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김나영(金那英) 동북아시아문화학회 2014 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.39
This article examines the influences of the western modern urban planning on the making of Japanese modern urban planning in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries by classifying them into the typology of men, experiences, and knowledges. As a result, it shows that the foreigners employed by Japanese government took part directly in the modern transformations of its streets, the experiences of Japanese visiting groups in Western countries influenced on the reconstruction works of its cities, and the knowledges related to the western modern urban planning which had been transmitted by the many ways realized the its modern urban planning and the related laws in the last analysis. Indeed, this classifications overlaps each other as well. The making of Ginza"s brick street and the plan of concentration of the official buildings in Hibiya were promoted by the participation in person of foreigners, but its motivations were the western experiences of Japanese visiting groups. And the studying abroad which was important to the transmission of konwledges, also, was the experience on the western modern city. Nevertheless, this classification is important in that it shows more definitely the influences of the western modern urban planning on Japanese and Asian modern cities. However, this classification into three elements has the temporal aspect in the same time. In short, taken as a whole, the participations in person of foreigners and the firsthand experiences of Japanese on the western cities were the main tendency in the early phase of the active westernization by means of Meiji Restoration, but the information of the western modern urban planning transmitted in forms of the knowledge gradually more influenced than them as time passes. Consequently, it can be said that the influences of the western modern urban planning proceed the men and experiences to the knowledge in terms of time.
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시민참여의 정책반영에 관한 신제도주의적 분석 : 한국과 덴마크의 생명공학분야 합의회의를 중심으로
안경섭(安慶燮),김나영(金奈映) 한국정책과학학회 2009 한국정책과학학회보 Vol.13 No.2
시민참여제도는 시민들의 선호를 정책에 반영함으로써 정부와 시민 간의 신뢰를 구축하고 정책형성과정의 민주성 및 효과성 제고에 기여한다. 이러한 시민참여제도 중 합의회의는 1987년에 덴마크에서 처음 개최되었고 그 이후로 과학기술정책에서의 참여민주주의 실현을 추구하는 데 큰 기여를 한 바 있다. 덴마크에서 성공을 거둔 합의회의는 불과 20여년 만에 전세계 15개국에 퍼졌고 한국 역시 1998년 합의회의를 도입, 유전자조작식품(GMO)의 안전과 생명윤리를 주제로 하여 성공적인 개최를 한 바 있다. 그러나 시민참여 합의회의에서 모아진 ‘보통시민들’의 의견이 과학기술정책결정에 실제로 반영되고 있는지에 대한 의문을 비롯하여 합의회의 제도가 효과적인 정책결정을 이끄는 제도인가에 대한 의구심은 여전히 존재한다. 따라서 본 연구는 과학기술분야 중 생명공학의 합의회의에 초점을 두고, 합의회의가 최초로 도입되었고 현재 활성화되어 있는 덴마크와 비교적 도입된 지 얼마 되지 않는 한국 간의 합의회의의 운영과정 및 정책결정반영정도의 차이를 비교ㆍ분석하고자 한다. 연구결과 덴마크는 사전예방적 차원(precautionary approach)의 이념의 경향을 띠고, 일반 시민들의 의견이 반영되어야 한다는 사회문화와 달리, 한국의 경우 사전예방적 차원보다는 실질적 동등성 원칙(sound science)에 가까운 이념을 띠고, 과학기술정책은 전문가에 의해 다루어져야 한다는 사회의식이 팽배해 있었다. 또한 덴마크는 의회 소속의 기관이 합의회의를 주도하여 정책반영에 이점이 있었던 반면, 한국 합의회의는 정부가 주도적으로 제도화하지 않아 정책반영 시 큰 영향을 주지 못하였다. The institution of citizen participation is emphasizing the broad citizen participation of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems, therefore tightens the gap between individual communities and its politics and promote better efficacy and better democratic participation. The consensus conference, one of the institution of citizen participations method, was first held in Denmark in 1987 and then advanced as part of a public participation in Science and Technology Policy. After the great success in Denmark, the consensus conference has been spreaded in 15 countries of the world within only 20 years. Korea also adopted it in 1998, talked about safety and moral hazard of GMO (genetically modified organism). However, there are still many questions about if this consensus conference is efficient way of leading into actual policies or if it is addressing the technocratic bureaucratic monopoly of decision making. Therefore, this study is focusing on the censensus conference on biotechnology among modem science and technologies, and performing comparative study on Denmark's invigorated consensus conference and Korea's newly adopted consensus conference. In result, the most viable difference is laid within social consciousness: for Denmark's, it takes a precautionary approach - an expression of a need by decision-makers to anticipate harm before it occurs. for Korea's, it is understood as more like sound science - scientific issues need to be taken care of by experts. It is also notable that in Denmark, the authorities lead the consensus conference which brought cooperative advantages to become a public policy, but not in Korea.
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