옥수수를 보리로 대체 급여 시 육성돈의 성장, 영양소 소화율 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향

김회윤 ( Hoi-yun Kim ),김삼철 ( Sam-churl Kim ),송영민 ( Young-min Song ) 한국환경과학회 2016 한국환경과학회지 Vol.25 No.7

A total of 16 growing pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average weight 71 ± 2 kg) were used in this experiment for 24 days to determine the effect of replacing ground corn with barley varieties on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. Each pig was housed individually in a metabolic cage with a nipple waterer and feeder. Four dietary treatments included control (a corn and soybean meal-based diet) and 3 barley varieties (Youngyang, Wooho, or Yuyeon barley replacing 40% of ground corn). Growth performance and nutrient digestibility were not affected by replacement of 40% of ground corn with one of the three barley varieties (p > 0.05), but final body weight was. As for blood characteristics, pig treated with all of the barley treatments had no effect (p > 0.05) on total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), and glucose in comparison with control; however, there was a difference in high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels between the control and all of the barley replaced treatment groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in spite of statistically significant differences, each of the three barley varieties is a suitable substitute for ground corn in the diet of growing and fattening pigs without adverse effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood characteristics.

밤 발효사료 제조과정에서 미생물 첨가수준이 영양소 함량과 반추위 내 발효특성에 미치는 영향

김동현 ( Dong-hyeon Kim ),주영호 ( Young-ho Joo ),이혁준 ( Hyuk-jun Lee ),이성신 ( Seong-shin Lee ),( Dimas H. V. Paradhipta ),최낙진 ( Nag-jin Choi ),김삼철 ( Sam-churl Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2018 한국환경과학회지 Vol.27 No.5

This study aimed to estimate the effect of inoculant application level on chemical composition and bacterial count of fermented chestnut meal (FCM), and its rumen fermentation characteristics. The inoculant contained Lactobacillus acidophilus (1.2 x 10¹⁰ cfu/g), Bacillus subtilis (2.1 x 10¹⁰ cfu/g), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.3 x 10¹⁰ cfu/g). The chestnut meal mixed with molasses, double distilled water, and inoculant at 1 kg, 3 g, 480 mL, and 20 mL ratio for the basal chestnut meal diet. The double distilled water from basal chestnut meal diet was substituted with bacterial inoculant at a level of 0 (Control), 20 (Medium), and 40 mL (High) in the experimental diets. The mixed experimental diets were incubated at 39℃ for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. On 7 days of FCM incubation, the contents of crude protein (CP) (quadratic, P=0.043) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.071) decreased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas bacterial count (quadratic, P=0.065) and rumen NH3-N (linear, P=0.063) increased. By increases of inoculant application levels on 14 days of FCM incubation, the increases were found on dry matter (DM) (quadratic, P=0.085), CP (quadratic, P=0.059), acid detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.056), in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002), rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (linear, P=0.057), and rumen iso-butyrate (linear, P=0.054). However, the decreases were found on bacterial count (linear, P=0.002), propionate (linear, P=0.099), and butyrate (quadratic, P=0.082). On 21 days of FCM incubation, in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002) and total VFA (linear, P=0.001) increased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas the contents of CP (quadratic, P=0.034) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.047) decreased. These results indicate that the FCM with a medium level of inoculant application and 14 of fermentation had beneficial effects by increasing DM digestibility and rumen total VFA content, without altering bacterial count.

옥수수를 보리로 대체 급여 시 돈분의 미생물, 가스 발생량 및 휘발성 지방산 함량에 미치는 영향

김회윤 ( Hoi-yun Kim ),김삼철 ( Sam-churl Kim ),이혁준 ( Hyuk-jun Lee ),최인학 ( In-hag Choi ),송영민 ( Young-min Song ) 한국환경과학회 2016 한국환경과학회지 Vol.25 No.8

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of replacing 40% corn meal with three different types of barley (Youngyang, Wooho, and Yuyeon) on the chemical compositions, microbial indices, gas emission, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content in feces of growing pigs. Sixteen pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) with an initial average body weight of 71 ± 2 kg were maintained in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to four treatments containing different sources of barley, for 23 days. The treatment with three different barley types replacing 40% ground corn showed no effect (P>0.05) on fecal chemical compositions, microbial indices, gas emission, and VFA. However, some differences (P<0.05) were noted in the chemical compositions of crude fiber and ash, and in the levels of Lactobacillus and Salmonella in the feces of the growing pigs. In conclusion, methane and hydrogen sulfide decreased by replacing 40% corn meal with Youngyang and Wooho barley, respectively.

연구논문 : 혼합 생균제 급여가 한국 토종닭의 생산성과 가슴살의 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향

이혁준 ( Hyuk Jun Lee ),김동현 ( Dong Hyeon Kim ),주영호 ( Young Ho Joo ),윤희 ( Hee Yoon ),최인학 ( In Hag Choi ),김수기 ( Soo Ki Kim ),송인근 ( In Geun Song ),장인환 ( In Hwan Jang ),김삼철 ( Sam Churl Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.3

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of mixed probiotics on growth performance and fatty acid profiles of Korean native chicken and to provide information regarding producers. Ninety six Korean native chicken (48 males and 48 females, Hanhyup-3-ho) were allocated to 16 wire cages with 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 6 chicks (3 males and 3 females) per wire cage and fed one of four diets containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% mixed probiotics for 6 weeks. There were no differences among treatments in growth performance of Korean native chicken. For fatty acid profiles, no statistically differences in each fatty acid, total saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in all treatments. In the present study, irrespective of statistically differences, inclusion of mixed probiotics tended to improve growth performance, reduce saturated fatty acid and increase unsaturated fatty acids in breast muscles from Korean native chicken compared to controls.

영남산간지역에서 호밀과 트리티케일의 파종 및 수확시기가 생산성과 사료가치에 미치는 영향

이혁준,한옥규,주영호,이성신,구자환,민형규,오정식,김삼철,Lee, Hyuk-Jun,Han, Ouk-Kyu,Joo, Young-Ho,Lee, Seong-Shin,Paradhipta, Dimas Hand Vidya,Ku, Ja-Hwan,Min, Hyeong-Gyu,Oh, Jung-Sik,Kim, Sam-Churl 한국초지조사료학회 2020 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.40 No.1

본 연구는 영남산간지역에서 호밀과 트리티케일에 적합한 파종 및 수확시기를 확립하고자 2015년부터 2016년까지 수행하였다. 호밀과 트리티케일의 품종은 국내에서 육성된 곡우와 조성을 각각 사용하였다. 호밀과 트리티케일 파종은 10월 15일, 10월 25일 및 11월 5일에 파종하였고, 호밀은 다음해인 4월 20일, 5월 1일 및 5월 11일에, 트리티케일은 5월 18일, 5월 28일 및 6월 7일에 수확하였다. 호밀은 생산성 측면에서 볼 때 수확시기가 늦을수록 초장, 생초수량 및 건물수량이 증가하였다. 사료가치 측면에서는 수확시기가 늦을수록 건물률, NDF 및 ADF 함량이 증가한 반면, 조단백질과 TDN 함량 및 RFV가 감소하였다. 트리티케일의 생산성 측면에서는 파종시기가 빠를수록 초장, 생초수량 및 건물수량은 증가하였으나 수확시기가 빠를수록 초장, 생초수량 및 건물수량은 감소하였다. 사료가치 측면에서는 수확시기가 늦을수록 건물률, DDM 함량, RFV와 더불어 TDN 함량이 증가한 반면, 조단백질, NDF 및 ADF 함량이 감소하였다. 이상의 결과에서 영남산간지역에서 동계사료작물로 호밀과 트리티케일을 재배할 경우 호밀은 10월 중순까지 파종하여 5월 초에 수확하고, 트리티케일은 10월 말에 파종하여 5월 말에 수확하는 것이 조사료 생산성과 사료가치 향상면에 유리할 것으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on agronomic characteristics and feed values of rye and triticale at Sanchoeng, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows; rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Gogu) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (April 20, May 1 and May 11) in 2016, and triticale (X Triticosecale, cv. Joseong) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (May 18, 28, and June 7) in 2016. In rye, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. Crude protein (CP) content and relative feed value (RFV) decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased (p<0.05). In triticale, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. The CP content decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but NDF content and RFV increased (p<0.05). This study concluded that rye sown in the middle of October then harvested in early May, and the triticale sown at the end of October then harvested at the end May are recommended to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

영남산간지역에서 옥수수와 수수×수수 교잡종의 파종시기와 수확시기가 조사료 생육 특성과 사료가치에 미치는 영향

이혁준,주영호,이성신,한옥규,구자환,민형규,오정식,김삼철,Lee, Hyuk-Jun,Joo, Young-Ho,Lee, Seong-Shin,Paradipta, Dimas Hand Vidya,Han, Ouk-Kyu,Ku, Ja-Hwan,Min, Hyeong-Gyu,Oh, Jung-Sik,Kim, Sam-Churl 한국초지조사료학회 2019 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.39 No.2

본 연구는 영남산간지역에서 옥수수와 수수${\times}$수수 교잡종의 파종시기와 수확시기를 구명하고자 2015년부터 2016년까지 수행하였다. 옥수수는 국내 육성품종인 광평옥을 5월 8일, 19일 및 27일에 파종하였고 8월 10일, 20일 및 30일에 수확하였다. 수수${\times}$수수 교잡종은 수입품종인 SS405를 5월 27일, 6월 6일과 16일에 파종하였고 8월 10일, 20일 및 30일에 수확하였다. 옥수수의 생산성 측면에서는 파종시기가 빠를수록 간장, 생엽수, 이삭비율, 생초수량 및 건물수량이 증가하였으며, 수확시기가 빠를수록 건물수량은 감소하였다. 사료가치 측면에서는 파종시기가 빠를수록 건물과 조단백질 함량은 증가하였고, 수확시기가 빠를수록 NDF와 ADF 함량은 감소하였다. 수수${\times}$수수 교잡종의 생산성 측면에서는 파종시기가 빠를수록 초장, 생초수량 및 건물수량은 증가한 반면, 수확시기가 빠를수록 초장, 생초수량 및 건물수량은 감소하였다. 사료가치 측면에서는 파종시기가 빠를수록 건물 함량은 증가하였으나, NDF 함량은 감소하였다. 조단백질 함량은 수확시기가 빠를수록 증가하였다. 이상의 결과에서 영남산간지역에서 여름사료작물로 옥수수와 수수${\times}$수수 교잡종을 생산할 경우 6월 초순 이전까지는 파종하여 8월 중순 이후에 수확하는 것이 조사료 생산성과 사료가치의 향상에 유리할 것으로 판단되었다. This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to identify the suitable sowing and harvesting dates of summer crops in the mountain of Yeongnam, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows: corn hybrid (Z. mays, Kwangpyeongok) of sowing (May 8, 19, and 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30); sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ${\times}$ Sorghum bicolor, SS405) of sowing (May 27, June 19 and June 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30). In corn hybrid, ear rate and dry matter (DM) yield decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date. Otherwise, ear rate and DM yield increased (p<0.05) with the postponement of harvesting date. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date, but neutral detergent fiber content increased (p<0.05). In sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid, plant length and DM yield with the postponement of harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content with the postponement of harvesting date decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that sowing corn hybrid in early May and sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid in early June then harvest in the middle of August was recommend to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

밤의 부위별 발효사료 제조 및 이들의 반추위 내 발효특성에 관한 연구

주영호 ( Young-ho Joo ),김동현 ( Dong-hyeon Kim ),이혁준 ( Hyuk-jun Lee ),이성신 ( Seong-shin Lee ),( Dimas H V Paradhipta ),하창주 ( Chang-ju Ha ),김삼철 ( Sam-churl Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2019 한국환경과학회지 Vol.28 No.6

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of three types of Chestnut Meals (CM) on chemical composition and rumen fermentation characteristics of the fermented diet. The inoculants consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Sacaromyces cerevisiae and were applied to three different types of CM; Whole Chestnut (WC), endodermis (EN), and kernel (KE). All types of CMs were ensiled at 39°C for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 days. After ensiling, the fermented CMs were sub-sampled for laboratory assays. On day six of fermentation, counts of the lactic acid-producing Bacillus subtilis, and yeast were higher (P<0.05) in WC than in the other CM types. On day four, KE had higher (P<0.05) crude protein content but lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents than the other treatments. In terms of rumen digestibility, KE had the highest (P<0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), total volatile fatty acid (VFA), propionate, butyrate concentrations, and total gas volume, as well as the lowest (P<0.05) acetate concentration. On the other hand, EN had the highest (P<0.05) pH and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen. In the rumen, even though WC application produced the highest microbial count and fermentation characteristics, it did not have a beneficial effect on rumen digestibility. Therefore, this study concluded that application of KE could be recommended due to the observed improvements in IVDMD and IVNDFD.

배합사료의 부패 동안 발생하는 미생물학적 및 영양학적 변화

이권정(Kwonjung Yi),연제성(Jae-Sung Yeon),김주현(Juhyeon Kim),김삼철(Sam Churl Kim),문형인(Hyung-In Moon),전체옥(Che Ok Jeon),이상석(Sang Suk Lee),김동운(Dong-Woon Kim),김수기(Soo-Ki Kim) 한국생명과학회 2015 생명과학회지 Vol.25 No.10

가축의 배합사료는 가축의 성장을 유지하기 위한 충분한 영양소를 함유하고 있어 적절한 온도와 습도하에서 부패되기 쉽다. 착유우 사료를 여름철 고온 다습한 환경 조건인 수분 33%, 온도 30℃에서 15일 동안 부패시키면서 일어나는 미생물 및 화학적 변화를 조사하였다. pH는 최초 6.29에서 4.66으로, 수분활성은 0.99에서 0.95으로 각각 감소하였다. 세균은 6.2×10<SUP>6</SUP>~1.6×10<SUP>7 </SUP>CFU/g에서 5일째에 최대 2.1×10<SUP>9</SUP> CFU/g까지 증가하였으며 이후 108 CFU/g 수준을 유지하였다. 곰팡이는 약 10<SUP>3</SUP>에서 8.0×10<SUP>4</SUP> CFU/g으로 증가하였다. 세균은 Acinetobacter oleivorans, Pediococcus acidilactici, Acinetobacter oleivorans, Weissella cibaria 및 Methylobacterium komagatae이 성장하였고, 곰팡이는 Fusarium속과 Mucor속이 분리되었다. 10일까지는 수분 함량은 증가하였고(p<0.01), 조단백질 함량은 큰 변화가 없었으나 조지방은 약 6.0%에서 5.5%로 감소하였다(p<0.01). 조섬유와 조회분은 각각 2.0~3.0%, 4.5~4.8%의 범위에서 변화되었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 총에너지는 4,400 kcal/kg로 거의 변화가 없었다. 사료가 부패되면서 젖산과 프로피온산은 증가하였고 아세트산은 검출되지 않았다(p<0.01). 제랄레논은 59.2 μg/kg에서 623.8 μg/kg으로 약 10.5배가 증가하였다. 결론적으로 사료부패가 일어나는 동안은 pH 감소, 생균수의 증가 및 다양한 화학적 변화가 관찰되었다. Commercial complete feeds contain enough nutrients to support animal growth and it is easy to be spoiled under proper temperature and humid conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate microbiological and chemical changes on complete feed for milking cow under open-air exposure with moisture 33% at 30℃ during 15 days. pH decreased 6.29 to 4.66 and water activity decreased gradually 0.99 to 0.95. Bacteria increased 6.2×10<SUP>6</SUP>~1.6×10<SUP>7</SUP> to 2.1×10<SUP>9</SUP> CFU/g at 5 days and showed 10<SUP>8</SUP> CFU/ g until 15 days. Fungi increased 10<SUP>3</SUP> CFU/g to 8.0×10<SUP>4</SUP> CFU/g. During the processing of spoilage, bacteria such as Acinetobacter oleivorans, Pediococcus acidilactici, Acinetobacter oleivorans, Weissella cibaria, and Methylobacterium komagatae were identified and fungi such as Fusarium sp. and Mucor sp. were also identified. Moisture content increased until 10 days (p<0.01). Crude protein was not changed so much whereas crude fat decreased 6.0% to 5.5% (p<0.01). Crude fiber and crude ash changed 2.0~ 3.0% and 4.5~ 4.8% levels with no significance, respectively. Gross energy was not almost changed at 4,400 kcal/g. During spoilage, lactate and propionate increased whereas acetate was not detected. Protease and lipase activities increased significantly during spoilage (p<0.01). Zearalenone content increased 59.2 μg/kg to 623.8 μg/kg, showing 10.5 times more production. During feed spoilage, pH decreased with microbial growth and various chemical changes were occurred.

한우분에 굴 패각분말을 첨가 시 분의 특성과 미생물에 미치는 영향 -실험실 연구를 중심으로-

장홍희,주영호,서명지,김지윤,이성신,최정석,정승민,노현탁,김삼철,Chang, Hong Hee,Joo, Young-Ho,Seo, Myeong-Ji,Kim, Ji-Yoon,Lee, Seong-Shin,Choi, Jeong-Seok,Jeong, Seung-Min,Noh, Hyeon-Tak,Kim, Sam-Churl 한국환경과학회 2021 한국환경과학회지 Vol.30 No.8

To improve the environmental management and resources, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of adding oyster shell powder to Hanwoo manure on its characteristics and microbial composition during the storage period. Additives were deposited on top of the manure surface at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1% of oyster shell powder per 200 g of Hanwoo manure in a plastic container with three replicates; however, untreated manure litter served as the control. Manure characteristics (dry matter, organic matter and crude ash) and microbial composition (lactic acid bacteria, yeast, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella, and E.coli) were evaluated at day 0, 2, 4, and 8. Manure characteristics exhibited an effect on dry matter, organic matter, and crude ash at day 2 and 8 (p<0.05), and not for day 0 and 4 (p>0.05). With the exception of yeast content at day 4 of storage, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella, and E.coli exhibited no significant differences in all conditions during the storage period. Conclusively, addition of 1% oyster shell powder to Hanwoo manure resulted in slightly better manure characteristics; however, its microbial composition remained unchanged.

두부비지의 버섯 폐배지 대체 수준이 발효사료의 영양소 함량, 미생물 성상 및 반추위 내 발효특성에 미치는 영향

주영호 ( Young-ho Joo ),정희한 ( Hui-han Jeong ),김동현 ( Dong-hyeon Kim ),이혁준 ( Hyuk-jun Lee ),이성신 ( Seong-shin Lee ),김상범 ( Sang-bum Kim ),김삼철 ( Sam-churl Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2017 한국환경과학회지 Vol.26 No.5

This study aimed to estimate the effects of replacing Mushroom By-Product (MBP) with Tofu By-Product (TBP) on the chemical composition, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of Fermented Diets (FDs). The basal diet was formulated using MBP, TBP, rice bran, molasses, and inoculants. The MBP in the basal diet was replaced with TBP at 0, 5, and 10% on Dry Matter (DM) basis for the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fermented at 39°C for 144 h. Chemical composition, pH, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of the FDs were analyzed. With increasing TBP replacement, crude protein content of FDs increased (L, P < 0.001), whereas crude ash content decreased (L, P = 0.002). Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis contents in the TBP-replaced FDs were higher than those in the control (P < 0.05), whereas pH level and mold count were lower (P < 0.05). With increasing TBP replacement, in vitro rumen digestibility of DM (L, P = 0.053) and neutral detergent fiber (L, P = 0.024) increased, wheres rumen pH changed (P = 0.026) quadratically. Rumen total volatile fatty acid (L, P = 0.001) and iso-butyrate contents (Q, P = 0.003) increased with increasing TBP replacement. In conclusion, this study indicates that the replacement of MBP with TBP could improve the quality of FD.