역전파 알고리즘을 이용한 최적의 교통안전 평가 모형개발

김중효,권성대,홍정표,하태준,Kim, Joong-Hyo,Kwon, Sung-Dae,Hong, Jeong-Pyo,Ha, Tae-Jun 대한토목학회 2015 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.35 No.3

교통사고 피해를 최소화하기 위해서는 차량과 도로 체계에 대한 공학적인 개선을 통하여 교통사고 원인을 제거해야 한다. 일반적으로 안정성과 효율성이 부족한 도로는 교통사고가 지속적으로 발생할 가능성이 크고 이를 개선하는데 막대한 사회적 비용과 시간이 소요되며, 부적절한 환경 요인으로 발생한 교통사고는 국가적으로 큰 피해를 발생시키게 된다. 따라서 본 연구는 최근 인공지능 분야 중 활발히 연구 중인 역전파 알고리즘(Back-Propagation Algorithm : BPA)을 이용하여 신호교차로를 대상으로 최적의 교통안전 평가기법을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 광주광역시내 교통혼잡과 교통사고가 빈번하게 발생하고 있는 신호교차로 지점을 대상으로, BPA를 이용하여 보다 신뢰성 높은 교통안전 평가 모형을 개발하고자 다음과 같은 일련의 방법으로 연구를 수행하였다. 첫째, 신호교차로 교통사고와 교통상충간의 순위상관분석을 실시하여 교통사고 순위와 교통상충 순위가 통계적으로 유의함을 확인하였다. 이는 교통상충이 신호교차로 교통안전 평가 변수로 사용될 수 있음에 따라 설명변수로 입력되고 교통사고가 종속변수인 선형회귀모형을 개발하는데 이용하였다. 둘째, 신호교차로의 교통량과 진입 진출 차로수 차이 등을 교통사고의 설명변수로 간주하여 다중회귀분석을 통해 교통사고 예측모형을 개발하였다. 셋째, 교통량과 도로 기하구조 요소를 모형의 설명변수로 설정하고 교통상충을 종속변수로 하여 BPA를 이용한 최적의 교통안전 평가 모형을 개발하였다. 마지막으로, 교통사고 실측값, 다중회귀모형, BPA에 의한 교통사고 예측값을 평균제곱근오차 방법으로 모형의 적합도 비교 분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 결과, BPA에 의해 도출된 교통사고 예측값과 교통사고 실측값 사이의 평균제곱오차는 3.89로 계산되어 BPA가 다중회귀 모형보다 상대적으로 교통안전 평가능력이 우수한 것으로 나타나 실제 신호교차로 교통안전도를 평가하는데 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되고 추후, 교통안전정책 수립시 실질적인 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. The need to remove the cause of traffic accidents by improving the engineering system for a vehicle and the road in order to minimize the accident hazard. This is likely to cause traffic accident continue to take a large and significant social cost and time to improve the reliability and efficiency of this generally poor road, thereby generating a lot of damage to the national traffic accident caused by improper environmental factors. In order to minimize damage from traffic accidents, the cause of accidents must be eliminated through technological improvements of vehicles and road systems. Generally, it is highly probable that traffic accident occurs more often on roads that lack safety measures, and can only be improved with tremendous time and costs. In particular, traffic accidents at intersections are on the rise due to inappropriate environmental factors, and are causing great losses for the nation as a whole. This study aims to present safety countermeasures against the cause of accidents by developing an intersection Traffic safety evaluation model. It will also diagnose vulnerable traffic points through BPA (Back -propagation algorithm) among artificial neural networks recently investigated in the area of artificial intelligence. Furthermore, it aims to pursue a more efficient traffic safety improvement project in terms of operating signalized intersections and establishing traffic safety policies. As a result of conducting this study, the mean square error approximate between the predicted values and actual measured values of traffic accidents derived from the BPA is estimated to be 3.89. It appeared that the BPA appeared to have excellent traffic safety evaluating abilities compared to the multiple regression model. In other words, The BPA can be effectively utilized in diagnosing and practical establishing transportation policy in the safety of actual signalized intersections.

교통안전 특성을 고려한 장대터널 적정길이 제시

김중효,이정환,권성대,하동익,Kim, Joong-Hyo,Lee, Jeong-Hwan,Kwon, Sung Dae,Ha, Dong Ik 대한토목학회 2014 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.34 No.1

터널은 이동시간을 최소화 시킬 뿐만 아니라 친환경적인 도로건설을 위한 필수적인 시설물이라 하겠다. 최근에는 보다 높은 서비스수준의 제공을 위하여 터널 건설이 가속화 되고 있다. 그러나 터널을 주행하는 운전자는 좁고 어두운 터널의 특성상 심리적 불안감과 시야의 제약을 받게 된다. 더욱이 1,000m 이상의 장대터널을 통과하는 운전자는 단조로운 형태의 터널 내부를 장시간 통과함에 따라 졸음 등이 발생할 수 있으며, 보다 큰 심리적 압박감을 느껴 운전자 부하가 가중되게 된다. 이러한 운전자 부하는 장대터널 내부의 주행안전성을 크게 저하시키며 높은 사고위험성을 내포시키게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 장대터널 교통안전 특성을 고려하여 장대터널의 적정길이를 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 장대터널의 교통안전에 영향을 미치는 교통안전변수를 분류하고 선정하였다. 교통안전변수는 교통사고변수와 속도변수로 분류하며, 해당 변수는 교통사고건수, 교통사고율, 주행속도, 개별차량 주행속도 차등으로 세부적인 분류를 하였다. 이상과 같이 분류된 교통안전변수가 장대터널길이에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 교통사고율이 유의한 결과를 나타냄에 따라 교통사고율을 교통안전변수로 선정하였다. 터널 길이에 따라 교통안전변수가 큰 폭으로 증가하는 지점은 사고발생가능성이 높은 지점으로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 해당 지점을 선정하기 위해 교통안전변수의 분포표를 작성하였으며, 교통안전변수가 크게 증가하는 구간을 임계점으로 설정하였다. 그리고 해당 임계점에 도달하기 이전의 길이를 장대터널의 적정길이로 설정하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 장대터널의 적정길이를 통해 향후 장대터널에서 발생하는 교통사고 감소에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Tunnel reduces travel time as and it is essential facilities for the eco-friendly road construction. In recent years, It has been accelerating the tunnel construction to provide a higher level of traffic service but a driver driving in the narrow and dark tunnel takes characteristically psychological anxiety and the restriction of the sight. Moreover, A driver passing through more than 1,000m long tunnel, as to pass inside the monotonous form of the tunnel for a long time can cause drowsiness and increase the driver load. This driver load can degrade road-holding of the inside of the long tunnel highly and pose a high risk of accidents. Accordingly, In this study is to present the proper length of the Tunnel, considering the characteristics of traffic accident. For this, this study is that the long tunnel that affects traffic safety traffic safety variables are selected and classified. Traffic safety variables are classified in detail as a variable of the traffic accident and velocity one, the applicable variables the number of the traffic accident, the ratio of the traffic accident, driving velocity, the individual vehicle velocity etc. Traffic safety variables are categorized as more than a pole length of the tunnel in order to examine its impact on correlation analysis. The results indicate significant results in traffic accidents in accordance with traffic accidents, traffic safety, selects the variable was Variable depending on the length of the tunnel traffic safety point of significantly increasing the possibility of an accident can be seen as a high point. And the point of the Distribution of selected variables in order to create a traffic safety was a significant increase in traffic safety variables was set at critical intervals. Before reaching the critical point and the corresponding length of the long tunnel was set at the proper length. In this study, the optimum length of the proposed long tunnel through the long tunnel that occur in the future to contribute to reducing traffic accidents would be able to be determined.

가상환경 기반 자율주행 운전능력 평가방안 연구

김중효,김도훈,주성갑,오석진,Kim, Joong Hyo,Kim, Do Hoon,Joo, Sung Kab,Oh, Seok Jin 한국ITS학회 2021 한국ITS학회논문지 Vol.20 No.5

세계 최대 차량공유업체 우버의 자율주행에 의한 보행자 사망사고에 이어 지난 4월에는 테슬라의 자율주행 교통사고로 2명이 사망하는 등 자율주행의 안전성 문제가 대두됨에 따라 자율주행 도입에 따른 도로 이용자의 안전성 확보가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 자율주행의 안전성을 확보하기 위해서는 실제로 자율주행자동차가 주행할 도로 및 교통 환경을 기반으로 다양한 상황에서의 자율주행 운전능력을 평가할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 다양한 운전능력 시험방법 중 가상현실 기반 자율주행 운전능력 평가도구를 제시하고자 일반 운전면허시험 문제를 기반으로 UC-win/Road ver.14.0을 활용하였다. 이를 바탕으로 복합적이고 다양한 주행환경에서 돌발상황에 대한 운전능력을 시험하고자 하였으며 자율주행 운전능력 시험평가의 최적의 도구로서의 실제 적용가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. Following the fatal accident of pedestrians caused by Autonomous Vehicle by Uber, the world's largest ride-hailing company, two people were killed in a self-driving car accident by Tesla in April. There is a need to ensure the safety of road users. Accordingly, in order to secure the safety of Autonomous Vehicle driving, it is necessary to evaluate Autonomous Vehicle driving technologies in various situations based on the road and traffic environment in which the Autonomous vehicle will actually drive. Therefore, this study used UC-win/Road ver.14.0 based on general driver's license test questions to present a virtual reality-based Autonomous Vehicles driving ability evaluation tool among various driving ability test method. Based on this, it was intended to test driving ability for unexpected situations in complex and diverse driving environments, and to confirm its practical applicability as an optimal tool for Autonomous vehicle ability test and evaluation.

리빙 씨어터: 탄생과 소멸에 관한 사적(史的) 연구

김중효 ( Jung Hyo Kim ) 한국연극학회 2010 한국연극학 Vol.0 No.40

Concentrating on the birth, life, and death of the Living Theatre, almost half a century avant-garde group, the primary purpose of this study at large is to explore its counter-cultural philosophy. While taking a chronological form adapting the biological order, the paper focuses on the troupe`s productions: <The Connection>, <Brig>, <Mysteries and Smaller Pieces>, <Frankenstein>, and <Paradise Now>. Through out these productions the philosophy of the Living Theatre seemed to included communal, anti-intellectual, politically radical, generally Utopian, and proselytizers for sexual freedom. The history of the Living Theatre interestingly parallels the history of the Beck`s theatre in occupation and shut down. The first New York theatre was closed by fire inspectors for instance. The second theatre was declared unsafe, and locked up by the Building Department. The third theatre was seized by the IRS, consequently shut down. In 1984, after more than 25years from the third building, the Living Theatre settled once again on East Third Street in Manhattan. The theatre was however evacuated by the New York City Fire Department in 1993 and once more took to the road. With these struggles, the Becks` profound aspiration of the counter-cultural insurgency came to harden as strong as `iron` in some ways. With the outstanding components of counter-cultural philosophy and style, the Living Theatre, in the course of the transformation, absorbed and then reflected virtually every phase for the Living Theatre were vehicles for more than just aesthetics. The group seemed to propagandize its beliefs rather performing productions. Accordingly, both on and off-stage action of the Living Theatre caused great controversy either through political activism of individual members or through the unconventional collective life style. No avant-garde theatre company was more emblematic of the rebellious spirit of the sixties than the Living Theatre. Like the first great transformation, the Becks` encounter, their personal values and the form of theatre they created had blended `so inextricably that the vitality of each was dependent on the other.` The Becks always urged unity and harmony at all levels of human life, but not at any price. The anticapitalist ideal inspired the Becks to promote a politically motivated campaign throughout their productions. They believed the revolution is desirable but in the state of non-violence and the expansion of human consciousness. Julian Beck`s gravestone identifies his as pet, painter, actor, and anarchist. The Living Theatre was a `small umbrella` under which the Becks and its members could breath and unfold their dream on stage or in the street.

첨단 IT 기반의 일반 운전면허와 자율주행 운전면허 시험평가 단지 구축 사업계획 방안

김중효(Kim, Joong Hyo),오석진(Oh, Seok Jin),오영욱(Oh, Young Wook),박민철(Park, Min Cheol),권성대(Kwon, Sung Dae) 대한토목학회 2022 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.10

교통상충기법을 이용한 도로 안전성 평가에 관한 연구

김중효 ( Kim Joong-hyo ),박정순 ( Pakr Jung-soon ),현철승 ( Hyun Chul-seng ),주두환 ( Joo Doo-hwan ) 한국도로교통공단 2015 교통안전연구 Vol.34 No.-

신호교차로 안정성을 평가하고자 할 때 일반적으로 교통사고 자료를 이용한다. 그러나 사고자료를 확보하고 분석하는데 다소 시간과 비용이 소요되며 자료의 신뢰성에 문제가 제기되고 있어 교차로의 안전을 진단하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 이러한 현실적인 문제를 극복하고 대체하고자 그간 다양한 연구가 진행되어왔는데 가장 폭 넓게 사용되는 도로의 평가 중의 하나가 “교통상충기법”이다. 그러나 교통상충기법에 있어서 상충에 대한 명확한 기준과 판단의 부족으로 자료의 객관성에 문제점을 보이고 있어 최적화된 분석방법에 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 교통공학 이론을 배경으로 객관적이고 비교적 정확한 기준을 정립하여 교차로 안정성을 확보하고자 하였다. 이에 실제 상충과 사고자료와의 순위상관관계분석으로 교차로 전체의 상대적인 위험도를 측정할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 사고건수 유형별 위험순위와 유의한 상충측정기준은 다음과 같다. 첫째로, 추돌유형상충은 선행차량 제동에 대하여 추종차량의 급제동이 요구되는 상황으로 안전차두 시간 1.30초를 측정기준으로 하였다. 둘째로, 측면충돌유형상충은 차로변경 행태와 관련하여 차로변경 차량에 의해 차로변경 대상차로에서 주행하던 차량이 감속 등의 회피조작을 필요로 하는 상황으로서, 안전시간 1.30초를 측정기준으로 하였다. 또한 위 두 항목을 기준으로 측정된 상충수의 합은 교차로 전체의 사고건수 위험순위와 통계적으로 유의하게 나타남으로써, 교차로 전체의 상대적인 위험정도를 판별할 수 있다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 이와 동일한 방법으로, 상충기법 연구가 보다 객관적으로 수행될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 추후 교차로의 상대적인 위험수준을 평가할 때에도 보다 신속하고 용이하게 처리할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The analysis of the number of traffic accident has been the most direct measure of safety for a signalized intersection. But The engineers sometimes use alternative measures to the number of traffic accident because there are problems of collection time and limitation on accuracy for accident data. One of the most widely used alternative measures is the Traffic Conflict Techniques. The TCT, However, has the lack of clear criteria for conflict. Being based on transportation theory, this study makes an objective and relatively accurate conflict measurement criteria. Also, in this study, related risk level of intersection is measured by the rank correlation analysis with the real accident data. As a result of this study, a conflict measurement criterion that is significant with risk rank of accident by case is as follows. : First, rear-end conflict occurs when the first vehicle brakes while approaching or passing through the intersection, placing a second, following vehicle needed sharp brakes. The measurement criterion of safety time headway is 1.30sec. Second, related to lane-change behavior, sideswipe conflict occurs when the first vehicle changes from one lane to another, thus placing a second, following vehicle in the new lane passing the critical point of lane change. The measurement criterion of safety time is 1.30 sec. The sums of conflict numbers measured by the criteria of two conflict types are also significant with risk rank of a intersection accident number. In conclusion, these two types of criteria will ascertain the relative risk level at a signalized intersection. With this method, conflict studies will be accomplished more objectively and relative risk level at a signalized intersection will be estimated with more speedy treatment.

1950년대 미국사회와 동시대 희곡에 나타난 상호관련 이미지 연구

김중효 ( Jung Hyo Kim ) 한국연극교육학회 2009 연극교육연구 Vol.15 No.-

아버지와 아들의 이미지 - 아더 밀러의 << 모두가 내 아들 >> 그리고 데이비드 래이브의 << 막대기와 뼈다귀 >> 를 중심으로

김중효(Jung Hyo Kim) 한국연극학회 2001 한국연극학 Vol.0 No.16

The American family has continually and increasingly been a significant subject of much concern. In this regard, not only have industrialized and urbanization affected major changes in family functions and its members` values but also two historical event, the involvement of World War II and the Vietnam War, cannot be ignored in terms of important psychological transitions between family members. As much as any in American history, these two wars enable us to compare and contrast significant tendencies in American family members. More importantly, the relationship between fathers who had never directly served in the military, and sons who were returned war veterans presents an opportunity to address not only individual struggles over traumatic historical events but also the broad transitions of American families. Arthur Miller`s All My Sons(1947) and David Rabe`s Sticks and Bones(1971) are the plays that equally reflect images of the relationships between individuals in American families and, more specifically, the relationship between father and son in the periods after World War II and the Vietnam War. In All My Sons, the son, Chris has just returned from World War II, and Sticks and Bones is about a family where a son came back from the Vietnam War. Upon returning from the wars, Chris in Miller`s play brings home a sense of manhood; on the other hand, David in Rabe`s play comes back with doubts and rejection of his family. Under these circumstances, both plays provide a condensed version, reflecting notions of relationship between American individuals and generations as well as the engagement of drama with political and economical issues upon the father and son conflict. For instance, the symbolic images of the father and son relationship in All My Sons are outlined on two parallel levels: The father, Joe Keller, is a person who lacks self-will, self-knowledge, and self-awareness. He also violate the ethic of love and friendship, therefore, he is immoral. The son, Chris, is somehow a humanitarian and loving person, the opposite of his father. In this play, the son rejects fathers sense of business morality. Ultimately the son attacks his fathers identity and forces his death. Likewise, Sticks and Bones represents the father, Ozzie, as a symbolic figure of the bland and boring `typical father` in America-a figure produced by an instant culture based on television and its products. The father also struggles with articulating self-knowledge and self-awareness. The son, David, is the living expression of his parents own repressed guilt, hated, and hostility. Ozzie does not struggle to achieve the value of fatherhood, greatly struggles with his son in contrast to Joe in All My Sons. Although Ozzie is driven to a serious identity crisis by his son`s return from the war, in the end of the play, the father propels his son`s suicide. Through the conflicts evidenced in the father and son relationship in the two plays, the relationship between father and son is not merely expressed in terms of the inner individual struggle, but is also a social matter. In other words, those similarities and differences within the father-son relationship clearly outline American shifts of the 1940s and 1970s. The striking resemblance and contrasts wrap social, economical, and political aspects of the periods the plays were composed in. They also reflect the historical backgrounds of the authors` own lives. Yet, the father and son relationship depicts more importantly the change of American`s psyche and the two generations as well as the role of the father and the son through World War II to the Vietnam War.

일반국도 평면교차로 교통사고 특성분석에 관한 연구 - 국도 13호선(대전~담양) 구간을 중심으로 -

김중효 ( Kim Joong-hyo ) 한국도로교통공단 2011 교통안전연구 Vol.30 No.-

최근 확장된 4차로 이상의 국도는 설계속도가 80kmhr이상으로 설계 시 기존의 설계속도가 낮은 국도 및 지방도에 진출입로의 개선 없이 국도에 교차로를 연결함으로써 교통사고의 위험성이 취약한 실정이다. 또한, 접근차량의 흐름과 단절을 통제하는 지점인 교차로는 교통안전시설물이 설치되어 있어도 교차로 영향권 내에서 합류, 분류, 회전교차, 엇갈림 등의 상호작용으로 인해 교차로에서 후미추돌 사고와 교차로 내측 사고가 많이 발생하고 있다. 특히, 국도의 전체 교통사고 중 약 36.6%가 일반국도의 교차로에서 발생하고 있어 일반국도의 교차로에 대한 교통사고 문제점 분석에 따른 교통안전대책이 시급한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 기존 2차로 도로에서 4차로 도로로 확장된 일반국도 평면교차로에서 교차로 지점별로 교통 사고 자료를 수집하여, 교차로에서 발생하는 교통사고를 중심으로 도로 기하구조, 교통신호운영 측면에 대한 문제점을 제시하고, 이에 대한 교통사고의 심각성, 교차로 사고 위치별, 사고 유형별로 교통사고특성을 분석한다. 최종적으로 일반국도 평면교차로의 교통소통과 안전을 위한 개선방안을 제시함으로써, 향후 일반국도 교통안전관련사업의 활용할 경우 비용/효율성을 극대화 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

이탈리아 르네상스 시대의 초기 원근법 연구 - 레온 바티스타 알베르티의 『델라 피투라(Della Pittura)』를 중심으로 -

김중효 ( Jung Hyo Kim ) 한국연극학회 2005 한국연극학 Vol.0 No.26

The most clear function of perspective in theatre is to rationalize the representation on the limited space of stage and two dimensional scene paintings. By the illusion of perspective theatre spectators can get an optical sense of depth and a three-dimensionality of the stage setting. At the very beginning of human history, several evidences of attempt to achieve depth on the paintings and architectural fields can be found from Egyptian wall paintings, architectural columns in the Minoan palace, and even chinese scroll paintings. Although the history of perspective goes to a long period of past time, Leon Battista Alberti, an architect of the 15th century Italian Renaissance time was regarded as the first man who conceptualized the scheme, basic function, and rules of perspective. Alberti published 『Della Pittura』 in 1435 that is generally recognized to be the earliest account of a logically coherent and pictorially adequate concept of perspective representation. The treaties brought a big change in terms of a stage history as well. After Alberti`s time, understanding perspective became the first step to enter the realm of scene design in which a designer can create an illusory sense of a play by manipulating the two dimensional surface into the three dimensional world. To understand the Alberti`s discovery of a simple but logical scheme for pictorial perspective, we need to examine the two crucial terms, `visual rays` and `intersection`. Visual rays are assumed straight lines of light coming from various spots on the object to the eye through the picture plane. The intersection is called as a window or perspective window. For instance, an eye of a viewer draws a single visual ray if the eye sees a spot. The eye draws multi-rays along a line while gives a sense of a two dimensional area, called the `cone of vision` or `visual pyramid`. Alberti proved how the visual pyramid was constructed using three terms, (1) centric rays, (2) median rays, and (3) extrinsic rays. With these rays, Alberti divided his construction into two separate operations, the vanishing point and distance point. When establishing a point in the rectangle wherever wishes Alberti called it the centric point. From the centric point, a spectator would draw diagonals to each division of the base line. These lines represent what is today called orthogonal in perspective parlance. Further on, Alberti mentions that the artist should draw a horizontal through the centric point, which he calls the centric line and which we now refer to as the horizon. In the second step of distance point operation, Alberti placed a distance point right above line of the quadrangle. Even though Alberti did not mention preciously how the results of his distance point operation would be transferred to the vanishing point operation. When the transverse lines are growing closer and closer to the vanishing point view, it gives an illusion. Moreover, sliding the intersection back and forth from the distance point across the diagonals linking the ground line, degree of depth illusion is regulated. Alberti`s conception on linear perspective was limited, however, his construction worked out and developed later by generations of Italian artist in architecture and theatre. Nowadays none of designers can achieve any successful fulfillment of scene paintings on stage without a true knowledge of perspective that materialized in Alberti`s 『Della Pittura』.