억불숭유 국가에서의 왕권과 불교 - 조선 중기 태실 수호사찰 팔공산 은해사 중건의 배경을 중심으로 -

김보완 ( Kim Bo-wan ) 동아시아불교문화학회 2023 동아시아불교문화 Vol.- No.60

이 논문은 조선 중종 대에서 명종 대에 이르는 과정에서 불교의 쇠락과 중흥의 과정을 살피며 이 과정에서 해안사(현 은해사) 중건의 배경을 연구하는 목적으로 작성되었다. 이를 위해 태실과 태실 수호사찰의 역사 그리고 해안사가 태실 수호사찰이 되는 과정과 억불숭유의 조선 왕실에서 불교의 쇠락과 중흥을 이해하고자 하였다. 조선의 왕실과는 별도로 조정의 신료들은 억불정책을 통해 사찰의 건립과 왕실의 지원을 억제하고자 했다. 이는 성종 대에 이르러 사림의 등장과 함께 더욱 극렬해졌으며 연산군 대와 중종 대에 불교계에 대한 탄압은 극에 이르게 된다. 명종의 즉위와 함께 문정왕후는 불교의 부흥을 이끌었다. 또한, 내수사의 기능을 키워 내원당의 규모가 확대되어 왕실의 재원을 충당하였고 이는 여러 원찰과 태실 수호사찰의 건립과 중창에 지원되었다. 인종의 태실이 공산에 설치되며 영천의 백흥암과 해안사가 태실 수호사찰로 지정되었고 이후 각종 불사가 이뤄진다. 특히, 화마로 전소된 해안사를 태실봉(胎室峰)의 앞쪽으로 이동하여 새롭게 중창의 과정을 거친다. 이도 왕실 내명부의 내수사에서 지원된 것으로 추정된다. 중종 대부터 명종 대에 이르기까지 이뤄진 많은 왕실의 지원은 조선 중기 이후의 불교사에 대단히 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 특히, 왜란 이후 사찰의 중건 불사에 왕실 중심의 후원이라는 기본 틀이 마련되었다는 점이다. 위와 같은 연구를 종합하여 본다면, 지금 은해사의 사지(寺地)와 사격(寺格)은 명종 초 왕실과의 관계에서 출발하였음을 알 수 있으며 조선 중기 이후 사찰 중건의 왕실 지원에 대한 기준이 되었다. This paper was written with the purpose of examining the process of decline and revival of Buddhism from the Jungjong(中宗) period of Joseon to the Myungjong(明宗) period, and to study the background of the reconstruction of Haeansa(海安寺) in this process. for this purpose, we looked at the history of taesil(胎室) and taesil(胎室) guardian temples and the process of Haeansa becoming a taesil guardian temple. Through this, we attempted to examine the decline and renaissance of Buddhism at a time when Buddhism was suppressed and Confucianism was revered. Unlike the Joseon royal family, the king's subjects attempted to suppress the construction of temples and royal support through a policy of suppressing Buddhism. this became more severe with the emergence of Salim(士林) during the Seongjong(成宗) era, and during the Yeonsangun(燕山君) era and the Jungjong(中宗) era, the oppression of the Buddhist community reached its peak. with the accession of Myungjong(明宗), Munjeong-wanghu(文定王后) led the revival of Buddhism. In addition, the function of Naesusa(內需司) was expanded and the size of naewondang(內願堂) was expanded to cover the royal family's financial resources, which supported the construction and reconstruction of several original temples and taesil(胎室) guardian temples. as the taesil(胎室) of Injung(仁宗) was installed in Gongsan(公山), Baegheungam(百興庵) and Haeansa(海安寺) in Yeongcheon were designated as taesil(胎室) guardian temples, and various Buddhist projects[佛事] is accomplished. in particular, Haeansa Temple(海安寺), which was destroyed by fire, was moved to the front of Taesilbong(胎室峰) and rebuilt. This reconstruction also appears to have been aided by the royal family. the support of the many royal families from the reign of Ungjong(中宗) to the reign of Myungjong(明宗) has great significance in the history of Buddhism since the mid-Joseon Dynasty. In particular, the basic framework of royal-centered support was established for temple reconstruction and Buddhist temples after the Japanese invasions of Korea. considering the above research, it can be seen that the current temple land and nature of Eunhaesa Temple originated from the relationship with the royal family in the early Myungjong Dynasty, and became the standard for royal support for temple reconstruction after the mid-Joseon Dynasty.

제48차 대한내과학회 추계학술대회초록집 : 심포지움 ; 뇌하수체 질환의 진단과 치료 : 요붕증

김보완 ( Bo Wan Kim ) 대한내과학회 1996 대한내과학회지 Vol.51 No.-

제49차 대한내과학회 추계학술대회초록집 : 심포지움 ; 당뇨병과 뇌졸증 : 역학

김보완 ( Bo Wan Kim ) 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.-

제49차 대한내과학회 추계학술대회초록집 : 심포지움 ; 당뇨병과 뇌졸증 : 역학

김보완 ( Bo Wan Kim ) 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.2S

제48차 대한내과학회 추계학술대회초록집 : 심포지움 ; 뇌하수체 질환의 진단과 치료 : 요붕증

김보완 ( Bo Wan Kim ) 대한내과학회 1996 대한내과학회지 Vol.51 No.2S

인슐린 - 비의존성 당뇨병환자에서 최대운동부하검사에 의한 심폐적성 및 에너지대사능의 평가

김신우(Shin Woo Kim),강문수(Moon Soo Kang),김수동(Su Dong Kim),김정국(Jung Guk Kim),하승우(Sung Woo Ha),김보완(Bo Wan Kim),석준(Jun Suk),박희명(Hi Myung Park),김유문(Yu Moon Kim),김종석(Jong Suk Kim) 대한내과학회 1995 대한내과학회지 Vol.49 No.1

N/A Objectives : The cardiorespiratory fitness including maximal oxygen uptake(VO, max) in diabetics is generally known to be low, but it is also reported to vary depending upon the type of diabetes mellitus and presence or absence of complicating coronary heart disease and/or cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions. The purpose of our study is to assess cardiorespiratory fitness and energy metabolism at maximal exercise in non-insulin dependent diabetics without these complications. Methods : Symptom-limited maximal exercise tests by Bruce protocol were carried out in 28 non-insulin dependent diabetic men with neither clinical cardiopulmonary diseases nor cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions and in 103 matched controls. Comparisons of HR max, VO2 max and their derivatives, and respiratory exchange ratio(RER) and energy expenditure(EE) were made between the diabetics and the controls. In addition, the correlations of RER and EE with the various body characteristics including age were computed. Results: The mean of various parameters reflecting cardiorespiratory responses to maximal exercise and indices of energy metabolism such as RER and EE showed no significant differences between the diabetics and the controls. However, the EE at maximal exercise in the diabetics was significantly inversely correlated with the age alone(r=-0.61, p<0.001), whereas in the controls, it showed a slight negative correlation with age(r= -0.37, p<0.01). Conclusion: These findings suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness level and energy metabolism at maximal exercise in non-insulin dependent diabetic men unaccompanying cardiovascular diseases and autonomic dysfunctions are essentially similar to the normal controls. Nonetheless, the fact that the EE at maximal exercise is highly correlated with the age in the diabetics may be of value to be considered in exercise prescription for these patients.

Streptozotocin - 당뇨병 백서에서 당뇨병 이환기간에 따른 대동맥의 이완능 저하 및 Oxygen - Free Radical 에 의한 이완능의 손상정도

김정국(Jung Guk Kim),강승완(Sung Wan Kang),권삼(Sam Kwon),백운이(Woon Yi Back),김보완(Bo Wan Kim),하승우(Sung Woo Ha),서예경(Ye Kyung Seo),김수동(Su Dong Kim),김신우(Shin Woo Kim) 대한내과학회 1996 대한내과학회지 Vol.50 No.1

N/A Objectives: Diabetes mellitus produces histological evidence of endothelial alterations as well as changes in vascular function in experimental animal. Oxygen free radicals interfere with or destroy endothelium-dependent relaxation in normal and diabetic blood vessels. The present study was investigated whether the duration of diabetic state can affect the severity of impairment in endothelium-dependent and/or independent relaxation and the sensitivity to oxygen free fadical (OFR)-induced damage in diabetic rat vasculature. Methods: The relaxative responses of aortic rings precontracted with norepinephrine in vitro to cumulative concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) and nitroglycerine (NTG) were conducted in 3- and 10- week streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats and agematched controls. After exposure to H2O2 generated by mixing xanthine and xanthine oxidase, the degree of impairment in relaxative responses to ACh and NTG were also compared between 3- and 10-week diabetic rats. Results: The relaxative responses of aortic rings produced by cumulative concentrations of ACh were significantly lower in both 3- and 10-week diabetic rats than in the age-matched controls. The impairments of relaxative responses to ACh in 10-week diabetic rats were significantly greater than those in 3-week ones. After H2O2 exposure, the impairments of relaxative responses to ACh in 3- and 10- week diabetic aortas was also significantly greater than those in the control ones. However, the severity of H -induced damage in 10-week diabetic aortas was not significantly different than that in 3-week ones. In contrast, aortic rings of 3- and 10-week diabetic rats could still be fully relaxed by NTG, even after exposure to H2O2. Conclusion: These findings suggest that in STZ-diabetic rat aortas selective impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh can be found early even over a 3-week period after the induction of diabetes and the impairment may be greater in those with the longer duration of the diabetic state and that the impairment of the vascular relaxation by OFR is also selective to endothelium-dependent response but the sensitivity of OFR-induced damage may not be related to the duration of the diabetic state

알파-리포산(Alpha-Lipoic Acid) 투여가 혈관평활근세포의 세포증식 억제 및 세포사멸(Apoptosis)에 미치는 효과

김혜진 ( Hye Jin Kim ),이인규 ( In Kyu Lee ),김영호 ( Young Ho Kim ),신순영 ( Soon Young Shin ),이영한 ( Young Han Lee ),김정국 ( Jung Guk Kim ),김보완 ( Bo Wan Kim ),김혜순 ( Hye Soon Kim ),김미경 ( Mi Kyoung Kim ),박근규 ( Keun 대한당뇨병학회 2007 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.31 No.3

당뇨병 환자의 치료순응도에 따른 단기간 혈당조절정도와 관련 요인

김귀영,김보완,박재용,Kim, Gui-Young,Kim, Bo-Wan,Park, Jae-Yong 대한예방의학회 2000 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.33 No.3

Objectives : Generally, it seemed that the therapeutic result in diabetic patients was changed by compliance. This study was conducted on the basis of assumption that the therapeutic result id diabetic patients could control according to compliance. This study was conducted to analyze the related factors in association with compliance to drug, diet and exercise therapy. Methods : 224 diabetic patients in Kyungpook National University Hospital were selected through the interviews and HbA1c values from 1 Jan. to 28 Feb.1997. The drug compliance was tested by regularity of drug administration, the diet compliance was tested by restriction of food, exactly allocation, balance of nutrient, measuring food and the exercise compliance was tested by regularity of exercise per day. We assessed compliance by percentage, $x^2-test$ and generalized logit regression model(method:enter). Results : The significant variable was the satisfaction to medical personnels in drug, the knowledge to disease in diet, the participation of the diabetic education in exercise therapy and the satisfaction to medical personnels in HbA1c. Using the generalized logit model(method : enter) in compliance change, the significant variables were the satisfaction to medical personnels and the complication in drug; the significant variables were the age at the first diagnosis, the family history, the concern of health, the knowledge of disease, the self-exertion for therapy and the complication in diet: the only significant variable was the gender in exercise therapy. Conclusions : The degree of glycemic control in diabetic patients was influenced by compliance. In order to improve patient's compliance, we must foster the knowledge on the diseases, lead participation for diabetic education. Because the satisfaction to medical personnels was the important variables, we must build up good relationship between doctors and patients.

두경부종양 환자에서 경부 방사선조사가 갑상선기능에 미치는 영향 -75예의 전향적 분석-

박인규,김상보,윤상모,박준식,전수한,김보완,Park In Kyu,Kim Sang Bo,Yun Sang Mo,Park Jun Sik,Jun Su Han,Kim Bo Wan The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 1994 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.12 No.1

1986년 9월부터 1992년 10월까지 경북대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 방사선치료 단독요법이나 수술 흑은 화학요법과의 병합요법으로 치료받은 두경부종양 환자 75명을 대상으로 경부 방사선조사가 갑상선기능에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 전향적 조사를 실시하였다. 모든 환자는 방사선치료전 및 방사선치료후에 정기적으로 임상검사 및 갑상선 기능검사를 시행하였다. 갑상선조사선량은 35Gy에서 60Gy였고 그 중앙값은 50Gy였으며 추적관찰기간은 11개월에서 85개월로 중앙추적기간은 30개월 이었다. 결과를 보면 갑상선 기능이상의 빈도는 40$ \% $(30명)이었다. 45명(60$ \% $)은 갑상선 기능이 정상이었으며 2명(3$ \% $)은 임상적 갑상선 기능저하증 이었고 27명(36$ \% $)은 준임상적 갑상선 기능저하증 이었다. 갑상선 기능항진증이 1명(1$ \% $)에서 발견되었으며 갑상선 결절이나 악성종양은 발견되지 알았다. 수술 및 방사선치료군에서 갑상선 기능이상이 다른 치료군에서보다 일찍 발생하였다(p=0.0013). 다변량분석에 따르면 방사선치료후 갑상선 기능이상의 발생빈도에 영향을 주는 위험인자는 여성(p=0.0293) 및 전후두절제술과 방사선치료의 병합요법(p=0.0045)였다. 결론적으로 방사선치료후 정확한 시기에 갑상선 기능이상을 발견하기 위하여 방사선 치료전 및 방사선 치료후에 정기적인 갑상선 기능검사가 필요하며 갑상선 기능이상이 발견되면 즉시 갑상선 호르몬제재 치료를 하여야 하겠다. Seventy-five patients with tumors of the head and neck treated with either radiation therapy alone or combined with surgery or chemotherapy were studied prospectively to evaluate the effects of radiation therapy to the neck on thyroid gland between September 1986 and October 1992. All patients were serially monitored for thyroid function tests before and after radiation therapy. Radiation dose to the thyroid gland ranged from 35 to 60 Gy with a median dose of 50 Gy. Median follow-up time was 30 months with a range of 11 to 85 months. The incidence of thyroid dysfunction was 40$ \% $: forty-five patients(60$ \% $) euthyroid, 2 patients(3$ \% $) clinical hypothyroidism, 27 patients(36$ \% $) subclinical hypothyroidism and 1 patient(1$ \% $) hyperthyroidism. No thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer were detected in any patients. Thyroid dysfunction appeared earlier in patients who underwent surgery than in those patients treated with radiation therapy alone or combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy(P=0.0013). By multivariate analysis, risk factors that significantly influenced a higher incidence of thyroid dysfunction were female sex(p=0.0293) and combination of total laryngectomy and radiation therapy(p : 0.0045). In conclusion, evaluation of thyroid function before and after radiation therapy with periodic thyroid function tests are recommended to detect thyroid dysfunction in time and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is recommended whenever thyroid dysfunction develops.