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Oil Spill Environmental Forensics: the <i>Hebei Spirit</i> Oil Spill Case
Yim, Un Hyuk,Kim, Moonkoo,Ha, Sung Yong,Kim, Sunghwan,Shim, Won Joon American Chemical Society 2012 Environmental science & technology Vol.46 No.12
<P>After the <I>Hebei Spirit</I> oil spill (HSOS) in December 2007, mixtures of three types of Middle East crude oil (total 12 547 kL) were stranded along 375 km of coastline in Western Korea. Emergency responses together with 1.3 million volunteers’ activity rapidly removed ca. 20% of spilled oil but the lingering oils have been found along the heavily impacted shorelines for more than 4 years. The HSOS was the worst oil spill case in Republic of Korea, and there were many issues and lessons to be shared. In this study, we summarized some of the oil spill environmental forensic issues that were raised after the HSOS. Rapid screening using on-site measurement, long-term monitoring of multimedia, fingerprinting challenges and evaluation of the extent of the submerged oil were introduced, which supported decision making process of oil spill cleanup, mitigation of debates among stakeholders and provided scientific backgrounds for reasonable compensation.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/esthag/2012/esthag.2012.46.issue-12/es3004156/production/images/medium/es-2012-004156_0005.gif'> <P>After the <I>Hebei Spirit</I> oil spill (HSOS) in December 2007, mixtures of three types of Middle East crude oil (total 12 547 kL) were stranded along 375 km of coastline in Western Korea. Emergency responses together with 1.3 million volunteers’ activity rapidly removed ca. 20% of spilled oil but the lingering oils have been found along the heavily impacted shorelines for more than 4 years. The HSOS was the worst oil spill case in Republic of Korea, and there were many issues and lessons to be shared. In this study, we summarized some of the oil spill environmental forensic issues that were raised after the HSOS. Rapid screening using on-site measurement, long-term monitoring of multimedia, fingerprinting challenges and evaluation of the extent of the submerged oil were introduced, which supported decision making process of oil spill cleanup, mitigation of debates among stakeholders and provided scientific backgrounds for reasonable compensation.</P></P>
Trace Organic Contaminants in Sediments from Deep-sea Basin near Dokdo, Korea
Yim, Un-Hyuk,Oh, Jae-Ryoung,Hong, Sang-Hee,Li, Dong-Hao,Shim, Won-Joon,Choi, Hye-Kyung,Kim, Eun-Soo,Shim, Jae-Hyung Korea Institute of Ocean ScienceTechnology 2002 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.24 No.4
Trace organic contaminants in deep-sea sediments near Dokdo were analyzed. Total PAMs concentration ranged 14.8-314 ng/g dry weight and high molecular weight PAHs were dominant. The highest PAHs concentration was detected at A19 which located at Ulleung Basin. Most of organochlorines were under detection limit. Among the detected organochlorines, DDT compounds were dominant and followed by HCHs and HCB. Butyltin compounds and most of organophosphorus pesticides were not detected. Vertical distribution of PAHs showed typical sub-surface maximum and decreasing trends depending on depth. The highest PAHs concentration reached 454ng/g. Some organochlorines, DDT, HCH was detected and also showed decreasing trends. Other target organic pollutants were not detected in core sediments. Abnormally high level of PAHs concentration in A19 was discussed and the input sources were inferred to be the transport of sludge derived pollutant dumped at dumping site 'Byung' by deep current.
Fate of residual oils during remediation activities after the <i>Wu Yi San</i> oil spill
Loh, Andrew,Yim, Un Hyuk,Ha, Sung Yong,An, Joon Geon,Shankar, Ravi PERGAMON 2019 MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN Vol.138 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, the fate of residual oils was investigated during remediation activities for a year after the <I>Wu Yi San</I> oil spill. Microscope observations showed that relatively large amounts of oil-suspended particulate matter aggregate (OSA) were formed. Negatively buoyant OSA was the dominant form (>95%), followed by neutrally (~5%) and positively buoyant (<1%) forms. To elucidate the dominance of negative buoyancy OSA, physicochemical properties of the mineral and residual oils were identified. Chemical analysis showed that the weathering percentage of residual oils was 43.7 ± 2.59%, which was the driving factor for sedimentation of OSA. As the density of oil increased with weathering stages, the density of OSA also increased simultaneously. These results showed that, during mechanical remediation activities, resurfaced residual oils can form negative buoyancy OSA which tends to sink and transfers oil contaminants from intertidal to benthic environments.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Resuspended residual oils formed oil-suspended particulate matter aggregate (OSA) during remediation activities. </LI> <LI> Dominant shape of OSA was oil coated particle with negative buoyancy. </LI> <LI> Highly weathered oil was the main cause of negative buoyancy OSA. </LI> <LI> Physical remediation activities can transfer residual oil from intertidal to subtidal in the form of OSA. </LI> </UL> </P>
Kim, Donghwi,Yim, Un Hyuk,Kim, Byungjoo,Cha, Sangwon,Kim, Sunghwan American Chemical Society 2017 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - Vol.89 No.17
<P>Sensitivity is an important factor determining successful mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of metabolome, protein, drugs, and environmental samples. Currently, nano-electrospray ionization (ESI) is widely used as a sensitive ionization method. However, application of nano-ESI is limited to polar molecules and there is no atmospheric pressure ionization technique developed that can be used for MS analysis of low- and nonpolar compounds with sensitivity that can match with nano-ESI. Herein, we propose paper spray chemical ionization (PSCI) as an ionization technique that can be used to analyze low- and nonpolar aromatic compounds with high sensitivity. PSCI is based on paper spray ionization utilizing corona discharge phenomenon. PSCI can sensitively and quantitatively detect down to picogram (or femtomole) levels of low and nonpolar aromatic compounds.</P>
Loh, Andrew,Yim, Un Hyuk,Ha, Sung Yong,An, Joon Geon Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.643 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Suspended particulate matter (SPM) refers to fine-grained materials that are suspended in water columns. By providing a surface for the adsorption of non-polar organic compounds, SPM is a carrier for persistent and toxic contaminants. A wide range of organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be adsorbed onto SPM. The formation of particle-associated PAHs can sequentially increase the potential for exposure to and bioaccumulation by organisms. Until recently, most oil exposure studies were performed using freely dissolved and dispersed forms, and therefore the role of SPM in influencing the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of PAHs has not been considered. This study found that SPM influences the bioavailability of petrogenic PAHs in the water column and their potential for accumulation in oysters. SPM significantly enhanced the water column entrainment of petrogenic PAHs, thus increasing the potentials for uptake by exposed organisms. PAHs in the water column was highest from mechanically dispersed oil (MDO; 2.27 μg/mL) ≥ oil-SPM aggregate (OSA; 1.96 μg/mL) > water accommodated fraction (WAF; 0.19 μg/mL) but the percentage of PAHs accumulated in oysters were highest from WAF (18.3%) > MDO (14.2%) > OSA (9.62%). Despite the high water column available PAHs, oysters exposed to SPM-associated oil accumulated PAHs at half the accumulation efficiency compared with those exposed to PAHs without SPM.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> SPM increased entrainment of dissolved and dispersed PAHs in the water column. </LI> <LI> SPM significantly increased uptake of PAHs by oysters through ingestion of particle-bound PAHs. </LI> <LI> Strong SPM-PAHs bonds retarded dissolution of PAHs into the water column. </LI> <LI> SPM played significant roles on inhibiting accumulation of PAHs by oysters. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>