혜림 《일체경음의》의 한국 전파와 중국의 재유입

신원철 ( Shin¸ Wonchul ) 한국중국어문학회 2021 中國文學 Vol.108 No.-

This thesis aims to deal with the whole story of how Huilin慧琳’s Yiqiejingyinyi(一切經音義, lit. The pronunciation and meaning of vocabularies of all the Buddhist classics, abbr. Huilinyinyi慧琳音義) was propagated to Korea, preserved, and reintroduced into China. Huilinyinyi was written in A.D. 807(Tang唐 dynasty of China) by Buddhist monk Huilin born in Shule疏勒 country. Yiqiejingyinyi was a handbook which was, before Huilin wrote, edited in A.D. 649(early Tang dynasty) by Xuanying玄應, and after Huilin’s work were revised by many Buddhist scholar. Among them, The particularity of Huilinyinyi is that Huilin, as a foreigner, explained the pronunciation and the meaning of the vocabularies in the Buddhist classics translated into Chinese through Chinese classics and linguistics works. It can be assumed that such work was pursed in terms of understanding and curiosity of Chinese as a foreigner. Huilinyinyi was recorded in the Tripitaka Koreana of Haeinsa Temple해인사(海印寺) that remains today, i.e. Koryo jaejo daejangkyong고려재조대장경(高麗再雕大藏經) which is a complete edition of the Buddhist classics, which was affected by Kaibaochibandazangjing開寶敕版大藏經 in Song宋 dynasty and Kitai契丹 Tripitaka. Huilinyinyi belongs to the vocabulary section in this edition. However Huilinyinyi were omitted from later editions in China because of inconsistence in language environments and complex structure hard to find. In Qing清 dynasty, due to the development of philological studies, Yiqiejingyinyi, which preserves the results of previous research, attracted attention. But the scholars in that period, there was no Huilinyinyi, referred to Xuanying’s work. Huilinyinyi was reintroduced into China by Yang Shoujing楊守敬, a scholar in late Qing dynasty.

영국 고용조정제도의 전개(1945~1997)

신원철 ( Shin Wonchul ) 한국사회사학회 2020 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.126

2차 대전 전까지 영국의 노동운동은 ‘일할 권리’를 요구했지만, 고용주를 상대로 고용보호를 요구하지는 않았다. 전시노무동원 체제하에서 노동이동의 자유와 사용자의 채용 및 해고의 자유가 모두 제한되었고, 감원 과정에 대한 샵스튜어드의 개입이 시작되었다. 하지만 2차대전 이후 완전고용에 대한 폭넓은 사회적 합의가 존재하는 상황에서도 영국의 노동운동은 고용보호를 요구하지 않았다. 해고수당이나 해고절차를 법률적으로 규제하는 것에 대해서 TUC(영국 노총)는 반대했으며, 단체교섭을 통한 규제 방안에 대해서도 통일되지 못했다. 1956년 자동차산업의 정리해고 반대 파업을 계기로 감원 절차에 대한 협의 및 해고 보상 요구가 노동조합의 중요 정책이 되었다. 1965년의 해고수당법은 해고수당을 둘러싼 교섭이 확산되는 계기가 되었다. 노동조합이 조직되어 있는 공공부문과 대기업에서는 법정해고수당과 별도로 추가해 고수당의 지급이 관행화되었다. 추가해고수당의 지급과 함께 감원의 주요 수단으로 희망퇴직 관행이 늘어났고, 이를 통해서 감원대상자 선발기준으로서 선임권원리(LIFO)의 비중은 후퇴했다. 희망퇴직 관행과 추가해고수당의 지급은 고용조정의 기업분절적 특징을 강화시켰다. 희망퇴직이 종종 조기은퇴와 결합되어 진행되었는데, 이는 기업단위의 직업연금이 확대되었기 때문에 가능했다. 고용조정 및 해고보상이 기업분절적으로 불균등하게 이루어짐에 따라서 1980년대 실업보험의 심각한 축소에 관해서 정책 당국에 대한 저항도 거의 일어날 수 없었다. Before World War II, the British labor movement demanded the right to work but not employment protection from employers. Under the war-time labor mobilization regime, the workers’ freedom of labor mobility and employers’ rights to hire and dismiss workers at will, were restricted. Shop steward's intervention and involvement in the workforce reduction processes also began. However, even with widespread social consensus on full employment, the British labor movement did not seek employment protection or layoff restrictions. TUC opposed legal regulations of statutory redundancy pay and dismissal procedures. British unions also failed to reach unified and agreed-upon policies through collective bargaining. Only with the mass dismissal of the automobile industry in 1956 did negotiations on the employment reduction process and dismissal allowances became crucial issues in trade union policymaking. The Redundancy Payments Act of 1965 triggered negotiations over redundancy compensation. In the public sector and large corporations, where trade unions are organized, paying extrastatutory redundancy pay (ESRP) became customary. In addition, the payment of ESRP for voluntary redundancy increased as an essential means of employment reduction for large firms. As a result, the LIFO (last in, first out) practices lessened as the primary criterion for reduction selection. Voluntary redundancy practices and the payment of ESRP also strengthened the segmentation of employment adjustment. Voluntary redundancy often accompanied early retirement, made possible with the expansion of occupational pensions at the corporate level. As employment adjustment and dismissal compensations were segmented by each company, policymakers faced little resistance against the severe contraction of unemployment insurance in the 1980s.

휘트먼과 스티븐스의 명상시

신원철(Wonchul Shin) 한국동서비교문학학회 2014 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.31

Of many American poets, Whitman and Stevens can be called Oriental idea based poets, of which Korean scholars have written articles until these days. Whitman is a meditative poet who devoted himself in the transcendental idea and we can find a kind of Hindu meditator in his poem, Song of Myself. He was much different from other English poets, Tennyson or Wordsworth who lived in the same period and were also meditative. They attached to the traditional Western idea, while Whitman was free from that. Wallace Stevens was also unique on this point of view. His poems are very difficult to understand at first, because they are full of paradoxical ideas. They are too ambiguous to be comprehended with our common mind. But we can find they are similar to the Zen poetry of Buddhist monks, which is written in the state of sudden enlightenment. We can understand his poems from the view of Zen which sees the world as only an appearance. As a result we can realize the oriental idea in American literature and their Transcendentalism is very similar to it.

《설문해자(說文解字)》`쌍성(雙聲)` 성부(聲符) 연구(硏究) - `용(茸)`자(字)를 위주로

신원철 ( Shin Wonchul ) 한국중국어문학회 2015 中國文學 Vol.84 No.-

본 논문은 《說文解字》의 聲符 중 표제자와 雙聲 관계를 이루는 것을 분석, 고찰하는 것을 목표로 한다. 특히 段玉裁의 술어 `取雙聲`을 근거로 하여, 漢字에서 聲符의 역할과 의의 및 《說文解字》에서의 관점의 正誤에 대해 밝히고자 하였으며, 그 대표적인 예로서 `茸`字를 분석하였다. 우선 《說文解字》에서의 聲符의 역할에 대해 논의하면서 해당 한자의 발음은 의미와 일정한 연관 관계를 가지고 있음을 밝혔다. 따라서 聲符는 발음의 일부를 반영하면서 의미를 나타내는 데에 사용된다. 이를 기반으로 `茸`字와 그 聲符인 `耳`와의 관계를 분석하면서 `耳`字를 聲符로 취하는 글자 중에 `茸`의 발음인 而容切로 나타나는 경우가 있음을 확인하였다. 그렇지만 段玉裁는 《六書音均表》에서 제9부에 `茸`聲으로 기재한 것으로 볼 때에는 `茸`字는 `耳`의 `雙聲` 聲符이라기보다는 새로운 하나의 聲符로 보는 것이 타당하다고 판단 하였다. 이는 段玉裁의 `茸`字에 대한 `耳`의 `雙聲` 聲符라는 점을 반박한 것이다.

영시와 한국시의 감각성 비교

신원철(Wonchul Shin) 한국동서비교문학학회 2017 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.40

The Korean poets in Colonial Period were fallen in great inferiority complex to great Japanese cultural power comparing with their native Korea. They were searching new poetic method in Western literature, English poetry in particular, and thought they should learn anything in much advanced English literature. Almost all of the Korean poets in that Colonial Period majored English literature in Japanese university. They were much surprised and influenced in that new poetry comparing to the traditional Korean poems written in Chinese alphabet. Then they began to write new poems in Korean alphabet being much influenced from English poetry. I think one of the most important quality they learned from English poetry is the literary sensualism. It started from John Keats of Romantic period and succeeded to Alfred Tennyson and the poets of Fin de Siecle. The sensualism of Keats are wonderful and his influence to next generation had been powerful. The Korean poets in those days seemed to admire in that quality of English poetry and began to imitate it in their poetic writing. The most representative poet is Jung Ji-Yong whose poem named “Hyangsu” is much famous. The other poets are Kim Kwang-Gyun or Seo Jung-Joo. These poets are the representative ones in Korean poetic history. I think the literary sensualism is one of the most important quality which makes them modern and excellent.

중국어 교재 평가 체크리스트 개발 연구

신원철(Shin, Wonchul),김나래(Kim, Narae),소민정(So, Minjeong),손남호(Sohn, Nam-Ho),이강재(Lee, Kangjae),이연숙(Yi, Yeon-Sook),이미경(Lee, Mikyoung),김석영(KIM, Sok-yong) 한국중국어교육학회 2017 중국어교육과연구 Vol.0 No.25

Establishing the criteria for evaluating textbooks is a prerequisite to such endeavors as research, selection, development and information building on the textbook. In the domestic Chinese education field, however, academic explorations for such criteria have been lacking. Aiming to develop an evaluation checklist appropriate for the characteristics of Chinese textbooks, the current study followed the procedure of 1) developing a draft checklist based on literature review 2) testing practicality through pilot testing and 3) checking face validity with a group of experts. In the first phase of literature review, the authors reviewed a few dozen checklists for assessing foreign language textbooks developed from the 1970"s through the 2000"s as well as their inductive compendiums. They also reviewed research studies on Chinese textbook evaluation checklists conducted in China and Korea, which led to the completion of a draft with 51 items under 13 categories. The draft underwent a pilot test based on the evaluation of two textbooks written in Korea, translated versions of two Chinese textbooks, and two textbooks developed in China, which revised the draft into the one with 43 items under 8 categories. In the final phase, Chinese education researchers and in-service school teachers tested face validity of the checklist, which finalized the checklist with 45 question items subsumed under 8 categories. The checklist this study created will be utilized for Chinese textbook research, development and selection, and constructive criticism garnered from it will further modify the checklist, eventually enhancing its validity and practicality. The authors also plan to build an informative platform of Chinese textbooks based on this checklist and in the process the current checklist could be subsequently confirmed and refined.

영국 조선산업의 쇠퇴와 감원(1945~2000)

신원철 ( Shin Wonchul ) 한국산업노동학회 2020 산업노동연구 Vol.26 No.2

2차대전 이후 영국 조선산업은 일본, 독일, 스웨덴과 경쟁에 밀리면서 시장경쟁력을 상실했다. 영국 조선소들은 1950년대 말 이후 지속적인 구조조정 및 감원의 압력에 노출되었다. 정부의 막대한 공적 자금이 투입되어도 기업의 경영실적은 호전되지 않았다. 조선산업의 노동조합들의 다수는 19세기 이래 강한 크래프트 전통을 지녔는데, 감원에 대한 통일적인 정책을 갖고 있지 못했고, 법률을 통해서 해고를 규제하는데 소극적이었다. 조선산업의 크래프트 유니온들은 자유롭게 해고할 수 있는 경영자의 권한에 도전하지 않았다. 이로 인해서 노동운동은 고용조정과 관련한 제도적 자원을 확보할 수 없었다. 1970년 UCS 감원은 희망퇴직을 활용해서 이루어졌지만, 해고 노동자들에 대한 구직서비스나 재훈련프로그램 등은 진행되지 않았다. 1971-2년의 UCS 워크인은 일할 권리를 내세운 감원반대 투쟁이 성공을 거둔 사례였지만, 고용조정의 규칙과 장치에는 특별한 변화가 없었다. 1977년 국영 브리티시조선 출범 이후1978년 조선해고수당법에 근거한 희망퇴직이 대거 이루어졌다. 대처 정부 출범 이후에는 민영화와 더불어 보다 강압적인 방식으로 감원이 추진되었다. 감원에 반대하는 파업에 참여한 노동자에게 해고수당을 받을 수 있는 자격을 박탈하는 법률로 인해서 효과적인 저항도 조직되기 어려웠다. 숙련노동자와 미숙련노동자의 분열이나 조선소간 수주 경쟁 등으로 조선소 폐쇄에 노동조합들이 통일적으로 대응하는 것은 가능하지 않았다. The British shipbuilding industry lost its competitive edge and handed over the shipbuilding market to Japan, Germany and Sweden after the Word War Ⅱ. British shipyards continued to be under the pressures of restructuring and redundancies since the late 1950s. Even if the government’s public funds were poured into, the management performance of the industry did not improve. Many labour unions in the shipyards, which had strong craft traditions since 19th century, did not have a uniform policy on redundancy, being reluctant in regulating collective dismissals through legislation. The craft unions did not challenge managers’ rights over free dismissal. As a result, the workers’ movement was unable to secure institutional resources concerning redundany or employment adjustment procedures. In 1970, job cuts were made using voluntary redundancy in the UCS, but there were no replacement services or retraining programs for redundant workers at all. The UCS work-in of 1971-2 was a no-redundancy struggle demanding the right to work, resulting with great success. However, labour unions could not change the rules and arrangements of employment adjustment in the shipyards. After the establishment of the state-run British Shipbuilder in 1977, happened a great deal of voluntary redundancy supported by the Shipbuilding (Redundancy Payments) Act 1978. When Thatcher took in office, the government promoted privatization of the shipyards. pushing redundancy more repressively, Worker’s resistance was also difficult to organize due to laws that disqualified workers from redundancy payments for participating in strikes against redundancy. Because of divisions between the skilled and the unskilled workers, and competitions for orders between shipyards, it was difficult for shipyard unions to respond against shipyard closures in unity.

딜런 토마스, 셰이머스 히니와 비교해 본 백석의 어린 시절 회상 시

신원철(Wonchul Shin) 한국동서비교문학학회 2021 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.- No.57

Baek Seok is one of the most unique Korean poet in the colonial period, whose influence is still alive in Korean good poets. His most apparent character is the local features of Pyungando province in his poems. Many good customs of that province were written abundantly. We can read warm houses in which the family members stay up all night talking friendly or making food for the national holidays, where little Baek Seok was happy and satisfied. We can compare his poems with Dylan Thomas or Seamus Heaney centering around their remembering childhood. These two poets are famous of their childhood poems and we can observe some other view point on Baek Seok. He is near to Seamus Heaney than Dylan Thomas because his poems are realistic as Heaney is.

스웨덴 고용조정 제도의 형성과 전개(1906~1946) ― 살트쇠바덴 협약을 중심으로

신원철 ( Shin Wonchul ) 한국사회사학회 2021 사회와 역사 Vol.- No.130

1938년 스웨덴 노사가 체결한 살트쇠바덴 협약 제3장은 경영자의 자유로운 해고권과 함께 노동조합의 협의권을 규정했다. 고용주는 근속 1년 이상의 노동자를 해고하거나 일시해고할 경우, 노동조합의 사업장 대표에게 1주 전에 통지해야 하고, 노동조합의 대표자가 요청하면 해고에 관해서 협의해야 했다. 이러한 내용은 경영특권과 노동조합의 단결권을 상호 인정한 1906년 12월 협정을 부분적으로 수정한 것이었다. 의회정치가 활성화되기 이전에 1906년 12월 협정이라는 형태로 노동시장 주요 당사자들의 합의가 이루어진 점이 단체교섭 및 단체협약을 통한 고용조정규제의 출발점을 이루었다. 1938년 협약에 이르기까지 스웨덴 노사 간에는 격렬한 갈등도 존재했고, 노동시장에 관한 입법도 정치 쟁점으로 제기되었다. 하지만, 결국 LO와 SAF 사이의 살트쇠바덴 협약을 통해서 고용조정 규칙이 만들어졌고, 정치영역에서 법률 형태로 노동시장 규칙을 제정하려는 움직임은 뒤로 밀려났다. 1932년 사회민주당이 집권을 시작했을 때 사용자단체는 노동시장에 대한 법률의 제정을 회피하려고 LO와 타협하는 데 적극적으로 되었다. 이 시점에서 LO도 단체협약을 통한 노동시장 규제를 선택했고, 이는 스웨덴 모델의 핵심 특징이 되었다. 그런데 살트쇠바덴 협약을 통해서 고용조정 과정에 대한 노동조합의 협의권이 보장되었지만, 경영특권은 여전히 광범위하게 인정되었다. 즉, 고용조정 과정에서 노동조합의 조직적 통제력을 확장하는 데는 부분적으로 성공을 거두었지만, 노동자들의 고용보호를 늘리는 데는 별 성과를 거두지 못했다. 2차대전 종전 이후 체결된 1946년 기업위원회 협약을 통해서도 큰 변화는 없었다. 스웨덴 모델의 전성기에 노동조합이 고용보호 입법을 추진하지 않은 것은 렌-마이드너 모델의 적극적 노동시장 정책과 관련이 있다. 스웨덴 사회민주당과 LO는 실업보험과 재취업 및 재훈련 등에 초점을 두는 유연안정성(flexicurity) 정책을 선구적으로 추구하였다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 대한 기층 조합원들의 불만이 1960년대 말 와일드캣 스트라이크로 표출되었고, 1974년의 고용보호법 제정은 이를 수용한 것이었다. The representatives of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Association(SAF) agreed on the right of the management to dismiss workers at will, along with the right to seek union consultation related to such dismissals pursuant to Chapter 3 of the Saltsjöbaden Agreement(1938). When an employer dismiss or lay-off workers with more than one year of service, he or she has one week to notify a union representative, who can then request a consultation with the employer. The Chapter was developed from the December 1906 compromise concluded by the SAF and the LO. The December compromise established the mutual recognition of the management prerogatives and the workers’ rights to access labor union protections. These non-legislative steps between the main labor market parties became the starting points through which collective bargaining and mutual agreements formed as essential tools for protracting and implementing employment adjustment arrangements. However, until the 1938 establishment of ‘basic agreements,’ labor market legislation remained a contentious topic marked with fierce conflicts between labor and management. The Saltsjöbaden Agreement between the LO and the SAF eventually led to employment adjustment rules that produced labor market regulation and subsequently created a labor market order outside of the legislative and political spheres. When the Social Democratic Party came to power in 1932, the SAF actively compromised with the LO to avoid enacting labor market legislation. Even the latter chose to regulate the labor market through collective bargaining, which further rooted bargaining as a key feature of the Swedish model. Yet, though the Saltsjöbaden Agreement guaranteed the union’s right to consultation regarding employment adjustments, the dealings still respected management prerogatives. In other words, the union partially succeeded in expanding its administrative control over the employment adjustments process, but such agreements failed to increase workers’ employment protections. Even after the World War II, no significant changes took place through the company council agreement of 1946. The failure of trade unions to promote protective employment legislation in the heyday of the Swedish model coincides with the Rehn-Meidner model's active labor market policy. The Swedish Social Democratic Party and the LO pioneered a policy of flexicurity, which emphasizes unemployment insurance, re-employment, and retraining programs. Dissatisfaction with this policy amongst rank-and-file members fueled a series of wildcat strikes in the late-1960s, which resulted in the enactment of the Employment Protection Act in 1974.

한용운과 타고르의 님과 사랑

신원철(Wonchul Shin) 한국동서비교문학학회 2020 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.51

“The Silence of My Sweetheart” of Han Yong-Un is one of the major Korean poems in Colonial period, of which readers sometimes asked how the Buddhist monk can write this love poem. The scholars of Korean literature have argued the sweetheart in this poem is both of Buddha and Han’s mother country Korea, which has been accepted for long time. On this point the relationship of Tagore and Han is important. Han was much affected from Tagore, the world famous poet and the first Asian Nobel prize winner in those days. Tagore was a kind of idol in Asia whom Han also had much interest in. Poems of Tagore were translated by Kim Eok, a distinguished critic and English teacher, which Han read and might have thought he also could write this kind of poems. Han was a brave fighter for independence of Korea and many reader thought the sweetheart of his poems is his mother country Korea. But we can guess his sweetheart is rather Buddha than his mother country by comparing Tagore, in spite of Han’s strong love for Korea.