China and Japan Depicted in Works of Travel Gasa in the 18th and 19th Centuries and the Msanings of the Works in Terms of Culture -Based on Km In_gyeom’s < Ildong jangyuga > and Kim Ji-su's < Seohaengrok >

( Kim¸ Yun-hee ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2010 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.14 No.-

본고는 조선후기의 대표적 사행가사 작품인 김인겸의 <일동장유가(1764)>와 김지수의 <서행록(1828)>을 대상으로 하여 두 작품 속에 형상화된 18·19세기 일본과 중국의 모습을 간략히 살펴보고 이에 대한 사회·문화적 의미를 주목해 보고자 한다. <일동장유가>와 <서행록>은 각각 일본과 중국을 사행한 후 창작된 가사이며 조선후기 지식인의 시선에서 일본과 청의 사회·문물이 세밀하게 형상화 되어있다. 또한 한문으로 기록된 공식적 산문이나 한시 작품들과 달리 사적 체험의 영역이 생동감 있게 형상화되어 있기도 하며 사회·문화적 ‘차이’를 인지하고 수용하려는 시각이 확인되기도 한다. 주지하듯 20세기 이전의 조선, 중국, 일본은 조공·책봉제도와 중화·화이론을 기본으로 하여 다원적 외교 관계와 문화적 교류를 지속해 왔다. 조선의 입장에서 본다면 중국과 일본에 대한 사행은 정치 외교적 사안인 동시에 당대 지식인들이 동아시아 세계를 인식하는 주요 통로였다. 권력 및 문화의 길항 관계가 지속되어온 동아시아 삼국의 구도 속에서 조선시대 지식인들은 연행사와 통신사를 통해 유입된 외부 문물 및 지식에 반응하며 현실 감각을 조율한 것이다. 이 과정에서의 치열한 세계 인식 및 자각적 대응과 관련된 의식적 산물이 바로 연행록류와 해행록류의 기록들이다. 그리고 사행가사의 경우 공식적 차원의 기록들과 달리 창작 주체가 경험을 해석하고 내면화하여 의미를 재구성했기 때문에 심미성과 성찰성을 내포한 텍스트라 할 수 있다. 또한 작품에 관류하는 창작 주체의 인식 기제는 타국을 체험하는 과정에서 강화되거나 변화하는 양상을 보이며 시대와 국가에 따른 차이도 확연하다. 그러므로 사행가사의 당대적 의미와 문학적 특질을 조망하기 위해서는 동아시아 삼국의 관계사적 측면을 반드시 고려해야 한다. 18세기 중반의 사행가사인 <일동장유가>는 일본에 대한 인식의 개방과 지속되는 화이론의 특징을 보여주는 작품이다. 또한 19세기 전반의 작품인 <서행록>은 청나라에 대한 열린 인식과 수용의 시각이 확인된다. 두 작품 모두 동아시아 삼국의 관계가 안정됨에 따라 일본과 청의 문물을 수용하려는 지식인들의 시각에서 창작된 ‘문화적 기록물’인 것이다. 그러나 <일동장유가〉의 경우 일본을 夷狄으로 규정하는 화이론이 전제되어 있어 사회·문화적 풍경에 대한 재현이 심도 있게 진행되지 않은 반면 <서행록>은 병렬적 통사구조를 기반으로 한 세밀한 묘사를 확인할 수 있다. 특히 작품의 후반부에 첨부된 筆寫記 보면 당시의 독자들에게 <서행록>은 청나라에 ‘가지 않아도 자세히 볼’수 있게 해주는 ‘만물도’의 역할을 담당했음을 알 수 있다. 이처럼 사행가사 작품들은 가사 문학만의 일정한 율격과 통사 구조를 기반으로 타국의 사회와 문화를 성찰적·심미적으로 재현하고 있는 동시에 당대인들의 삶과 사유를 보다 폭넓게 조망케 하는 텍스트라는 점에서 지속적인 연구가 필요하다. This study is aimed at examining Japan and China in the 18th and 19th centuries as depicted in two representative works of travel gasa (an old form of Korean verse) of the late Joseon period, Kim In-gyeom's < Ildong jangyuga(l764) > and Kim Ji-su's < Seohaengrok(1866) >, and observing the works' meanings in terms of culture. These are works of travel gasa created after the authors, as envoys, visited Japan and China respectively. The works have attracted researchers’ attention from early on due to their outstanding length and literary achievements. This study, based on the outcomes of previous studies, tried to newly examine Japan and China depicted in the two works through the perspective of cultural history, drawing attention to relations with recent discourses on East Asia < Ildongjangyuga > shows the atmosphere of social and cultural changes both in Chosun and Japan in the 18th century and further describes the thinking process of an intellectual, who tried to establish Chosun identity reacting to the changing flow and detect the changes to Japanese art and science. Therefore, it holds significant value as a literary and historical work And Kim in his < Seohaengrok > closely described the landscape of Qing Dynasty like drawing a picture based on his huge interest in the country’s natural landscape and everyday things. The large volume of his work allowed him to express Chosun's reconsideration and ambition for the northern territories, introduce cultural encounters and exchanges with Western people, include conversations by writing with the literary men of Qing Dynasty, and talk about other diverse experiences. As it's been examined earlier, travel gasas are very significant in that they embodied the parts not covered by of official records of the diplomatic missions, offered aesthetic embodiments in the blending process of the creative subject's perceptions and the things he's experiencing, and allowed the writers to reflect upon their nation and build its identity anew based on the perceptions of foreign nations.

초·중·고등학교 학생, 학부모, 일반교사의 보건교육 요구

윤순녕,김영임,최정명,조희순,김영희,박영남,오경순,이분옥,조선녀,조소영,한선희,하영미 韓國學校保健學會 2004 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.17 No.2

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify needs of health education of the students, parents, general teachers, and health teacher of the elementary, middle, and high schools. Method : 279 schools of elementary, middle, and high school were sampled nonproportionally during the period from June 28 to July 26, 2004 . The data were collected by the questionnaire from 1,888 students, 1,876 parents, 1,695 general teachers, 279 health teachers. A frequency, % and χ2-test were used to analysis by SAS program. Result : 1. It showed that 98.1% of elementary school students, 92.3% of middle school students, 89.6% of high school students answered that they need health education. The most of students, parents, and general teachers had high interests in health education. 2. In the case of students, main causes of needs of health education was 'to prevent diseases or accidents''. But parents answered that it was 'to build up a healthier behavior'. General teachers answered that it was 'more effective systematic and continuous health education'. 3. Over 80% of students, parents, and general teachers about the question of who qualified person is to teach health education as a regular class responded that health teacher is available. Especially 93% of elementary school students answered like that. 4. The most of students, parents, and general teachers answered that health education in the classroom is favorable 1 to 2 hours per week. Conclusion : As results of the study , the majority of students, parents, general teachers agreed needs of health education. Therefore, on the basis of this study, systematic and continuous health education is necessary. Additionally the establishment of independent health subject is required certainly.

Breeding of Tetraploid in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.)A. DC. by Colchicine treatment

Kim,Ik-Hwan,Kim,Hag-Hyun,Hong,Eui-Yon,Yun,Jong-Sun,Yun,Tae,Hwang,Ju-Kwang,Lee,Cheol-Hee 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.3

Present studies were carried out to produce tetraploid plants by colchicine treatment using seeds, seedlings and shoot tips of Platycodon grandiflorum in Campanulaceae. The most successful colchicine treatment for tetraploid production in P. grandiflorum was soaking treatment using 0.01 and 0.5% colchicine solution for 1 hour and 12 hours, respectively. Morphological characteristics of both diploid and tetraploid were similar, but tetraploid plants had more leaves. Compared to diploid, tetraploid had the larger stomata, but less number of stomata. Fresh weight of tetraploids was 20∼40% heavier than that of diploid.

형광백혈구 안저촬영술에서 플로레신 염색의 안정성과 형광림프구의 분리

김윤희,강필성,김강주,양연식,김재덕 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1998 圓光醫科學 Vol.14 No.1

Recently, retinal blood flow has been studied with several methods, targeted dye delivery method, fluorescent vesicle system, laser Doppler velocimetry, acridine orange staining method. Authors presented a new method, fluorescein leukocyte angiography using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope which include external staining of leukocyte with fluorescein dye and reintroduce the fluorescent leukocyte into the blood flow. Authors tried to check security of external fluorescein staining of leukocytes and separation of fluorescent lymphocytes from whole blood and supernatant fluid using Ficoll-Paque, with cell viability, leukocyte recovery rate and erythrocyte contamination rate. There was no significant difference in cell viability, leukocyte recovery rate and erythrocyte contamination rate between fluorescein staining group and non-staining group. Fluorescent lymphocytes could be separated from whole blood and supernatant solution after gravity sedimentation with 6% hetastarch and the gravity sedimented group had low erythrocyte contamination rate than whole blood group(p≤0.05). In conclusion, external fluorescein staining procedure of leukocyte during fluorescein leukocyte angiography could be performed without cell injury compared to non-fluorescein staining group and fluorescent lymphocyte could be separated from whole blood and supernatant fluid after gravity sedimentation.

두경부 마사지가 중환자실 환자의 수면과 불안에 미치는 효과

김미용,전선영,송윤희,최은진,김재희,김미성,주명순,김남선 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: This study was to apply head and neck massage to patients in intensive care unit and to inventigate the effect of that massage on sleep and state anxiety. Method: The subjects in this study were 27 patients who were admitted in medical intensive care unit. The study was performed from June thru September of 2005 on the One-group pretest-posttest design and the sleep, state anxiety of the subjects were measured before and after head and neck massage. For data analysis, paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were utilized. Result: The first hypothesis that the subjects might have a better sleep after being exposed to head and neck massage was accepted. The second hypothesis that the subjects might feel less state anxiety afrer being exposed to head and neck massage was accepted. The third hypothesis that the sleep of the ICU patients maight be correlated to their anxiety was accepted, as there appeared correlation between their sleep and anxiety. Conclusion: Head and neck massage is identified as one of independent nursing interwentions to improve the sleep of ICU patients and ease their anxiety, and it is necessary to apply it to clinical practices.

인천지역 TDI 노출 작업자에서 직업성천식 유병율

김형렬,김철우,홍윤철,전형준,김치년,김현수,이지나,신주연,고동희,노재훈 大韓産業醫學會 2004 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.16 No.2

목적 : TDI는 직업성천식을 일으키는 대표적인 물질로 알려져 있다. 과거 TDI에 노출된 작업자들의 천식 발생률을 5~6%가량 보고하였고, 국내에서도 2-20%에 이르는 유병율을 보고한바 있다. 작업환경이 많이 개선되고, 노출량이 감소된 최근에도 TDI에 의한 직업성천식에 대한 보고가 많이 이루어지고 있어, 이에 대한 적극적인 조사와 진단과정을 통해 유병율을 구하고 질병발생의 변화양상을 파악해 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 인천지역에서 특수건강진단을 수행하는 2개 기관의 TDI 노출 근로자 400여명 중, 사업장의 규모가 50인 이상이며 사업주가 연구진행을 허락한 사업장에서 근무하는 근로자 중 직접적으로 TDI에 노출되는 작업에 종사하는 근로자 170명을 연구대상으로 하였다. 이들에 대해 설문지와 산업의학의사의 면담을 통한 작업관련성 평가를 근거로 정밀대상자를 선정하고 이들에 대해 메타콜린 유발시험, TDI 유발시험 등을 수행하여 직업성천식을 확인하였다. 결과 : 설문조사 결과 11명이 직업과 관련하여 천식증상을 보이는 것으로 나타났고(6.9%), 이중 7명에서 메타콜린 유발검사 양성소견을 보였다. TDI에 의한 특이유발시험 결과 1명에서 양성반응이 나타나, 이 집단에서 TDI에 의한 직업성천식의 유병율은 0.58%였다. 결론 : 과거 국내연구에서 TDI에 의한 직업성천식의 유병율이 2~20%에 이르렀던 데 비해, 본 연구에서는 0.58%로 나타났다. 이는 국외 논문에서도 나타나는 경향으로 작업장 노출량 감소로 점차 발생률이 감소하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 그러나 이미 증상이 나타난 근로자들이 부서를 옮기거나, 직장을 그만둠으로 인해 그 유병율이 과소평가되었을 가능성도 있다고 판단된다. Objecdives: This study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of isocyanate-induced occupational asthma in toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposed workers. Methods: We examined 170 workers who had been directly exposed to TDI through a medical questionnaire, physical examination, and pulmonary function test. Based on screening examination, workers with suspected occupational asthma were selected for further evaluation such as methacholine and TDI challenge tests. Results: Eleven (6.9%) among 170 workers complained of symptoms of occupational asthma. and 7 among these 11 symptomatic workers showed positive responses to the methacholine challenge test (4.1 %). One spray painter was confirmed as having the TDI induced occupational asthma following a positive response to TDI challenge test. Conclusions: The prevalence of TDI-induced asthma was at 0.58% was lower than that for former studies (2-20%). Improved workplace environment, lower level of TDI exposure compared to the past, and the healthy workers effect may have contributed to this low rate of asthma prevalence in workers with TDI exposure.

선택적 후근절제술의 수술중 근전도 감시방법과 치료효과

김형일,김연희,김완호,김근수,김동찬 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.10

Selective posterior rhizotomy(SPR) has been known to reduce the spasticity as well as to improve the quality of life in patients with intractable spasticity. Twenty patients underwent SPR under intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring(IOM). Fifty-two percent of sacrolumbar rootlet were cut after electrical stimulation. Eighteen patients(90%) with spastic type of cerebral palsy showed marked reduction of spasticity and functional improvement without any complication. The patients who did not respond to SRP had mixed types of spasticity. IOM facilitate the selection of pathological rootlets regardless of anaesthetic level. intensity of electrical stimulation, and individual variability of responses. It is concluded that careful selection of surgical candidates and of pathological rootlets under IOM are important to reduce the spasticity. thereby to obtain a better outcome.

Breeding of Tetraploid in Codonopsis lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautvetter by Colchicine Treatment

Kim,Ik-Hwan,Kim,Hag-Hyun,Hong,Eui-Yon,Yun,Jong-Sun,Yun,Tae,Hwang,Ju-Kwang,Lee,Cheol-Hee 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.3

Present studies were carried out to produce tetraploid plants by colchicine treatment using seeds, seedlings and shoot tips of Codonopsis lanceolata. Three tetraploid plants of C. lanceolata were produced from seeds which absorbed 0.1 % colchicine solution for 12 hours, and 0.5% colchicine solution for 1 and 6 hours from seedlings, respectively. But tetraploid was not produced from shoot tips treated by colchicine solution. Compared to diploid, tetraploid plants had larger stomata, but less number of stomata. Fresh weight of tetraploid plants was 1.4∼3.6 times heavier than diploid plants.

특수 언어발달 장애 환아의 임상 및음향음성학적 특성연구

김연희,박세훈,신용일,김찬양,김현기,김정수 大韓再活醫學會 2000 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.24 No.1

초·중·고등학교 학생·학부모·일반교사의 보건교육 영역별 요구도와 보건교육

윤순녕,김영임,최정명,조희순,김영희,박영남,오경순,이분옥,조선녀,조소영,한선희,하영미 韓國學校保健學會 2005 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.18 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the needs of health education in students, their parents and teachers in the elementary, middle and high schools and the current situation of health education class. Method: The subjects of this study were a total of 9450 persons including students, their parents and teachers from 279 schools throughout the country. They were selected through convenient sampling. Data were analyzed through x^(2)­test and ANOVA. Result: Students, their parents and teachers replied that 18 dimensions of health education class (DHEC) are necessary. The four DHEC - healthier life style, sex education, mental health and safety education - showed high educational needs in students, their parents, and teacher. High school students had higher educational need of 'symptom management for daily living' than elementary and middle school students. Students, their parents and teachers in elementary school had higher educational needs of 17 DHEC that those in middle and high school. The percentages of schools with health education class taught by health teachers were 99.2%, 75.5% and 66.0% respectively in elementary, middle and high schools. Health education was given mainly using physical education classes at elementary schools, and creative class hours at middle and high schools. In general, health education took 1-3 hours per week at elementary schools, and less than an hour at middle and high schools. Conclusion: Therefore, based on the results, systematic health education class should begin from elementary school to meet the need of health education in students, their parents and teachers, and further study should be made on the number of hours required and the amount of contents of 18 DHEC.