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김종화,손정혜,정칠,김미화,Kim Jong-Hwa,Son Jung-Hae,Jung Chil,Kim Mi-Hwa 대한방사선치료학회 2003 大韓放射線治療技術學會誌 Vol.15 No.1
I. 목적 외부방사선 치료와 같이 근접치료 시에도 재현성을 평가하기 위해 bone의 위치와 tandem, ovoid 간의 거리를 측정하여 치료 setting의 재현성을 평가함으로써 자궁경부암 환자의 근접치료시 치료의 재현성을 평가하고자 하였다. II. 대상 및 방법 1999년부터 2001년 10월까지 본원을 내원해서 근접치료를 시행한 자궁경부암 환자중 tandem, ovoid을 사용한 52명을 대상으로 근접치료시 촬영한 film(환자1명당 3회촬영)을 가지고 측정하였다. Os을 기준으로 환자의 center축을 잡고 tandem, ovoid의 위치와 pubic symphysis, sacrum, coccyx등과의 거리를 각각 측정하여 치료 setting의 재현성을 평가하였다. III. 결과 환자 52명에 대한 tandem, ovoid의 위치와 pubic symphysis, sacrum, coccyx등과의 거리에 대한 표준 편차 결과는 다음과 같은 분포로 나타났다. 1) 각 tandem angle 의 표준편차는 $0^{\circ}{\sim}2.89^{\circ}$이다. 2) pubic symphysis에서 Os까지의 높이는 $0cm{\sim}0.79cm$ 3) sacrum에서 tandem tip까지의 거리는 $0cm{\sim}0.9cm$ 4) Os level에서 coccyx까지의 거리는 $0.06cm{\sim}0.76cm$ 5) ovoid tip에서 Os까지의 거리는 오른쪽은 $0cm{\sim}0.53cm$ 6) ovoid tip에서 Os까지의 거리는 왼쪽은 $0cm{\sim}0.45cm$ 7) 첫번째 source위치에서 ovoid사이의 거리는 $0cm{\sim}0.36cm$ 8) tandem에서 ovoid tip까지의 거리는 $0cm{\sim}0.31cm$ IV. 결론 자궁경부암 치료에 있어 근접치료는 중요한 치료 방법이다. 환자 치료간에 재현성을 평가해본 결과 대체로 만족 할 만한 수치를 보였으며 고선량율 근접치료에서 재현성 평가는 중요할 것이고 계속적으로 평가할 필요가 있을 것이다. I. Purpose Brachytherapy is the main component in treatment of patients with uterine cervical cancer. The reproducibility of applicator position in the same patient at repeated treatments was very important for accurate dose delivery. It was aimed to evaluate the change of applicator location between each high dose rate(HDR) brachytherapy insertion in the patients with uterine cervical cancer. II. Materials and Methods From January 1999 to October 2001, total 52 patients were treated with external beam radiotherapy and HDR brachytherapy (Microselectron, Nucletron). During six to seven times of brachytherapy, all patients had three treatment plans. From the orthogonal radiographs, we measured the following variables; height from upper border of pubic bone to os (HPO), distance from sacral promontory to tip of tandem (DST), distance from coccyx to os (DCO), distance from tip of right ovoid to os (DRO), distance from tip of left ovoid to os (DLO), and distance from center of the first tandem source to ovoid (DTO). To evaluate the reproducibility of applicator position, it was calculated the standard deviation of differences between three insertions for the 7 parameters in each patient. III. Results The ranges of standard deviations of interfractional differences for the variables were as follows. 1)HPO : $0{\sim}0.79cm$ 2)DST : $0{\sim}0.9cm$ 3)DCO : $0.06{\sim}0.76cm$ 4)DRO : $0{\sim}0.53cm$ 5)DLO : $0{\sim}0.45cm$ 6) DTO $0{\sim}0.36cm$ IV. Conclusions There was some change in applicator position on repeated implants in our study. But variation of the interfractional differences was minimal; in all parameters, there were less than 1 cm. We are continued to try for reducing the geometric variation between each procedure.
김민규(Min-Kyu Kim),김종화(Jong-Hwa Kim),양현(Hyun Yang) 한국항해항만학회 2022 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.2
Min-Kyu Kim*․Jong-Hwa Kim**․†최근 자율 운항 선박에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 특히, MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks) 프로젝트를 계기로 자율 운항 선박에 대한 개발과 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 또한 국제해사기구 IMO는 자율 운항 선박 시대에대응하기 위해 자율 선박을 MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship)라 정의하고 선박 자율화 정도에 따라 4단계 등급을 제시하고 있다. 완전한 자율 운항 선박에 대한 요구조건을 만족하기 위해서는 항로 결정과 제어기술이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 기술 중 선박의최적경로를 생성하는 기법을 다룬다. 기존에 최적항로를 생성하기 위한 방법으로는 , Dijkstra와 같은 알고리즘들이 주로 사용되었다. 그러나 이와 같은 알고리즘은 섬이나 육지에 대한 충돌 회피는 고려하고 있지만 수심 및 연안 선박에 대한 규정들은 고려하지 않고 있어실제로 적용하기에는 한계점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 안전을 위해 선박의 선저 여유 수심과, 해도에 규정되어 있는 선박 운항에 대한여러 규정들을 반영하여 최적 항로를 생성하고자 한다. 최적 항로를 생성하기 위한 알고리즘으로는 강화학습 기반의 Q-learning 알고리즘을적용하였다.
프로펠러와 부가추력장치를 갖는 특수선의 모델링 및 통합제어기 개발
김종화,임재권,이병결,Kim Jong Hwa,Lim Jae Kwon,Lee Byung Kyul 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2005 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.29 No.2
Dynamic Positioning(DP) system maintains ship's position (fixed location or predetermined track) exclusively by means of CPPs and thrusters. To generate the control input adequate to various situation an integrated controller for CPPs and thrusters is required. The integrated controller is composed of a thrust calculation algorithm and a thrust allocation algorithm. The thrust calculation algorithm generates thrusts in the surge direction and the sway direction from the desired forward and lateral speed and generates a moment about the yaw axis from desired heading angle. The thrust allocation algorithm allocates the generated thrusts and moment to each CPP and thruster. Computer simulations are executed to confirm the effectiveness of the suggested controller.
해류중 직선 항행하는 선박의 LOS 가이던스 시스템의 제안과 유전 알고리즘을 이용한 최적화
김종화,이병걸,Kim Jong-Hwa,Lee Byung-Kyul 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2005 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.29 No.1
This paper suggests LOS(Line-Of-Sight) guidance system of a surface vessel in straight-line navigation under ocean currents An LOS vector from the vessel to a point on the path between two way-points is decided and a heading angle is calculated to converge to follow the desired path based on the LOS vector This guidance system is called LOS guidance system. The suggested LOS guidance law has parameters to be properly chosen according to navigational environment. Parameters of LOS guidance system are optimized to reduce propulsive energy and/or position error between desired Position and present position of a ship using genetic algorithm which is a strong optimization algorithm with adaptational random search The effectiveness of the suggested LOS guidance system is assured through computer simulations.
사람의 정액에서 세 종류의 β - N - Acetyl - D - glucosaminidase 의 분리 및 성질에 관한 연구
김종화,양철학 ( Jong Hwa Kim,Chul Hak Yang ) 생화학분자생물학회 1982 BMB Reports Vol.15 No.4
Three β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidases (E. C. 3. 2. 1. 30) of one B form an d two A forms were isolated from human semen. The enzyme from human seminal plasma was fractionated by (NH₄)₂SO₄. By DEAE-cellulose chromatography, β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B was eluted with buffer alone and A₁ form and A₂ form of β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase were eluted with 0.1 M NaCl and 0.25 M NaCl respectively. Each enzyme was further purified by Pll cellulose phosphate and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The highly purified β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B showed one major protein band and A₁ form and A₂ form showed one major and one minor bands on disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3. Three of the enzyme had maximum activities at pH 4.5, but the temperature optimum was 50-54 ℃ for B, 43-47 ℃ for A1 and A2. The three enzymes had identical Km values of 1. 33 mM with p-nitrophenyl-β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide as substrate. Sulfite, acetate and β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidaseinhibited the β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B, A₁ and A₂ activities. N-acetyl-n-glucosmine inhibited β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase competitively and the KI values were 1. 64 mM for β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B and 1. 96 mM for β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase A by Dixon plot. The molecular weight of human semen β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was 170,000 by gel filtration. The DEAE-cellulose fractions which showed β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B activity retained 70% of its activity at 60 ℃ for 4 hrs, whereas A₁ and A₂ were heatlabile. However incubation at 60 ℃ for 30 ruin completely inactivated the three purified enzymes.
SCS 유출곡선지수법(流出曲線指數法)을 이용한 만내(灣內) 담수(淡水) 교체시간(交替時間)의 추정(推定)
김종화,장선덕,송현구,Kim, Jong Hwa,Chang, Sun Duck,Song, Hyun Ku 대한토목학회 1994 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.14 No.6
항만의 단기 관측자료에 의한 해수의 수송은 조석잔차류와 바람응벽 등으로 해수의 평형상태를 유지하기 어렵다. 이로 인해 순 용적수송량이 만외로 유출되어야 함에도 불구하고 짧은 주기동안 만내로 유입됨으로써 담수 교체시간을 계산할 수 없었다. 본 연구는 1 조석 주기의 단기관측과 유역의 강우량 자료로부터 SCS의 유효강수량을 계산함으로써 담수 교체시간의 추정가능성을 검토하였다. 완전혼합을 가정하여, 여름철 마산만에 적용된 담수 교체시간은 외해수의 염분변화에 따라 10.9~15.3일로 분포하였다. 이는 여름철 마산만에서 순 용적 수송량(NVT)에 의한 평균 체류시간 13.9일에 상당히 근접된 값이다. 강한 성층을 이룬 홍수기의 경우 2층모델에 적용하면, 만구에서 교체시간은 1.2일로 추정되어 완전혼합모델에서 얻은 2.1일보다 작은 값이다. 이것은 홍수기에 유입된 담수가 대부분 상층을 통하여 만외로 유출되기 때문이다. 또 마산만에서 얻은 담수 유입량 $Q_r$과 교체시간 t와의 상관관계식을 완전혼합과 2층 모델의 2가지 조건으로 나타내었고, 이들이 비선형적 관계를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이런 관계는 보스톤 내만에서 직접 하천 유입량을 조사한 결과와 근접된 형태를 보였다. 따라서 이 식들은 만의 흐름구조와 농도의 성층정도에 따라 달리 적용할 수 있고, 담수유입량의 변동에 의한 담수 교체시간의 예측을 가능케 한다. 그러므로 순 용적 수송량의 계산으로 구할 수 없는 단기관측자료는 SCS 유출곡선지수법에 의해 담수 교체시간의 추정이 가능할 것이다. The SCS Curve Number(CN) method has become widely accepted as a procedure of estimating stormflow volumes for design and natural events in small watersheds. The applicability of this method for calculating the flushing time was evaluated as compared with the net volume transport(NVT) method in Masan Bay, Korea. It is shown that the flushing time using the CN method ranged from 10.9 to 15.3 days under the well mixed condition, that the time using the NVT method was 13.9 days averaged over 6 days of field data. These results were revealed that two methods calculated the approximate times as shown above. The relationships between the run-off, Qr, and the flushing time, t, are expressed as the following forms. $t_1=228.79Q_r^{-0.9996}$ in case of well mixed condition, (1) $t_2=131.06Q_r^{-1.0}$ in case of two layered model. (2) Those empirical expressions are represented that the relationships between Q and t are nonlinear as those as Bumpus obtained in Boston Inner Harbour. Therefore, the CN method will permit calculation of the flushing time for any given bay to be unexpected as water balance under the condition of short-time (0.5 day) data, instead of NVT method based on the long-time (at least 3 days over) data.
과배란유도 월경주기에서 혈중 Estradiol Andrstenedione 및 Testerone농도의 동태에 관한 연구
김종화,이진용,Kim, Jong-Hwa,Lee, Jin-Yong 대한생식의학회 1986 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.13 No.2
It is now common practice to attempt ovarian hyperstimulation in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) to promote the development of multiple preovulatory follicles and to maximize the number of mature egg available. There are several drugs for hyperstimulation such as clomiphene citrate only, clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and HMG only. Accumlated experience has shown that the hyperstimulation of the ovary in IVF-ET results in high pregnancy rate. But the hyperstimulation of the ovary in IVF-ET may cause the hyperandrogenism, so we must consider the adverse effect on pregnancy rate of the hyperandrogenism. Little is known about the functional significance of androgen for the follicular growth, however, the hyperandrogenism might interfere with oocyte maturation. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the serum profiles of estradiol, androstenedione and testosterone during the hyperstimulated menstrual cycles in IVF. The results were summarized as follows: 1. There was a gradual increase in the mean levels of serum estradiol, androstenedione, and testosterone approaching follicular maturation. 2. The mean serum estradiol levels in the hyperstimulated groups were significantly higher than that in the control group in late follicular phase and ovum retrieval (ovulation) day (p<0.01). 3. The mean serum androstenedione levels in the clomiphene citrate groups were significantly higher than that in the control group in late follicular phase (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant different in the mean serum androstenedione levels between the control group and the HMG group (p>0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean levels of testosterone among each group (p>0.05). 5. There was no statistically significant different in the mean levels of estradiol, androstenedione and testosterone between the fertilized patients and non-fertilized patients in clomiphene citrate and HMG group (p>0.05).
Three ${\beta}$-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from Human Semen : Their Purifications and Properties
김종화,양철학,Kim, Jong-Hwa,Yang, Chul-Hak 생화학분자생물학회 1982 한국생화학회지 Vol.15 No.4
하나의 A형태와 두개의 B형태의 ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase가 사람의 정액으로부터 분리되었다. 사람의 seminal plasma를 희석시킨 다음 $(NH_4)_2SO_4$로 분획 분리시켰다. DEAE-cellulose column으로부터 ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B는 완충 용액만으로 용출되어졌으며 $A_1$과 $A_2$는 각각 0.1M NaCl과 0.25M NaCl에서 용출되어졌다. 각 효소는 P11 cellulose phosphate와 Sephadex G-200 크로마토그래피법에 의하여 더욱 정제되어졌다. 고순도로 정제된 ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B는 pH 8.3의 disc gel electrophoresis에서 하나의 단백질 띠로 나타나는 반면, $A_1$과 $B_2$는 하나의 주된 띠와 다른 하나의 가는 띠로 나타났다. 이 세효소는 모두 pH 4.5에 서 가장 높은 활성도를 나타내고 있으며 온도에 대한 가장 높은 활성도는 B 형태가 $50-54^{\circ}C$에서 나타났고 $A_1$과 $A_2$ $43^{\circ}-47^{\circ}C$에서 나타났다. 세 효소는 기질로서 p-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide를 사용하였을 때 모두 Km값이 1.33 mM로 동일하였다. Sulfite와 acetate 및 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine은 세 효소의 활동도를 모두 방해하였으며 특히 N-acetyl-D-glucosarnine은 ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase들을 경쟁적으로 방해하였으며 Dixon의 그래프법에 의하여 KI값을 구한 결과 B형태는 1.64 mM이었고 A형태는 1.96 mM이었다. 베타-엔-아세틸-디-글루코 사미니다아제의 분자량은 젤 여과법에 의하여 구한 결과 170,000이었다. DEAEcellulose column용출액 중에서의 ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B는 $60^{\circ}C$에서 4시간 반응한 후에도 70%의 활성도를 유지하였으나 $A_1$과 $A_2$형태의 효소는 대단히 불안정하였다. 그러나 고순도로 정제된 세 효소는 모두 $60^{\circ}C$에서 30분이내에 완전히 활성도를 잃었다. Three ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (E.C. 3.2.1.30) of one B form and two A forms were isolated from human semen. The enzyme from human seminal plasma was fractionated by $(NH_4)_2SO_4$. By DEAE-cellulose chromatography, ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B was eluted with buffer alone and $A_1$ form and $A_2$ form of ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase were eluted with 0.1 M NaCl and 0.25 M NaCl respectively. Each enzyme was further purified by P11 cellulose phosphate and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The highly purified ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B showed one major protein band and $A_1$ form and $A_2$ form showed one major and one minor bands on disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3. Three of the enzyme had maximum activities at pH 4.5, but the temperature optimum was $50-54^{\circ}C$ for B, $43-47^{\circ}C$ for $A_1$ and $A_2$. The three enzymes had identical Km values of 1.33mM with p-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide as substrate. Sulfite, acetate and ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase the ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B, $A_1$ and $A_2$ activities. N-acetyl-n-glucosmine inhibited ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase competitively and the $K_I$ values were 1.64 mM for ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B and 1.96 mM for ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase A by Dixon plot. The molecular weight of human semen ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was 170,000 by gel filtration. The DEAE-cellulose fractions which showed ${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase B activity retained 70% of its activity at $60^{\circ}C$ for 4 hrs, whereas $A_1$ and $A_2$ were heatlabile. However incubation at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min completely inactivated the three purified enzymes.