용한 대기 중 PCBs 모니터링 평가

신은상(Eun-Sang Shin),여현구(Hyun-Gu Yeo),조기철(Ki-Chul Cho) 한국환경관리학회 2010 環境管理學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구는 소나무 잎 중 PCBs의 노출기간(1, 2, 3년생)별 침착특성을 파악하고 소나무를 이용한 장기간에 걸친 대기 중 PCBs 모니터링 가능성을 판단하고자 서울에서 자생하는 1, 2, 3년생 소나무 잎을 이용하여 대기 중 PCBs의 연별 침착특성을 알아보았다. 그 결과 총 PCBs의 농도(1, 2, 3년생 평균농도)는 2429 DW로 외국 주요도시에서 조사된 농도에 비해 낮은 수준을 보였고, PCBs homologs의 농도분포를 살펴본 결과, PCBs의 chlorine수가 증가할수록 소나무 잎 중 PCBs의 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있는데 이는 고분자 PCBs로 갈수록 가스상 보다는 입자상 PCBs의 분율이 증가하여 소나무 잎에 침착되는 양이 저분자 PCBs에 비해 감소하기 때문으로 판단되었다. 총 PCBs의 농도와 노출된 기간(1, 2, 3년)의 회귀 분서 결과, 결정계수가 0.96으로 소나무 잎에서 검출된 연별 총 PCBs의 농도는 대기 중 PCBs의 누적침착이 일정비율 진행되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 대기 중 PCBs의 장기간 오염도를 확인하기위해 소나무 잎을 모니터링 평가의 유용한 지표식물로 사용가능할 것으로 판단되었다. Pine needle samples (1 year, 2 years, 3 years old) were collected in Seoul to investigate monitoring estimation of atmospheric PCBs depending on exposure periods. Total PCBs concentration of pine needle samples in Seoul showed 2429, 1198 pg/g DW (dry weight). PCB homologs concentration of pine needle samples decreased with increasing chlorine-substituted compounds. It showed that higher chlorine-substituted compounds in existing particle phase compared to lower chlorine-substituted compounds existing in gaseous phase were difficult to accumulate lipids of the pine needles samples. The results of regression analysis between exposure times in the atmosphere and concentration of total PCBs measured in pine needles showed significant levels (R2=0.96 p<0.01), which implies that atmospheric PCBs accumulated on pine needles with positive linearity depending on exposure periods in this study. Therefore pine needle samples can be used as passive air sampler(PAS) for monitoring air contamination for a long time in different sites.

교외지역에서 소나무 잎과 토양 중 PCBs의 농도 특성

신은상(Eun-Sang Shin),여현구(Hyun-Gu Yeo) 대한환경위생공학회 2006 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.21 No.1

This study was to investigate concentration characteristics of atmospheric PCBs in soil sample and pine needle at rural area. Profiles of PCB congener detected in pine needle and soil sample have a difference that low molecular PCBs mainly existed in pine needle, whereas high molecular PCBs were mainly existed in soil sample because of their different vapor pressure and octanol-air partitioning coefficient( KOA) of each congeners. Correlation coefficients(r) of PCB congeners simultaneously detected in soil and pine needle were significant (r>0.71, p<0.01), which showed that PCB congeners patterns of atmosphere could be estimated in using pine needle and soil sample indirectly. The contributions(%) of higher molecular PCBs(>penta-CB) to total PCBs in soil sample were higher than those of pine needle and the contribution of lower molecular PCBs(<tetra-CB) in soil sample were lower than those of pine needle, which showed that dry gaseous deposition was a principal pathway of PCBs accumulation in pine needle.

익산지역 대기 중 PM₁₀과 PM_2.5의 계절별 특성

강공언,김남송,신은상,Kang, Gong-Unn,Kim, Nam-Song,Shin, Eun-Sang 한국환경보건학회 2011 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The seasonal characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were evaluated through the measurement of $PM_{10}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 ${\mu}m$) and $PM_{2.5}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 ${\mu}m$) collected in the downtown area of Iksan city over roughly two weeks in each season of 2004. During the sampling period, 54 samples of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were collected and then measured for mass concentrations of PM and its water-soluble inorganic ion species. The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were highly variable on a daily time scale in all seasons, especially in fall. Annual concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were $54.7{\pm}21.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $34.0{\pm}13.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The daily concentrations of the analyzed ions similarly showed a pronounced variation, although a difference between seasons existed. Among them, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the most abundant ions in all seasons, contributing up to 32% of $PM_{10}$ and 39% of $PM_{2.5}$. The contribution of $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ showed a seasonal variation, as $SO_4^{2-}$ was the highest during spring and summer and $NO_3^-$ was the highest during fall and winter. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to exist mainly as neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ due to the high concentration of $NH_4^+$ in PM samples, which were a major form of airborne PM in all seasons. Seasonal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Iksan were described in relation to the temporal variations of daily concentration of PM and its inorganic ion species including inter-particle reactions.

연구논문 : 서울시의 2005~2006년 도시배경 및 상층측정망의 대기질 특성 분석

유승성 ( Seung Sung Yoo ),전재식 ( Jae Sik Jeon ),정권 ( Kweon Jung ),신은상 ( Eun Sang Shin ),정부전 ( Bu Jeon Jung ),류리나 ( Ri Na Ryu ),우정헌 ( Jung Hun Woo ),선우영 ( Woo Young Sun ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2011 환경영향평가 Vol.20 No.1

The results of comparing PM10 concentration between ``Namsan`` and ``Yongsan-gu`` air quality monitoring stations show similar values with averaged concentration in the whole Seoul. The correlation factors in both sites were 0.865, 0.828 in 2005, 2006, respectively. For ``Bukhansan`` and ``Gangbuk-gu`` air quality monitoring stations, different from the results mentioned above, they showed clear differences as altitude changes. PM10 concentration in ``Bukhansan`` monitoring stations was 10 μg/m3 lower than ``Gangbuk-gu`` monitoring station which is located near the ground. Also, averaged PM10 concentration in ``Bukhansan`` and ``Gangbuk-gu`` monitoring stations was lower than that in the whole Seoul. When comparing NO2 concentration between ``Namsan`` and ``Yongsan-gu`` monitoring stations, NO2 concentration in ``Namsan`` monitoring station was lower than ``Yongsan-gu`` monitoring station. For NO2 concentration in ``Bukhansan``, ``Gangbuk-gu`` and ``the whole Seoul``, there were the same pattern in ``Gangbuk-gu`` and the ``the whole Seoul`` and low values in ``Bukhansan`` monitoring station. The correlation factors of NO2 concentration in ``Bukhansan`` and ``Gangbukgu`` was 0.525, 0.549 in 2005, 2006, respectively, which stands for low correlationship.

산림휴양지 유형에 따른 피톤치드(모노테르펜) 농도 비교

이용기,우정식,최시림,신은상,Lee, Yong-Ki,Woo, Jung-Sik,Choi, Si-Rim,Shin, Eun-Sang 한국환경보건학회 2015 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.41 No.4

Objectives: This study was conducted to provide scientific and effective information on phytoncides, which are associated with forest healing, and to activate recreational forests. Methods: The target sites were natural recreation forests, a forest park and an arboretum, and the control sites were three urban parks. The samples were collected at a volume of 6.0 L and a flow rate of 0.1 L/min for one hour using a low volume pump and the solid adsorbent sampling method. The phytoncide compounds adsorbed in the Tenax TA tube were analyzed by a automatic heat desorption unit and GC-MS. Results: By type of recreational forest, the annual concentrations of phytoncide (monoterpene) for the forest park showed the highest concentration with $1.450{\mu}g/m^3$, while those for the arboretum showed the lowest concentration at $0.892{\mu}g/m^3$, and thus the concentration of the forest park was approximately 1.6 times higher than the arboretum. The season showing the highest concentration of phytoncides was summer (June) and the forest park was the highest among the recreational forests. The concentrations of major components for phytoncide showed in descending order: ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, camphene, 3-carene and limonene. The seasonal concentration of ${\alpha}-pinene$, camphene and ${\beta}-pinene$ by type of recreational forest increased in April, which is characterized by low temperature and humidity, and the seasonal concentration of camphene decreased with higher humidity. The meteorological factors which had the high correlation with the concentration of total terpene were temperature and humidity. $CO_2$ and $O_2$ showed an inverse correlation. Conclusion: The major components of phytoncide were ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, camphene, 3-carene and limonene in descending order of concentration. Further and systematic study on the chemical nature of individual phytoncides, and on the effect of phytoncides on humans needs to be performed.

배경지역의 미세먼지 생성 특성 연구

공부주(Boo-Ju Kong),김상균(Sang-Kyun Kim),박진수(Jin-Soo Park),이상덕(Sang-Duk Lee),김종춘(Jong-Choon Kim),김정수(Jung-Soo Kim),이동원(Dong-Won Lee),이석조(Seok-Jo Lee),신은상(Eun-Sang Shin) 한국환경관리학회 2010 環境管理學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 배경지역 미세먼지의 질량 및 성분 연속측정데이터의 신뢰성 확보 및 물리ㆍ화학적 특성파악을 통한 생성과정 규명, 에피소드/기상 조건에 따른 미세먼지의 농도 및 화학적 특성 파악을 통하여 배경대기지역 입자상 물질의 구성 특성을 파악하였다. 그 결과 백령도의 2009년 1∼10월 먼지 질량농도는 PM₁?은 중량법으로 52.6 ㎍/㎥, 베타레이법 53.2 ㎍/㎥, PM2.5는 중량법으로 24.0 ㎍/㎥, 베타레이법으로 19.6 ㎍/㎥으로 나타났다. 그리고 중금속 성분의 실시간 연속측정 결과와 여지(filter) 분석 결과는 XRF 측정결과가 ICP-MS 분석결과보다 약간 높게 측정되었으나, 일별 월별 평균치의 변동경향은 유사하였다. 평상시의 백령도 PM2.5 성분은 다른 지역에 비해 SO₄²? 성분 비율이 높고, NO₃? 성분 비율은 낮은 편이었다. 입경별 질량분포 측정결과 중위경은 320 ㎚ 이었으며, 평상시는 입경 1.8 ㎛ 이하 미세입자 영역이 PM₁? 질량농도의 약 70% 이상을 차지하였다. 금속 성분은 1.8 ㎛ 이상의 조대영역에서 Fe, Mg, Ca 성분의 농도가 높았다. 이온 성분은 SO₄²?, NH₄? 성분은 주로 입경 1.8 ㎛ 이하의 초미세입자 영역, NO₃? 성분은 입경 1.8 ㎛ 이상의 조대입자 영역에서 많이 존재하였다. PM2.5 구성성분 특성은 백령도가 수도권 다른 지역에 비해 양이온 성분, OC 성분이 약간 많은 부분을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. The concentration levels of PM in Baengnyeong-do during January~October 2009 show that PM₁? was 52.6 ㎍/㎥ by gravimetric method and 53.2 ㎍/㎥ by β-ray method, while PM2.5 was 24.0 ㎍/㎥ by gravimetric method and 19.6 ㎍/㎥ by β-ray method. The result of a quasi-real time monitoring instrument and lab filter analysis show that the continuos monitoring instrument XRF’s estimates were slightly higher than the ones from ICP-MS, but the trend of daily variations were similar. Fe, Pb, and Mg had a high correlation, while the correlation between As, Cr, and Se was relatively low. In the analysis of ion elements in PM2.5 concentration, SO₄²? was higher in Baengnyeong-do than in other regions, while NO₃? was lower. In high concentration cases, heavy metal concentration among PM10 elements and anion content(%) in PM2.5 increased rapidly. For Ion components in diameter in usual times, SO₄²? and NH4+ accounted for large amounts of all. SO₄²? and NH₄? components existed mostly as ultrafine particles below 1.8 ㎛ in diameter, while NO₃? was present mostly as corse particles above 1.8 ㎛ in diameter. OC concentration in PM2.5 ranged between 3.5∼8.4 ㎍/㎥, whereas the concentration of EC was between 0.7∼2.3 ㎍/㎥.

우리나라 산성강하물의 장기변동 특성 연구

장성기(Seong-Ki Jang),성민영(Min-Young Sung),신아윤(A-Youn Shin),최진수(Jin-Su Choi),손정석(Jung-Suk Son),안준영(Joon-Young Ahn),김종춘(Jong-Chun Kim),신은상(Eun-Sang Shin) 한국환경관리학회 2011 環境管理學會誌 Vol.17 No.3

This study is aimed at finding the characteristics of long-term trends in wet and dry deposition in Korea. NIER(National Institute of Environmental Research) has monitored major ion components of wet and dry deposition since 1999. The institute also has carried out researches in order to estimate the critical loads for ecosystem based on the collected data from 1999 to 2009. Sampling was conducted at 38 acid deposition monitoring sites and major ion components such as SO₄²?, Cl?, NO₃?, NH₄?, Na?, K?, Ca²? and Mg²? were analyzed by using ion chromatograph. The results helped find out changes in acid deposition for ten years(1999∼2009) in Korea. The data from 10 monitoring sites showed that average annual pH for the monitoring period was 5.1 with the maximum pH level of 6.2 in Imsil(2007) and its minimum level of 4.2 in Deajeon(2008). Of 10 monitoring sites, pH levels of Gwangju, Daejeon, Seoul, Taean and Gangwha have decreased and there was not much change of pH in rural areas. The total deposition of sulfur showed a decreasing trend of 1.44, 1.89, 2.02, 1.26, 1.33, 1.28 g/㎡ㆍyear from 2005 to 2010 while the total deposition of nitrogen was 1.29, 1.72, 2.58, 2.14, 2.49, 2.31 g/㎡ㆍyear during the same period showing an increasing trend. Sulfur concentration was lower in 2008 and 2009 compared to that of 2006 and 2007 and, in particular, the concentration monitored at Seoul was slightly higher than others. As for nitrogen, its concentration was observed to be high in some part of the Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA) and low in 2009.

중앙차선 버스 정류장과 주변지역의 대기오염 특성 비교

이용기(Yong-Ki Lee),김웅수(Woong-Soo Kim),홍순모(Soon-Mo Hong),신은상(Eun-Sang Shin) 한국대기환경학회 2014 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.30 No.4

환경대기 및 이도 · 고정배출원에서 채취된 입자상 탄소성분의 형태에 관한 연구 (pp.28-41)

황경철(Kyung-Chul Hwang),조기철(Ki-Chul Cho),신은상(Eun-Sang Shin) 한국환경관리학회 2004 한국환경관리학회 학술연구발표회 논문초록집 Vol.2004 No.7