Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Included Aspergillus Ochraceus Group on Density of Soil Microorganism and Growth Responses and Yield of Cucumber

송범헌,이철원,정봉진,Song, Beom-Heon,Lee, Chul-Won,Chung, Bong-Jin 한국토양비료학회 1999 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.32 No.4

Growth responses and yields of cucumber, the populations of soil microorganisms, and the control value of nematodes were examined with six different treatments of chemical fertilizer, compost, microbial fertilizer(MF), and the combined applications of NPK + MF and compost. Cucumber, Eunseong Bakdadaki cultivar, was cultivated in the greenhouse. Higher plant height was appeared with treatments of the combined application of NPK + compost and NPK + MF compared to other treatments, especially at the early growth until 20th day after transplanting. Also, higher number of opened flowers showed with the combined treatments of NPK + compost and NPK + MF than those with others. The control value of nematodes at 60th day after transplanting with treatments of MF and NPK + MF was about 39.0% and 61.6%, respectively. The density of soil microorganisms was higher in order of actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungus. Their densities were not clearly different with treatments. Fruit yields of cucumber with treatments of NPK, compost, microbial fertilizer, and additions of compost and microbial fertilizer to NPk were higher, about 40 to 60%, than that with the control. The highest fruit yield was with NPK + MF and next highest fruit yield was with NPK + compost. It is assumed that the combined application of chemical fertilizers, compost, and microbial fertilizers would be increased the plant productivity. 본 시험은 농가관행 재배방법에 퇴비 및 토양미생물제인 "활력토" 입제를 이용하여 오이의 생장반응, 수량성, 토양미생물의 변이 등을 조사하기 위하여 은성백다다기 오이 품종을 공시하며 충북 청원군 소재 농가 비닐하우스에서 시험한 결과이다. 정식후 20일까지의 초장은 NPK구에 퇴비와 활력토를 추가 시용한 시험구에서 다른 시험구들에서보다 높았다. 건전한 꽃수 역시 생육초기에는 화학비료와 퇴비 및 활력토를 추가 시용 한 시험구에서 유의성있게 많았으나 정식후 25일이후에는 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 활력토와 화학비료에 활력토를 추가 시용한 시험구들의 정식후 60일째의 선충방제가는 각각 39%와 61.6%였다. 오이 정식후 재배 토양의 토양미생물의 밀도는 방선균, 세균, 진균 순이었으며, 시험처리구별로는 뚜렷한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 오이의 상품성이 인정되는 과실수량은 대조구에 비해 시험처리구들에서 약 40%에서 60%까지 높은 수량을 나타냈다. 화학비료에 활력토와 퇴비를 시용한 시험구들의 수량이 다른 시험구들의 수량에 비교해 높은 수량을 보여 화학비료, 퇴비 및 활력토를 단일시용하는 것보다 혼용해서 이용하는 것이 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

작부체계 활용 유기재배기술 개발을 위한 녹비작물, 토양투입 조건 및 파종시기에 따른 황기의 입모율과 초기생육 특성 연구

송범헌(Beom-Heon Song),이경아(Kyung-A Lee),장윤기(Yoon-Kee Chang),김영국(Young-Gook Kim),안태진(Tae-Jin Ahn),안영섭(Young-Sup Ahn),박충범(Chung-Beom Park) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.5

황기와 녹비작물의 작부체계를 이용하는 유기재배기술을 확립하기 위하여 녹비작물 헤어리베치와 호밀을 토양투입 방법과 파종시기를 달리하여 황기의 종자발아 후 입모율과 초기생육을 비교분석한 연구결과들은 다음과 같다. 황기의 입모율이 대조구에서 80% 이상을 보여주는 것에 비하여 녹비를 생체로 토양투입 후 곧바로 파종한 처리구에서는 10% 미만의 입모율을 보였고, 헤어리베치 3 ton 10a<SUP>-1</SUP>구에서는 싹이 나온 개체가 거의 없었다. 토양투입 후 5일 파종 시에는 20% 이상의 입모율로 증가했으며, 10일후에는 40% 이상으로 증가하였다. 하지만, 헤어리베치를 예취 후 말려서 건물로 투입한 경우는 투입 후 즉시 파종한 처리구에서도 40% 이상의 입모율로 생체녹비와는 큰 차이를 보였다. 호밀 생체녹비 투입 후 즉시 파종 시 입모율이 20% 가까이, 5일에는 약 40%, 10일에는 거의 60%로, 15일에는 70% 가량의 입모율을 보였으며, 건물녹비에서는 초기 파종부터 50% 이상의 입모율을 보였고, 파종시기가 늦어지면서 점차 더 증가했다. 생체녹비로 토양투입 후 곧바로 파종 시 투입된 헤어리베치에 의한 황기의 입모감소율은 90% 이상으로 피해가 매우 컸으며, 파종시기가 늦은 5일에는 약 60%로, 10일 이후에는 30% 정도의 입모감소율을 보였다. 호밀 생체녹비에 의한 황기의 입모감소율은 곧바로 파종 시 80% 이상으로 피해가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 5일에는 약 40%로, 10일 이후에는 약 10%로 입모감소율이 크게 떨어져 일정기간이 지나면서 입모율에 대한 피해가 급격히 적어지는 것으로 나타났다. 녹비가 말려지지 않고 생체로 투입되므로 발생되는 입모감소율은 두과인 헤어리베치의 경우 토양투입 후 곧바로 파종 시는 90%정도로 매우 피해가 컸으며, 화본과 호밀도 70%로 그 피해가 적지 않았고, 5일 이후 파종 시는 헤어리베치가 60% 호밀이 30%였으며, 그 이후도 헤어리베치는 약 20% 호밀은 약 10% 이내의 입모감소율을 보였다. 헤어리베치를 토양투입 후 곧바로 파종했을 때 황기의 초기생육은 매우 저조해 파종후 20일에도 초장이 2 cm정도였다. 건물녹비를 투입한 처리구는 대조구보다는 덜 자랐지만 생체녹비구보다는 훨씬 더 잘 자라는 것으로 나타났다. 녹비 투입 후 건물로는 5일 생체로는 10일 이후에 파종하면 초기생육 억제를 많이 해소할 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다. Organic agriculture of especially medicinal crops has been interested and focused in taking the qualitative and safety agricultural products in order to maintain and improve the health and happiness of people. With respect to the organic agriculture relating to cropping system, objectives of this study were to examine the seedling establishment after seed germination and emergence and to investigate the early seedling growths of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge with treating two green manure crops, hairy vetch of legume and rye of gramineae, two different conditions of green manures, fresh and dry, and different seeding times. When the seeds were planted at once after treating the green manures with the fresh condition into the soil, the ratios of seedling establishment were very poor, less than 10% in hairy vetch and 20% in rye, respectively. They were increased gradually with delaying the seeding times after the treatments. With treating the green manures of dry conditions, the ratios of seedling establishment were up more than 50% in both hairy vetch and rye crops, showing that the damages of seedling establishment were more in hairy vetch than those in rye. The early seedling growths were slower in treating the green manures than those in the control, showing slow growth with fresh green manures compared to the dry. It would be very important and considered more to evaluate and utilize well the seed germination and the seedling establishment in cultivation of the organic agriculture using the green manure crops relating to the cropping system.

질소시용수준에 따른 사료작물(톨훼스큐) 뿌리생장부위의 세포발달 및 해부학적 반응

송범헌(Song Beom Heom),Nelson C. J. 한국작물학회 1994 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.1994 No.1

고추재배에서 토성별 토양수분, 토양온도, 무기태질소 변화에 따른 CO₂ 배출량 평가

김건엽,송범헌,홍석영,고병구,노기안,심교문,장용선,Kim, Gun-Yeob,Song, Beom-Heon,Hong, Suk-Young,Ko, Byong-Gu,Roh, Kee-An,Shim, Kyo-Moon,Zhang, Yong-Seon 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.41 No.6

Several researchers have proposed models or equations to predict soil $CO_2$ flux from more readily available biotic and abiotic measurement. Tree commonly used abiotic variables were N mineral and soil temperature and soil water content. This study was conducted to determine $CO_2$ emission to mineral N, soil water content and soil temperature with clay loam and sandy loam in pepper cultivation in 2004~2005. $CO_2$ flux in the upland with different levels of soil water potential was measured at least once in two weeks during the cropping period in the pepper cultivation plots. Soil water potential in the clay loam and sandy loam soils was established at -30kPa and -50kPa by measuring the soil gravimetric water content with two replications. $CO_2$ emission rate from the differently managed plots was highly correlation coefficient to between the mineral N ($R=0.830^{**}$, $0.876^{**}$) and soil temperature ($r^2=0.793^{**}$, $0.804^{**}$) in the clay loam and sandy loam, respectively. However, the relationships between $CO_2$ emission and soil water content were non-significant. $CO_2$ emissions at sandy loam soils was lower to 21~37% than at clay loam soils for both soil water conditions without differences in yield. At difference levels of soil water conditions, $CO_2$ emission at -50kPa decreased to 37.5% in comparison with that at -30kPa. From the path analysis as to contribution factors of GHGs, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of soil temperature (54.9%), mineral N (32.7%), and soil moisture content (12.4%). 시험포장은 수원시에 위치한 국립농업과학원의 기후변화생태과 시험포장에서 고추를 재배하여 식양토와 사양토의 2개 토성을 대상으로 각 관수시점을 -30kPa와 -50kPa에서 온실가스배출에 관여하는 요인인 토양수분, 토양온도, 토양 중 무기태질소를 측정하여, $CO_2$배출 간의 관계와 배출 특성을 구명하고자 하였다. 본 시험의 연구 결과, 토양의 $CO_2$배출량과 무기태질소 그리고 토양온도에서 높은 상관관계가 있었으나, 토양수분과는 상관을 보이지 않았다. 그리고 $CO_2$ 배출량과 토양수분함량과는 상관관계가 없었다. $CO_2$ 배출량과 토양온도 및 무기태질소의 상관계수는 식양토에서 $0.830^{**}$, $0.876^{**}$, 사양토에서 $0.793^{**}$, $0.804^{**}$로 상관은 고도로 유의하였다. 고추 재배기간 143일간 $CO_2$의 작기종합 배출량을 토양 토성에 따라 수분장력별로 처리하여 비교한 결과, 수분장력이 식양토에서 -30kPa에 비해 -50kPa에서 37.5%, 사양토는 50.0% 저감되었으며, 식양토에 비해 사양토에서 21.2~36.9% (-30kPa~-50kPa) 저감되었다. 고추밭에서 온실가스배출에 관여하는 무기태질소, 토양수분함량, 토양온도 등의 요인들 중 온실가스배출에 어느 정도 영향을 주는가를 정량적으로 분석하기위하여, $CO_2$배출에 대한 기여도를 평가하였다. $CO_2$배출에 대한 각 요인들 간의 기여도는 토양온도 (식양토; 46.6, 사양토; 69.7%), 무기태질소 (39.3, 26.2%), 토양수분함량 (14.1, 4.1%) 순으로 나타나, $CO_2$배출에 관여하는 요인 중 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 토양온도로 나타났다.

온실가스 배출 파라메타를 이용한 고추밭 토양의 N₂O 배출 예측

김건엽,송범헌,현병근,심교문,이정택,이종식,김원일,신중두,Kim, Gun-Yeob,Song, Beom-Heon,Hyun, Byung-Keun,Shim, Kyo-Moon,Lee, Jeong-Taek,Lee, Jong-Sik,Kim, Won-Il,Shin, Joung-Du 한국토양비료학회 2006 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.39 No.5

An empirical model of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil has been applied. It is based on the relationship between $N_2O$ and three soil parameters, soil mineral N(ammonium plus nitrate) content in the topsoil(0-15cm), soil water-field pore space, and soil temperature, determined in a study on clay loam and sandy loam at the pepper field in 2004. For comparisons between estimated and observed values of $N_2O$ emissions in the pepper field, it was investigated that $N_2O$ amount in the clay loam and sandy loam were overestimated as 12.2% and less estimated as 30%, respectively. However, $N_2O$ emissions were overestimated as 27.1% in the clay loam and 14.7% in the sandy loam from $N_2O$ gas samples collected once a week at the same time analyzing soil parameters. This modelling approach, based as it is well established and widely used soil measurements, has the potential to provide flux estimates from a much wider range of agricultural sites than would be possible by direct measurement of $N_2O$ emissions. 수원시에 위치한 농업과학기술원 시험포장인 고평통의 식양토와 본량통의 사양토에서 고추를 재배하였다. 식양토와 사양토의 2개 토성을 대상으로 토양 검정한 NPK 시비에 돈분퇴비 $25Mg\;ha^{-1}$를 각 각 시용하였다. 토양의 $N_2O$ 배출량 측정을 한 후 동시에 $N_2O$ 배출에 기여하는 토양수분, 무기태 질소, 지온 등을 측정하였고, 토양수분은 관수시점인 -50 kPa내의 범위로 한정하여 토양의 $N_2O$ 배출량을 실제 측정하였다. 온실가스 배출량을 예측하기 위해 영국의 경험 모델을 이용하여 $N_2O$ 배출의 예측값과 실측값을 비교 분석하였다. $N_2O$ 배출의 실측량과 무기태 질소($NO_3{^-}+NH_4{^+}$)의 관계에서 무기태 질소($NO_3{^-}-N+NH_4{^+}-N$)가 $10mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이하에서 $N_2O$ 배출량이 $1{\sim}10g\;N_2O-N\;ha^{-1}day^{-1}$로 나타나 $N_2O$ 배출에 대한 무기태질소 ($NO_3{^-}-N+NH_4{^+}-N$)의 한계선을 구분할 수 있었으며, 실측값인 토양온도와 WFPS(water filled pore space) 관계에서도 경험 모델의 배출 추정식인 (% WFPS)+{$2{\times}$토양온도($^{\circ}C$)}=90, (% WFPS)+{$2{\times}$토양온도($^{\circ}C$)}=105를 증명 하였다. $N_2O$ 배출의 실측량과 예측량을 1:1 대응한 결과, 식양토와 사양토 각 r=0.962, r=0.974로 나타났다. 고추밭의 $N_2O$ 배출량을 분석한 결과, 예측량과 작기 기간 전체 $N_2O$ 배출량의 비교에서 예측량은 식양토에서 12.2%가 낮게 평가 되었고, 사양토에서는 30%가 높게 평가 되었다. 그리고 토양 파라메타 분석 동시에 1주일에 1회 $N_2O$가스를 포집한 $N_2O$ 배출량에서는 식양토 27.1, 사양토 14.7%가 높게 평가 되었다. 향후 경험 모델의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서는 국내 작물재배환경에 맞는 파라메타의 수정이 필요하며 다양한 작물을 대상으로 연구가 있어야 할 것으로 생각한다.

프로테옴 해석에 의한 벼 게놈 기능해석과 응용

우선희,김홍식,송범헌,이철원,박영목,정승근,조용구,Woo, Sun-Hee,Kim, Hong-Sig,Song, Berm-Heun,Lee, Chul-Won,Park, Young-Mok,Jong, Seung-Keun,Cho, Yong-Gu 한국식물생명공학회 2003 식물생명공학회지 Vol.30 No.3

In this review, we described the catalogues of the rice proteome which were constructed in our program, and functional characterization of some of these proteins was discussed. Mass-spectrometry is the most prevalent technique to rapidly identify a large number of proteome analysis. However, the conventional Western blotting/sequencing technique has been used in many laboratories. As a first step to efficiently construct protein cata-file in proteome analysis of major cereals, we have analyzed the N-terminal sequences of 100 rice embryo proteins and 70 wheat spike proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Edman degradation revealed the N-terminal peptide sequences of only 31 rice proteins and 47 wheat proteins, suggesting that the rest of separated protein sports are N-terminally blocked. To efficiently determine the internal sequence of blocked proteins, we have developed a modified Cleveland peptide mapping method. Using this above method, the internal sequences of all blocked rice proteins(i, e., 69 proteins) were determined. Among these 100 rice proteins, thirty were proteins for which homologous sequence in the rice genome database could be identified. However, the rest of the proteins lacked homologous proteins. This appears to be consistent with the fact that about 45% of total rice cDNA have been deposited in the EMBL database. Also, the major proteins involved in the growth and development of rice can be identified using the proteome approach. Some of these proteins, including a calcium-binding protein that tuned out to be calreticulin, gibberellin-binding protein, which is ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygense active in rice, and leginsulin-binding protein in soybean have functions in the signal transduction pathway. Proteomics is well suited not only to determine interaction between pairs of proteins, but also to identify multisubunit complexes. Currently, a protein-protein interaction database for plant proteins(http://genome.c.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/Y2H)could be a very useful tool for the plant research community. Also, the information thus obtained from the plant proteome would be helpful in predicting the function of the unknown proteins and would be useful be in the plant molecular breeding.

석탄회 시용이 연초 생육과 토양중 중금속 함량에 미치는 영향

홍순달,석영선,송범헌,Hong, Soon-Dal,Seok, Yong-Seon,Song, Beom-Heon 한국연초학회 1998 한국연초학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fly ash on growth responses and on accumulation of the heavy metals in soil. Two kinds of fly ash, anthracite and bituminous coal, were treated with different levels of 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 kg/pot(20L). Tobacco growth was better by application of fly ash than that by the control. However, the early stage of growth by application of bituminous coal, 1.2 kg/pot, was decreased due to the boron toxicity occurred by fly ash. Generally, tobacco yield was significantly increased with applying fly ash, showing the highest yield at 1.2 kg/pot for anthracite and at 0.8 kg/pot for bituminous coal. The content of total nitrogen in leaves was higher with fly ash than that of the control, while the content of calcium in leaves was low, Contents of heavy metal and the other minerals were not significantly different between the control and the treatment of fly ash. Soil pH after experiment was linearly increased with application level of fly ash, indicating that the application of bituminous coal was more effective than that of anthracite. Contents of available phosphate, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$+ and $Mg^{2+}$ in soil were increased by application of fly ash, especially with bituminous coal. Contents of Cu, Cr, and Ni were increased with application level of bituminous coati even if the contents were still lower than critical levels for farming land. The other heavy metals were similar between the control and the application of fly ash.

온실가스 배출 파라메타를 이용한 고추밭 토양의 N₂O 배출 예측

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),송범헌(Beom-Heon Song),현병근(Byung-Keun Hyun),심교문(Kyo-Moon Shim),이정택(Jeong-Taek Lee),이종식(Jong-Sik Le),김원일(Won-Il Kim),신중두(Joung-Du Shin) 한국토양비료학회 2006 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.39 No.5

고추재배에서 토성별 토양수분, 토양온도, 무기태질소 변화에 따른 CO<SUB>2</SUB> 배출량 평가

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),송범헌(Beom-Heon Song),홍석영(Suk-Young Hong),고병구(Byong-Gu Ko),노기안(Kee-An Roh),심교문(Kyo-Moon Shim),장용선(Yong-Seon Zhang) 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.42 No.6

Several researchers have proposed models or equations to predict soil CO2 flux from more readily available biotic and abiotic measurement. Tree commonly used abiotic variables were N mineral and soil temperature and soil water content. This study was conducted to determine CO2 emission to mineral N, soil water content and soil temperature with clay loam and sandy loam in pepper cultivation in 2004~2005. CO2 flux in the upland with different levels of soil water potential was measured at least once in two weeks during the cropping period in the pepper cultivation plots. Soil water potential in the clay loam and sandy loam soils was established at -30kPa and -50kPa by measuring the soil gravimetric water content with two replications. CO2 emission rate from the differently managed plots was highly correlation coefficient to between the mineral N (R=0.830**, 0.876**) and soil temperature (r<SUP>2</SUP>=0.793**, 0.804**) in the clay loam and sandy loam, respectively. However, the relationships between CO2 emission and soil water content were non-significant. CO2 emissions at sandy loam soils was lower to 21~37% than at clay loam soils for both soil water conditions without differences in yield. At difference levels of soil water conditions, CO2 emission at - 50kPa decreased to 37.5% in comparison with that at -30kPa. From the path analysis as to contribution factors of GHGs, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of soil temperature (54.9%), mineral N (32.7%), and soil moisture content (12.4%).

고추밭에서 토성별 토양수분함량 조건에 따른 N<SUB>2</SUB>O 배출량 평가

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),송범헌(Beom-Heon Song),권순익(Soon-Ik Kwon),심교문(Kyo-Moon Shim),이정택(Jeong-Taek Lee),정현철(Hyun-Cheol Jeong) 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2008 No.5