디지털 오디오 코덱을 위한 새로운 비선형 역 양자화 알고리즘과 하드웨어 구조

문종하(Jong Ha Moon),백재현(Jae Hyun Baek),선우명훈(Myung Hoon Sunwoo) 한국통신학회 2008 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.33 No.1C

본 논문은 디지털 오디오 코덱에 효율적으로 적용 가능한 새로운 역 양자화 테이블 보간 알고리즘과 알고리즘에 특화된 DSP (Digital Signal Processor) 명령어 및 하드웨어 구조를 제안한다. 비선형 역 양자화 알고리즘은 대표적으로 MPEG-1 Layer-3와 MPEG-2/4 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)에서 사용되며, 제안하는 명령어는 비선형 역 양자화에 최적화 되어 있다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 연산의 복잡도를 최소화하여 구현 시전체 연산량을 줄일 수 있으며, 제안된 알고리즘은 타 알고리즘에 비해 우수한 평균 오차값을 나타낸다. 제안하는 명령어 및 하드웨어 구조는 기존의 알고리즘과 비교하여 연산 과정에서 사용되는 명령어 수를 20% 정도 줄일 수 있으며, 역 양자화의 계산 부하를 효율적으로 줄일 수 있다. 제안한 알고리즘은 일반 상용 DSP로도 구현이 가능하다. This paper This paper proposes a new inverse-quantization (IQ) table interpolation algorithm, specialized Digital Signal Processor (DSP) instructions and hardware architecture for digital audio codecs. Non-linear inverse quantization algorithm is representatively used in both MPEG-1 Layer-3 and MPEG-2/4 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC). The proposed instructions are optimized for the non-linear inverse quantization. The proposed algorithm can minimize operational complexity which reduces total computational load. Performance comparisons show a significant improvement of average error. The proposed instructions and hardware architecture can reduce 20% of the instruction counts and minimize computational loads of IQ algorithms effectively compared with existing IQ table interpolation algorithms. Proposed algorithm can implement commercial DSPs.

한국군 코로나19 대응 의료종합상황센터 상담결과 분석

문종하 ( Jong Ha Moon ),황준성 ( Jun Seong Hwang ),연동건 ( Dong Keon Yon ),정연욱 ( Yeon Wook Jeong ),김동환 ( Dong Hwan Kim ),배현우 ( Hyun Woo Bae ) 국군의무사령부 2020 대한군진의학학술지 Vol.51 No.1

Objective; MEOC(Medical Emergency Operation Center, AFMC) is a 24 hour emergency call center at AFMC(Armed Forces Medical Command). As additional mission, it is serving a similar role as the KCDC's 1339 call center by receiving situations and conducting tele-consultations for COVID-19 cases in R.O.K. military. This study was performed to effectively prepare and respond to future waves of COVID-19 and to other new pandemic diseases. Method; We conducted the analysis of MEOC tele-consultation cases for COVID-19 in the span of 6 months(Jan. 22nd. 2020. ∼ Jul. 21st. 2020, 5,513 cases). Hancom Office 2018 and IBM SPSS Statistics 26 were used for the data analysis. Results; Comparison of the trend curves for the number of MEOC tele-consultations, COVID-19 patients in South Korea and in R.O.K. military yielded interesting results. Consultation results were classified into 8 categories and there were some statistically significant correlation among them. Distribution charts of each category showed some changes over time. Conclusion; Our results indicate that the R.O.K. military has successfully managed the COVID-19 situation and it can be appraised that the MEOC's tele-consultation greatly contributed to this. We'll make further progress in the future.

신유학의 생생(生生)의 인(仁)에 관한 연구

문종하 ( Moon Jong-ha ) 충남대학교 유학연구소 2018 儒學硏究 Vol.44 No.-

송명대(宋明代)의 신유학의 탄생은 이전까지의 유학의 모습을 크게 변화시켰다. 송명대 유학자들은 유가적 가치를 뒷받침할 수 있는 지식기반 구축을 위해 선진유학의 경전들 중에서 찾았다. 특히, 『周易』, 『大學』, 『中庸』 등 철학적 내용이 풍부한 이들 경전에서 유가적 가치의 기반과 철학적 사유의 근거들을 발견했다. 그 중에서 중요한 사실은 ‘생생(生生)’의 관념을 창출해 낸 것이다. 이로 인해 인(仁)의 관념이 크게 변화되었다. 공맹이래로 인의 관념은 인애(仁愛)를 벗어나지 않았었고 효제(孝弟)가 인을 행하는 기본이라는 관념이었던 것을 ‘생생’의 관념으로 변화시킨 것이다. 그리하여 인의 관념은 인간관계에 있어 총체적인 덕목에서 무한한 생명력을 갖고 천지만물에 까지 확충되기에 이르렀다. 신유학에 있어서 ‘생생’의 관념을 기초로 전개된 인설은 정호(程顥)의 ‘천지만물일체(天地萬物一體)의 인(仁)’, 사량좌(謝良佐)의 ‘지각(知覺)의 인(仁)’, 주희의 ‘천지생물지심(天地生物之心)의 인(仁)’, 왕수인의 ‘여물동체(與物同體)의 인(仁)’으로 나누어 설명할 수 있다. 이들 인설은 모두 ‘생생’(生生) 또는 ‘생의’(生意)를 기초로 하고 있고, 또 인을 인간의 본성으로 보는 점과 인의 체현하는 방법으로 성(誠), 경(敬), 극기복례(克己 復禮) 등 성기(成己 : 自己完城)을 강조하는 공통점과 특징이 있다. 이러한 인의 체현 방법은 공자가 말한 극기복례, 충서(忠恕)의 개념에서 벗어나지 않는다는 점에서 신유학의 ‘생생의 인’ 관념은 현대사회에서 인성론뿐만이 아니라 환경생태학에 이르기까지 다양하고 폭넓게 적용될 무한한 생명력을 갖는다고 할 수 있다. The birth of Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties changed the previous Confucianism greatly. The Confucian scholars of the dynasties found the base of Confucian value and the grounds the philosophical thinking in the scriptures of Pre-Qin Confucianism full of philosophical contents such as The Book of Changes(周易, Zhouyi), The Great Learning (大學, daxue), The Doctrine of the Mean(中庸, Zhongyong), etc. to lay the foundation of knowledge that could support Confucian value. The important fact of them was to create the idea of Production and Reproduction. Due to this, the idea of Benevolence changed greatly. The idea of Benevolence since the period of Confucius and Mencius had not got out of Benevolence and Love(仁愛, renai), and the idea that Filial Piety and Brotherly Love (孝悌, xiaoti) had been the basis for carrying out Benevolence changed into the idea of Production and Reproduction. Therefore, the idea of Benevolence began with general virtues in human relations and led to the expansion of all things in the universe with infinite vitality. The theory of Benevolence developed on the a basis of Production and Reproduction can be explained with Cheng Hao(程顥)'s the Unity of All Things of Heaven and Earth(天地萬物一體, tiandi wan wu yiti), Hsieh Liang Tso(謝良佐)'s Benevolence of Perception, Zhu Xi(朱熹)'s the Mind of Living Beings of Heaven and Earth(天地生物之心, tiandi shengwu zhi xin), and Wáng Shou Ren(王守仁)'s One Body with Things(與物 同體, yuwu tóngti). These theories of Benevolence have the common characteristics that they are all based on Production and Reproduction or the Will of Life(生意, shengyi), that they regard Benevolence as the human nature, and that they emphasize the Perfection of Self(成己, chengzi) such as Sincerity(誠, cheng), Self Discipline(敬, jing), Overcoming of Self and Returning to Manners(克己復禮, kejifuli), etc. This way of embodying Benevolence does not get out of Overcoming of Self and Returning to Manners, and Fidelity and Mercy(忠恕, zhongshu), so the idea of Benevolence of Production and Reproduction has a infinite vitality to be applied not only to the theory of human nature but also to the environmental ecology of modern society variously and widely.

마그네트론 스퍼터링 증착 조건에 따른 $\textrm{SnO}_2$ 박막의 미세구조와 가스검지특성 변화

김종민,문종하,이병택,Kim, Jong-Min,Moon, Jong-Ha,Lee, Byung-Teak 한국재료학회 1999 한국재료학회지 Vol.9 No.11

마그네트론 스퍼터로 알루미나 기판위에 $\textrm{SnO}_2$박막을 증착하여 증착온도, rf 전력, 공정기체 중 산소분율(O$_2$/Ar)등 공정변수에 따른 박막의 미세구조와 가스검지 특성을 조사하였다. 증착된 박막의 미세구조는 결정성이 없는 비정질 구조(A), 비정질 기지 중에 결정이 분산된 구조(A=P), 방향성이 거의 없는 다결정 구조(P), 미세 기둥구조(FC), 조대한 기둥구조(CC), 고밀도 특성을 보이는 섬유상 구조(Zone T)의 6가지로 분류되었다. 공정 중 산소를 첨가하지 않았을 때, 저온, 낮은 rf 전력에서 A 구조가, 저온, 높은 rf 전력에서 A+P 구조가, 고온, 높은 rf 전력에서 P 구조가 형성되었고, 산소 첨가 시는 낮은 rf 전력, 저온에서 FC 구조가, 낮은 rf 전력, 고온에서 CC 구조, 높은 rf 전력, 저온에서 Zone T 구조가 형성되었다. 위의 미세구조를 가진 박막들을 센서로 제작하여 $200^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$에서 CO 가스에 대한 민감도를 측정한 결과$200^{\circ}C$에서는 감도가 나타나지 않으며, $300^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$에서는 FC 구조를 가진 센서가 다른 미세구조를 가진 센서에 비해 우수한 감도를 나타냈다. 이는 미세한 column 들로 이루어진 FC 구조의 높은 비표면적으로 인해 산소와 피검가스의 흡착이 많아지게 되고, 가스흡착에 의한 저항변화, 즉 감도가 높게 나타나는 것으로 판단된다. Microstructures and the gas-sensing characteristics of the $\textrm{SnO}_2$ thin films were studied, which were deposited at various conditions (rf power, sample temperature, $\textrm{O}_2$/Ar ratio) by the rf magnetron sputtering. As a result, six typical microstructures were derived, such as amorphous(A), amorphous mixed with polycrystalline grains (A+P), polycrystalline with random crystalographic orientation (P), fine columnar (FC), coarse columnar (CC) and Zone T (T) with dense fiberous structure. Typically, A, A+ P, and P structures were formed when no $\textrm{O}_2$ was added to the sputter gas, whereas FC, CC, and T structures were obtained when $\textrm{O}_2$ was added. The A structure formed at low rf power and low temperature, the A+P at high rf power and low temperature, and the P at high rf power and high temperature. The FC structure was obtained at low rf power and low temperature. the CC at low rf power and high temperature, and the T at high rf power and low temperature. Results of the gas-sensing test of the sensor chips fabricated from the typical films indicated that the fine columnar microstructure shows the highest sensitivity both at $300^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$. It was proposed that this is due to the high specific surface area of the micro-columns.

Si기판 위에 Ba_0.5Sr_0.5TiO₃ 산화물 에피 박막의 집적화 및 박막의 유전 특성에 관한 연구

김은미,문종하,이원재,김진혁,Kim, Eun-Mi,Moon, Jong-Ha,Lee, Won-Jae,Kim, Jin-Hyeok 한국세라믹학회 2006 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.43 No.6

Epitaxial $Ba_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}TiO_3$ (BSTO) thin films have been grown on TiN buffered Si (001) substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) method and the effects of substrate temperature and oxygen partial pressure during the deposition on their dielectric properties and crystallinity were investigated. The crystal orientation, epitaxy nature, and microstructure of oxide thin films were investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Thin films were prepared with laser fluence of $4.2\;J/cm^2\;and\;3\;J/cm^2$, repetition rate of 8 Hz and 10 Hz, substrate temperatures of $700^{\circ}C$ and ranging from $350^{\circ}C\;to\;700^{\circ}C$ for TiN and oxide respectively. BSTO thin-films were grown on TiN-buffered Si substrates at various oxygen partial pressure ranging from $1{\times}10^{-4}$ torr to $1{\times}10^{-5}$ torr. The TiN buffer layer and BSTO thin films were grown with cube-on-cube epitaxial orientation relationship of $[110](001)_{BSTO}{\parallel}[110](001)_{TiN}{\parallel}[110](001)_{Si}$. The crystallinity of BSTO thin films was improved with increasing substrate temperature. C-axis lattice parameters of BSTO thin films, calculated from XRD ${\theta}-2{\theta}$ scans, decreased from 0.408 m to 0.404 nm and the dielectric constants of BSTO epitaxial thin films increased from 440 to 938 with increasing processing oxygen partial pressure.

2차원 Bravais Lattice를 가지는 나노 패턴 제조 및 광결정 효과를 가지는 ZnO 나노 기둥 성장

김태언,문종하,김선훈,김두근,김진혁,Kim, Tae-Un,Moon, Jong-Ha,Kim, Seon-Hoon,Kim, Doo-Gun,Kim, Jin-Hyeok 한국재료학회 2011 한국재료학회지 Vol.21 No.12

Two-dimensional (2D) nano patterns including a two-dimensional Bravais lattice were fabricated by laser interference lithography using a two step exposure process. After the first exposure, the substrate itself was rotated by a certain angle, $90^{\circ}$ for a square or rectangular lattice, $75^{\circ}$ for an oblique lattice, and $60^{\circ}$ for a hexagonal lattice, and the $90^{\circ}$ and laser incident angle changed for rectangular and the $45^{\circ}$ and laser incident angle changed for a centered rectangular; we then carried out a second exposure process to form 2D bravais lattices. The band structure of five different 2D nano patterns was simulated by a beam propagation program. The presence of the band-gap effect was shown in an oblique and hexagonal structure. The oblique latticed ZnO nano-photonic crystal array had a pseudo-bandgap at a frequency of 0.337-0.375, 0.575-0.596 and 0.858-0.870. The hexagonal latticed ZnO nano-crystallite array had a pseudo-bandgap at a frequency of 0.335-0.384 and 0.585-0.645. The ZnO nano structure with an oblique and hexagonal structure was grown through the patterned opening window area by a hydrothermal method. The morphology of 2D nano patterns and ZnO nano structures were investigated by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The diameter of the opening window was approximately 250 nm. The height and width of ZnO nano-photonic crystals were 380 nm and 250 nm, respectively.

스퍼터법을 이용한 메탈 전구체기반의 Cu₂SnS₃ (CTS) 박막 태양전지 제조 및 특성 평가

이주연,김인영,문종하,김진혁,Lee, Ju Yeon,Kim, In Young,Minhao, Wu,Moon, Jong Ha,Kim, Jin Hyeok 한국태양광발전학회 2015 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.3 No.4

$Cu_2SnS_3$ (CTS) based thin film solar cells (TFSCs) are of great interest because of its earth abundant, low-toxic and eco-friendly material with high optical absorption coefficient of $10^4cm^{-1}$. In this study, the DC sputtered precursor thin films have been sulfurized using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system in the graphite box under Ar gas atmosphere for 10 minute. The systematic variation of sulfur powder during annealing process has been carried out and their effects on the structural, morphological and optical properties of CTS thin films have been investigated. The preliminary power conversion efficiency of 1.47% with a short circuit current density of $33.9mA/cm^2$, an open circuit voltage of 159.7 mV, and a fill factor of 27% were obtained for CTS thin film annealed with 0.05g of S powder, although the processing parameter s have not yet been optimized.

Cu층 증착시간에 따른 Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) 박막의 특성

김윤진,김인영,강명길,문종하,김진혁,Kim, Yoon Jin,Kim, In Young,Gang, Myeng Gil,Moon, Jong Ha,Kim, Jin Hyeok 한국태양광발전학회 2016 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.4 No.1

$Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ (CZTS) thin films were fabricated by successive electrodeposition of layers of precursor elements followed by sulfurization of an electrodeposited Cu-Zn-Sn precursor. In order to improve quality of the CZTS films, we tried to optimize the deposition condition of absorber layers. In particular, I have conducted optimization experiments by changing the Cu-layer deposition time. The CZTS absorber layers were synthesized by different Cu-layer conditions ranging from 10 to 16 minutes. The sulfurization of Cu/Sn/Zn stacked metallic precursor thin films has been conducted in a graphite box using rapid thermal annealing (RTA). The structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties of CZTS thin films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray Flourescenece Spectrometry (XRF). Especially, the CZTS TFSCs exhibits the best power conversion efficiency of 4.62% with $V_{oc}$ of 570 mV, $J_{sc}$ of $18.15mA/cm^2$ and FF of 45%. As the time of deposition of the Cu-layer to increasing, the properties were confirmed to be systematically changed. And we have been discussed in detail below.

F 농도 조절을 통한 AZO 박막의 광학적 전기적 특성 향상

장수영,장준성,조은애,김지훈,문종하,김진혁,Jang, Suyoung,Jang, Jun Sung,Jo, Eunae,Karade, Vijay Chandraknt,Kim, Jihun,Moon, Jong-Ha,Kim, Jin Hyeok 한국재료학회 2021 한국재료학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Zinc oxide (ZnO) based transparent conducting oxides (TCO) thin films, are used in many applications such as solar cells, flat panel displays, and LEDs due to their wide bandgap nature and excellent electrical properties. In the present work, fluorine and aluminium-doped ZnO targets are prepared and thin films are deposited on soda-lime glass substrate using a RF magnetron sputtering unit. The aluminium concentration is fixed at 2 wt%, and the fluorine concentration is adjusted between 0 to 2.0 wt% with five different concentrations, namely, Al2ZnO98(AZO), F0.5AZO97.5(FAZO1), F1AZO97(FAZO2), F1.5AZO96.5(FAZO3), and F2AZO96(FAZO4). Thin films are deposited with an RF power of 40 W and working pressure of 5 m Torr at 270 ℃. The morphological analysis performed for the thin film reveals that surface roughness decreases in FAZO1 and FAZO2 samples when doped with a small amount of fluorine. Further, optical and electrical properties measured for FAZO1 sample show average optical transmissions of over 89 % in the visible region and 82.5 % in the infrared region, followed by low resistivity and sheet resistance of 3.59 × 10-4 Ωcm and 5.52 Ω/sq, respectively. In future, these thin films with excellent optoelectronic properties can be used for thin-film solar cell and other optoelectronics applications.

기판 종류에 따른 박막형 SnO₂ 가스 센서의 응답특성

김선훈,박신철,김진혁,문종하,이병택,Kim, Seon-Hoon,Park, Shin-Chul,Kim, Jin-Hyuk,Moon, Jong-Ha,Lee, Byung-Teak 한국재료학회 2003 한국재료학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Effects of substrate materials on the microstructure and the sensitivity of $SnO_2$thin film gas sensors have been studied. Various substrates were studied, such as oxidized silicon, sapphire, polished alumina, and unpolished alumina. It was observed that strong correlation exists between the electrical resistance and the CO gas sensitivity of the manufactured sensors and the surface roughness of $SnO_2$thin films, which in turn was related to the surface roughness of the original substrates. X$SnO_2$thin film gas sensor on unpolished alumina with the highest surface roughness showed the highest initial resistance and CO gas sensitivity. The transmission electron microscopy observation indicated that shape and size of the columnar microstructure of the thin films were not critically affected by the type of substrates.