정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

고빌리루빈혈증을 동반한 자가면역성 간염 1례

서영범,김성욱,장재식,강혁주,이중현,윤병구,김욱년,이광헌,이구,유석동,양창헌,이정호,이영현,이창우,서정일 동국대학교 의학연구소 2000 東國醫學 Vol.7 No.-

자가면역성 간염은 대개 만성 경과를 가지며, 혈중 자가면역항체와 혈청 글로불린치의 상승, 그리고 조직학적으로 괴사 염증성 변화를 특징으로 하는 질환으로 아직 정확한 병인이 밝혀져 있지 않은 상태이다. 발병연령은 대개 젊은 영자(15-25세)에서 호발한다. 이 질환은 급성 간염의 임상경과를 보일 수 있으나, 심한 급성 간염이나 전격성 간염으로도 나타날 수 있는데, 이 경우 아주 나쁜 예후를 보인다고 한다. 치료는 자가면역성 간염 임상 경과의 다양성이나 병인, 병리기전의 불확실성에도 불구하고 대개 steroid 치료에 반응하는 것으로 알려져 있으며 대개 80%의 관해율을 나타내며 궁극적으로 간경변으로의 진행을 막을 수 있는 것으로 보인다. 저자들은 58세 남자에서 발생한 급성의 경과를 가지고 심한 황달을 동반한 자가면역성 간염을 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic necroinflammatory liver disorder of unknown cause associated with circulating autoantibodies and a high serum globulin level. The age of onset of AIH show a peak between the age of 15 and 25 years. AIH can develop and be manifested as acute hepatitis, but severe form of acute hepatitis or fulminant hepatic failure has a poor prognosis. Although AIH is likely to progress from chronic active hepatitis to cirrhosis, steroid therapy can control the disease activity, prolong survival, improve the quality of life , and defer liver transplantation. In the present report we describe a 58-year-old man who admitted because of progressive jaundice and fatigue. He was diagnosed with AIH from laboratory test result showing positivity for antinuclear antibodies, anti-smooth muscle antibodies, and negativity for hepatitis viral markers and from liver biopsy. Steroid therapy, oral administration of prednisolone, was effective in improving the liver function test. Following liver biopsy 6 months after onset shows markedly improved necroinflammatory activity.

영산강 상류일부의 水質汚染에 관한 調査硏究 : 산동교를 중심해서

류일광,이치영,강영식,김관천 광주보건대학 1990 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

Water quality of Young San river was examined for 3 months from April 12, 1989. to Jun 12, 1989. For checking the water quality 4 sampling position were selected. The results we obtained are as follows. 1. The average for Young San river was 6.6∼7.4 of pH, 3.6∼8.7mg/ℓof Dissolved dxygen (DO), 18.67∼33.47mg/ℓof chemical oxygen demand (COD), 47.66∼250mg/ℓ of suspended solid (SS), 37.83∼114.66mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstraction maters, 5.16∼6.63mg/ℓ of BOD. 2. The monthly average for Young San river was 6.5∼7.5 pH,3.5∼10.4mg/ℓ of DO. 15.07∼48.90mg/ℓ COD, 6.2∼10.2 mg/ℓ of BOC, 2∼250mg/ℓ of SS. 2∼124mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstraction mater, in April, 6.2∼7.5 of pH, 3.5∼8.2mg/ℓ of DO, 2.4∼5.7mg/ℓ BOD, 18.21∼32mg/ℓ of COD, 16∼123mg/ℓ of SS, 9.5∼95mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstraction matter, in May 6.9∼7.5 of pH, 3.8∼7.50mg/ℓ of pH, 3.8∼7.50mg/ℓ of DO, 4.0∼5.8mg/ℓ of BOD, 18.23∼of COD, 123∼163mg/ℓ of SS, 102∼125mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstraction matter in Jun. 3. The sampling positions averag for Young San San river was 6.9∼7.5 of pH, 7.5∼10.4mg/ℓ of DO, 15.07∼22.8mg/ℓ of COD, 3.5∼6.2mg/ℓ of BOD, 2∼125mg/ℓ of ss, 2∼102mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstraction matter in posiction 1.7.3∼7.5 of pH, 6.0∼7.5mg/ℓ of DO, 46.25∼52.05mg/ℓ of COD, 2.4∼8.5mg/ℓ of BOD, 58∼123mg/ℓ of SS, 62∼120mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstration matter in position 2. 6.2∼7.3 of pH, of pH, 4.23∼6.7mg/ℓ of DO, 4.9∼7,9mg/ℓ of BOD, 18.23∼36.75mg/ℓ of COD, 89∼152mg/ℓ of SS, 75∼123mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstraction matter, in position 3, 6.5∼7.2 of pH, 4.0∼10.2mg/ℓ of BOD, 3.5∼3.82mg/ℓ of DO, 23.6∼52.32mg/ℓ of COD, 123∼250mg/ℓ of SS, 95∼125mg/ℓ of N-hexane abstraction matter in position 4.

노화가 인체 중간엽 줄기세포로부터 조골세포로의 증식 및 분화에 미치는 영향

백기현,태현정,오기원,이원영,조정기,권순용,강무일,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구,김춘추 대한내분비학회 2003 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.18 No.3

연구배경: 일반적으로 골다공증과 연관된 위험인자로는 연령, 폐경, 약물, 불충분한 칼슘섭취, 만성질환 및 운동부족 등이 있는데, 특히 노화가 진행할수록 골밀도가 감소하는 것은 잘 알려져 있다. 노화와 관련하여 진행되는 골소실은 조골세포 및 전구조골세포의 기능적 결핍에 의한 골형성의 감소가 주요한 요인으로 여겨지고 있다. 그 동안 연령이 조골모 세포의 양과 조골모 세포로부터 성숙조골세포로의 분화 및 증식에 미치는 영향에 대한 일부 보고들이 있었으나 아직 일치된 견해는 없는 형편이다. 방법: 다양한 연령의 사람으로부터 골수를 채취, 중간엽 줄기세포가 포함된 단핵세포를 분리한 후 조골세포로 분화하기 좋은 조건하에서 배양하였다. 대상군은다시 젊은군과 노령군으로 구분하여 다양한 변수를 비교 분석하였다. 일차배양에서는 CFU-F를 계수하여 골수내 중간엽 줄기세포의 수를 추산하였고, 칼슘측정을 통하여 기질의 무기화 정도를 비교하였다. 계대배양후 이차배양에서는 시기별로 알카리성 포스파타제 활성도를 측정하고 오스테오칼신 mRNA의 발현을 관찰하여 젊은군과 노령군 사이의 증식능 차이를 비교하였다. 또한 이차배양 시기별로 MTT 측정을 하여 양군간에 증식능 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 결과: 1. 일차배양 15일째에 평균 CFU-F의 수는 젊은군에서 유의하게 많았다(젊은군 148.3±28.9, 노령군 54.3±9.1, p=0.02). CFU-F의 평균면적은 젊은군에서 넓은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 2. 일차배양 17일 경과 후 양군간에 기질 칼슘 침착정도는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(젊은군 103.6±50.6, 노령군: 114.0±56.5, p=NS). 3. 이차배양 10일째에 젊은군에서 알카리성 포스파타제 활성도가 고령군에 비해 유의하게 높았다(젊은군: 935.5±115.0 U/mg, 노령군: 578.4±115.7U/mg,p.0.05). 고령군에서는 시간 경과에 따른 변화가 미약했으며 전반적으로 알카리성 포스파타제의 활성도가 젊은군에 비해 낮았다. 4. 이차배양도중 오스테오칼신 mRNA의 발현은 배양시기별로 젊은군에 비해 고령군에서 더 낮은 경향을 관찰할 수 있었다. 5. 이차배양 10일과 15일에 젊은군에서 노령군보다세포증식이 유의하게 증가된 양상을 보였다(10앓 젊은군 0.73±0.05, 노령군 0.58±0.04, p=0.05, 15일; 젊은군 0.80±0.05, 노령군 0.70±0.03, p=0.05).결론: 이상의 연구에서 저자들은 노령군에서 젊은군보다 골수 내 중간엽줄기세포의 수가 적고, 노령군에서 유래한 전구조골세포의 성숙조골세포로의 증식 및 분화가 젊은군 보다 감소해 있는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. Background: Osteoblasts originate from osteoprogenitor cells in bone marrow stroma, termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or bone marrow stromal cells. Each MSC forms colonies (colony forming units-fibroblasts [CFL-Fs]) when cultured ex vivo. There are some reports about the age-related changes of the number and osteogenic potential of osteoprogenitor cells, but any relationship has not been clearly established in humans. In this study, we counted MSCs using CFU-Fs count and examined the proliferative capacity and differentiation potential of osteoprogenitor cells. Finally, we analyzed how these parameters varied with donor age. Methods: Bone marrow was obtained from the iliac crest of young (n=6, 27.2±8.6 years old) and old (n= 10, 57.4k6.7 years old) healthy donors. Mononuclear cells, including MSCs, were isolated and cultured in osteogenic medium. In primary culture, we compared the colony-forming efficiency of MSCs between the two groups and determined the matrix calcification. When primary culture showed near confluence, the cells were subcultured. Alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin expression by RT-PCR and proliferative potential by MTT assay were examined by the time course of secondary culture. Results: At the 15th day of primary culture, the mean number of CFU-Fs was significantly higher in the younger donors (young: 148.3±28.9, old: 54.3±9.1, p=0.02) and the mean size of CFL-Fs was also larger in the younger donors than the older donors. However, matrix calcification was not different between the two groups (young: 103.6±50.6, old: 114.0±56.5, p=NS). In secondary culture, alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly lower in the older donors. The younger donors showed peak alkaline phosphatase activity at day 10, while the older donors didn't showed a remarkable peak (young: 935.5±115.OU/mg, old: 578.4±115.7U/mg, p<0.05). Total cell number as a proliferative index increased progressively during the secondary culture and a significantly greater cell number was noted in the younger donors. Osteocalcin expression was generally upregulated in the younger donors, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our study shows that the number of osteoprogenitor cells is decreased during aging and that the proliferative capacity and differentiation potential of osteoprogenitor cells seem to be reduced during aging (J Kor SOC Endocrinol 18:296-305, 2003).

소음인(少陰人) 태음병(太陰病) 심하비증(心下?證)의 병증약리(病證藥理) 고찰

서영광,이지원,이준희,최원철,이의주,고병희,Seo, Young-Kwang,Lee, Ji-Won,Lee, Jun-Hee,Choi, Won-Cheol,Lee, Eui-Ju,Kho, Byung-Hee 사상체질의학회 2010 사상체질의학회지 Vol.22 No.3

1. Objective: Gastric Stuffiness (心下?證) in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology (少陰人 太陰病) in Sasang Constitutional Medicine shows an interesting evolutionary process. Originally found in the texts of Sanghanlun (傷寒論), the perspectives regarding the symptoms of Gastric Stuffiness were expanded by many medical scholars and Lee Jema. To comprehend the Jema's concept of Taeeum symptomatology and utilize his prescription clinically, it deserves to study on the Gastric Stuffiness in Donguisuseowon (東醫壽世保元). 2. Methods: Many texts including Sanghanlun (傷寒論) and Dongeuibogam (東醫寶鑑) were reviewed in order to track the evolutionary process concerning the symptoms of Gastric Stuffiness. Also, Lee Jema's works including the different versions of Donguisuseowon (東醫壽世保元) were reviewed to examine the development of Lee's concepts regarding the Gastric Stuffiness in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology. 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Most of the previous concepts on Gastric Stuffiness were generally similar to those found in Sanghanlun, especially in that they addressed Yang deficiency of the middle triple energizeer as the central pathogenic process. 2) Lee Jema's views on the epigastric discomfort in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology evoloved over time and culminated in the finalized pathology and therapeutics appearing in his last work, the Shinchuk version of Donguisuseowon (東醫壽世保元). 3) 4 kinds of prescription which invented by Lee Jema to treat the Gastric Stuffiness in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology can be matched to the prescription of Sanghanlun respectively. However through evolutionary process of Jema's prescriptions, the indication of them expanded: not only to treat Gastric Stuffiness but to diverse symptoms of Soeumin.

범법 정신 장애자와 일반 정신 장애자의 약물 사용 양상에 관한 비교 분석

이길홍,박두병,나철,이재광,기백석,이재우,유영식,이영식,이헌재 중앙대부설한국의과학연구소 1991 한국의과학 Vol.23 No.1

신부전이 동반된 당뇨병 환자에서 발생된 침습성 모균증 : 수술과 Liposomal amphotericin B 및 GM-CSF 병합 요법에 의한 성공적인 치험 1예

이원영,오기원,임국희,장재혁,이동건,최정현,강무일,신완식,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.4

저자들은 신부전이 동반된 당뇨병 환자에서 발생된 부비동형 모균증에 대하여 수술과 함께 liposomal amphotericin B 및 GM-CSF의 복합치료를 하여 성공적으로 치료한 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) primarily affects diabetic or immunocompromised patients and typically progresses rapidly, necessitating surgical excision and antifungal therapy with amphotericin B. Large doses of amphotericin B are needed for cure, but it has the risk of causing significant renal toxicity. The recent development of liposomal amphotericin B allows antifungal therapy to be administered with potentially improved efficacy and reduced nephrotoxicity. We have experienced a case of paranasal mucormycosis successfully treated with surgery, liposomal amphotericin B and GM-CSF. A 59-year-old male suffering from diabetes mellitus for 6 years was admitted with pain at left maxillary area. He was diagnosed as mucormycosis after cytologic exam on the necrotic nasal mucosa, which showed typical hyphae. He have had diabetic nephropathy with macroproteinuria and had rapidly rising serum creatinine levels with the amphotericin B treatment: creatinine levels reverted to basal level with the use of liposomal amphotericin B. Despite surgical excision and continued antifungal therapy, his infection was not effectively controlled. Therefore, GM-CSF was administered additionally to improve phagocytic activity of leukocytes. He was finally cured after receiving a combination of aggressive surgery, liposomal amphotericin B and GM-CSF. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed clinical description of the treatment of mucormycosis with liposomal amphotericin B in Korea.

Cilostazol이 제2형 당뇨병 환자의 심혈관 합병증과 혈청지질에 미치는 영향

이영숙,이영미,김광원,최경업,이숙향 한국병원약사회 2002 병원약사회지 Vol.19 No.4

PURPOSE: Cliostazol, a phosphodiesterase Ⅲ inhibitor, is an antiplatelet agent for treatment of ischemic symptoms of peripheral vascular disease in the diabetes. In addition, it has been claimed to have beneficial effect on plasma lipid level. The objective of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the effect of cilostazol administration on cardiovascular events and serum lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: DM patients on cilostazol for longer than 6 months were evaluated from September, 1996 to June, 2000 for lipid profile, HbA1c, postprandial glucose, urinary albumin excretion, cardiovascular events. Dosage of cilostazol was 100㎎/day with range of 50-200㎎/day. Primary outcome variable was any cardiovascular events during treatment and secondary variables were changes in lipid level, urinary albumin excretion and adverse events. Lipid level was compared between the groups with or without lipid lowering agents. Patients were evaluated for bleeding events in combination with other antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, ticlopidine and warfarin. RESULTS: Total 180 patients were included Mean age was 60.8±9.9 years; number of male patient, 90(50%); DM duration, 12.4±8.1 years; family history of DM, 61(33.9%); family history of cardiovascular events, 15(8.3%) and smoking, 32(17.8%). The cardiovascular events were noted in 8 cases out of 180 (4.4%). Systolic blood pressure and age were risk factors in correlation with cardiovascular events. During treatment with cilostazol, there were no significant changes in blood glucose. Among 19 patients with serum lipid profile before and after cilostazol treatment, there were no significant changes in serum lipid levels with LDL-cholesterol reduced form 130.8±30.3 ㎎/㎗ at baseline to 120.0±43.1 at 1 yr and 125.4±27.3 at 3 yr (p=0.052). Bleeding event was in 1 case of co-administration with other antiplatelet agents that were aspirin (87), ticlopidene(7), warfarin(2) CONCLUSION: Cilostazol has been used for peripheral vascular disease in DM patients with antiplatelet activity and lipid lowering effect in part. Small effect on lipid level can be expected by itself or in combination with other lipid lowering agents and the cardiovascular can be prevented in patients with type 2 DM.

Tetracaine이 개의 大腦皮質 Na^+-K^+-ATPase의 活性에 미치는 影響

이진영,김광용,서영,서경종,박영순 圓光大學校 基礎自然科學硏究所 1990 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.9 No.1

본 實驗은 tetracaine이 개의 大腦皮質의 Na^+ - K^+ - ATPase의 活性에 어떻게 影響을 미치는 가를 알아보기 위하여 실시한 것이다. 그 酵素에 대한 tetracatine의 沮害效果와 그 機作은 酵素反應速度論的 分析方法 즉 Dixon-plot, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Arrhenius-plot 등으로 分析하였다. 그 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. Na^+ - K^+ - ATPase는 全 ATPase와 Mg^++ - ATPase의 活性보다 tetracaine에 의하여 더 많은 沮害를 받는다. 2. Tetracaine의 50% 沮害效果는 沮害常數 5㎎/㎖와 동일하였다. 3. Tetracaine은 그 酵素의 Km값을 변화시키지 못하였으나 最高速度(Vmax)는 변화시키기 때문에 tetracaine은 可逆的 非競爭的 沮害劑로 作用한 것 같다. 4. Q_10 값은 tetracaine의 농도가 증가함에 따라 감소되는데 이 값으로 Arrhenius-plot를 作成해 본 結果 切點(transition state)이 나타나지 않으므로 tetracaine은 脂質에는 작용하지 않고 오직 Na^+ - K^+ - ATPase에 작용하는 것 같다. The present experiments were disigned to investigate the effect of tetracaine on the dog brain cortex Na^+ - K^+ - ATPase activity. The inhibitory effects of tetracaine on the enzyme avtivity and its mechanism were analyzed by Dixon plot, Lineweaver-Burk plot, and Arrhenius plot. The results obtained here were as follows : 1. The Na^+ - K^+ - ATPase activity was inhibited more than the total ATPase and Mg^++ - ATPase in the presence of tetracaine. 2. The concentration of 50% inhibition for tetracaine was identical with the inhibition constant (Ki), the Ki value was 5 ㎎/㎖ for tetracaine. 3. In this study tetracaine did not change the Km value (2.5) but decreased the Vmax of the Na^+ - K^+ - ATPase activity, suggesting that tetracaine acts as reversible and noncompetitive inhibitor on the enzyme. 4. Q_10 value and energies of activation (20.1 Kcal/mole) decreased as the concentrations of trtracaine increased and the transition state did not appeared. These results suggest that trtracaine inhibits the enzyme activity by reversible and noncompetitive inhibition.

범법정신장애자의 정신의학적 특성분석

이길홍,이재광,박두병,나철,기백석,이재우,유영식,이영식,이헌재 중앙대부설한국의과학연구소 1991 한국의과학 Vol.23 No.1