정부 조직개편의 정치권력적 성격 : 김영삼정부'와 '김대중정부'의 중앙행정기구개편 사례 Kim Young Sam and Kim Dae Joong Administrative Cases

김우식 청주대학교 사회과학연구소 2005 한국사회과학연구 Vol.27 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 정부조직 개편의 정치권력적 특성을 밝히는 것이다. 이러한 특성은 두 가지 측면에서 나타난다. 하나는 정권의 담당 주체들이 정치적 목적을 가지고 조직개편을 시도하게 되어 처음부터 정치적 성격을 갖고 출발하는 경우가 많다. 또 다른 하나는 정부조직의 개편이 기존의 조직을 변동시키는 적극적 작용이기 때문에 조직 개편이 기존의 이해구조를 변화시키게 됨으로써 이해 당사자들은 변화의 결과 자신의 이익을 극대화하기 위하여 여러 노력을 경주하게 된다. 이러한 과정은 필연적으로 정치권력적 상호작용을 수반하게 되어 정부조직개편은 정치적 성격을 강하게 나타내게 된다. 조직개편의 정치권력적 속성을 밝히기 위하여 김영삼 정부(1993년 2월~1998년 2월)와 김대중 정부(1998년 2월~2003년 2월) 기간 동안에 이루어진 조직개편 사례를 분석 대상으로 선정하여 정치권력적 속성을 비교 분석하였다. 분석에서는 조직개편의 정치적 상황 요인, 조직개편의 목표, 조직개편의 추진세력과 힘의 소재, 조직개편의 의사결정과정, 그리고 조직개편의 결과(내용)를 분석 요소로 선정하였다. Structural reform of government is a power political phenomenon. Reform is accompanied by many changes of invested interests among administrative agencies and bureaucrats. And they are intersted in advantages or disadvantages which the newly reformed structures are able to offer. So power politics is natural in changing world of reforming governmental structures. Two Kim's Adminstratives initiated many important periodical reformations in government structure. Many environmental factors and political reasons made tow Kims push administrative agencies reformation. In the process of reforming changes many revolts has been burst and many interests were struggling for maintaining or expanding their agencies. These problems can be solved by political actions among actors. So power political characteristics is unavoidable in reforming governmental structures. This study focused on and analyzed political characteristics of reorganizing environmental demands, goals of reorganization, locus of power of initiating reform, decision making process and results of reorganized structures in the reformed cases from Kim Young Sam Administrative to Kim Dae Joong Administative.

Identification of Genes Modulated by High Extracellular Calcium in Coculture of Mouse Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Cells by Oligo Chip Assay

Kim, Hyung-Keun,Song, Mina,Jun, ji-Hae,Woo, Kyung-Mi,Kim, Gwan-Shik,Baek, Jeong-Hwa The Korean Academy of Oral Biology 2006 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.31 No.2

Calcium concentration in the bone resorption lacunae is high and is in the mM concentration range. Both osteoblast and osteoclast have calcium sensing receptor in the cell surface, suggesting the regulatory role of high extracellular calcium in bone merabolism. In vitro, high extracellular calcium stimulated osteoclastogenesis in coculture of mouse osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. Therefore we examined the genes that were commonly regulated by both high extracellular calcium and 1,25(OH)_(2)vitaminD_(3)(VD3) by using mouse oligo 11 K gene chip. In the presence of 10 mM[Ca^(2+)]e or 10 nM VD3, mouse calvarial osteoblasts and bone marrow cells were co-cultured for 4 days when tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells start to appear. Of 11,000 genes examined, the genes commonly regulated both by high extracellular calcium and by VD3 were as follows; 1) the expressions of genes which were osteoclast differentiation markers or were associated with osteoclastogenesis were up-regulated both by high extracellular calcium and by VD3; trap, mmp9, car2, ctsk, ckb, atp6b2, tm7sf4, rab7, 2) several chemokine and chemokine receptor genes such as sdf1, scya2, scyb5, scya6, scya8, scya9, and ccr1 were up-regulated both by high ectracellular calcium and by VD3, 3) the genes such as mmp1b, mmp3 and c3 which possibly stimulate bone resorption by osteoclast, were commonly up-regulated, 4) the gene such as c1q and msr2 which were related with macrophage function, were commonly down-regulated, 5) the genes which possibly stimulate osteoblast differentiation and/or mineralization of extracellular matrix, were commonly down-regulated;slc8a1, admr, plod2, lox, fosb, 6) the genes which possibly suppress osteoblast differentiation and/or mineralization of extracellular matrix, were commonly up-regulated;s100a4, npr3, mme, 7) the genes such as calponin 1 and tgfbi which possibly suppress osteoblast differentiation and/or mineralization of extracellular matrix, were up-regulated by high extracelluar calcium but were down-regulated by VD3. These results suggest that in coculture condition, both high extracellular calcium and VD3 commonly induce osteoclastogenesis but suppress osteoblast differentiation/mineralization by regulating the expression of related genes.

SMOKE SPREAD IN A CORRIDOR

Kim,Myung-Bae,Han,Yong-Shik,Park,Jun-Seok 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

Convective smoke spread in a corridor is experimentally investigated using thermocouples and visualization technique with a laser beam sheet. The speed of smoke front under a ceiling is measured by a series of thermocouples. Visualization of the ceiling jet formation and of smoke filling process is carried out to observe the lowering of a smoke layer. From the results, a large-scale convective motion plays dominant roles for smoke spread in the vicinity of the end of the corridor from visualized photos along with temperature records. The large-scale convective motion of the smoke is generated from the impingement of the ceiling jet front on the end of the corridor, and thus turning the flows toward the floor. Such a circulating motion of fluid transports some smoke to some region where its momentum is effective. It is therefore shown that the conventional concept of lowering smoke in the two-layer zone model has some restrictions for the corridor because the lowering of smoke layer has been thought to be mass transport due to relatively small scale motions such as the decrease of buoyancy, mass diffusion and momentum exchanges.

유산양 유즙으로부터 분리된 세균의 분포 및 항균제 감수성 검사

김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim1 ),정지영 ( Ji Young Jung ),김선득 ( Seon Deuk Kim ),박준영 ( Jun Young Park ),조인영 ( In Young Cho ),신성식 ( Sung Shik Shin ),손창호 ( Chang Ho Son ),오기석 ( Ki Seok Ok ),허태영 ( Tai Young Hur ),정영훈 ( Y 한국동물위생학회 2012 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

The aim of this study was to isolate microorganisms from half milk samples of dairy goats by California mastitis test (CMT) during the lactation period and to further investigate the susceptibility of isolated organisms to antimicrobial drugs. From a total of 235 half milk samples with CMT scores of 2 or above from 366 dairy goats distributed throughout Jeonnam province, microorganisms were isolated from 198 (83.5%) samples either singly (99.0%) or in combination (1.0%). The most prevalent microorganism was the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., (44.4%, n=88) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (24.2%, n=48), Escherichia coli (11.1%, n=22) and Streptococcus spp. (7.6%, n=15). Isolated bacteria also included Bacillus spp. (2.5%, n=5), Pseudomonas spp. (2.5%, n=5), Micrococcus spp. (1.5%, n=3), Corynebacterium spp. (1.5%, n=3), Enterococcus facium (1.0%, n=2), Morganella morganii (0.5%, n=1) and Streptococcus agalactiae (0.5%, n=1). During the summer season, a high prevalence of all micro-organisms were observed in which Staphylococcus spp. (30.8%), Escherichia coli (8.6%), and Streptococcus spp. (5.6%) were among the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Staphylococcus spp. was also shown to be high in the winter (21.7%). In most samples, the presence of bacterial pathogens in goat milk led to the increase in the total somatic cell count (SCC). Most of the half milk samples of dairy goats with bacterial contamination showed SCC of ≥1×10(6) cells/ml (90.4%). Minor pathogens (11.4%) were more detected from milk samples with SCC of <1×10(6) cells/ml than major pathogens (4.1%), while the major pathogens tended to be higher from samples with SCC of ≥3×10(6) cells/ml. Susceptibility of these bacteria to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results indicated that more than 90% of bacteria isolated from CMT 2+ dairy goat half milk samples were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic, enrofloxacin and cephalothin while they were resistant to tetracycline (44.7%).

Protective Effects of N-acetylcystenine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in Rats

Yeo-sung Yoon,Sun-don Kim,Min-hye Lee,Heung-shik S.Lee,In-se Lee,Je-kyung Sung,Eun-sung Park 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Effects of N-acetylcysteine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in RatsEun-sung Park, Sun-don Kim1, Min-hye Lee, Heung-shik S. Lee, In-se Lee, Je-kyung Sung and Yeo-sung Yoon*

Covariant Harmonic-oscillator 波動函數의 直交關係

洪翰植,金英子 慶北大學校 文理科大學 1978 文理學叢 Vol.5 No.-

Orthogonality relations for the Kim-Noz covariant harmonic-oscillator wave function are discussed. It is shown that the wave functions belonging to different Lorentz frames satisfy an orthogonality relation. That is Φ_0^n(x)Φ^n'_η(x)d^4x=σ^nn'(1-β^2)^n+1/2 can be given following physical interpretalion: If η=0, the inner product becomes the three-dimensional inner product of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. If η≠0, this means that the rest-frame wave function should see the Lorentz contraction.

기하광학영역에서의 능동소나 표적신호합성

신기철,박재은,김재수,최상문,김우식 한국해양대학교 해양과학기술연구소 2001 硏究論文集 Vol.10 No.1

능동소나 시스템에서 표적신호의 근거리 정보가 중요해짐에 따라, 표적 음향산란 신호의 고유한특성을 분석하기 위해 실험적인 방법과 시뮬레이션 기법이 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 표적신호 합성을 위해 축소표적 반향실험을 수행하였고, 자료의 분석 결과 축소표적의 음향산란은 거울면 반사의 영향이 큰 것으로 분석되어, 표적신호 합성에서 기하광학이론을 응용하였다. 복잡한 형태의 표적을 여러 표본형상으로 분리하고, 각 표본형상의 기여도를 신호의 위상과 강도를 줌으로써 계산하였으며. 표적신호 합성모델의 검증을 위해 실제 축소표적 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 혁심용어: 기하광학이론. 음향산란, 거울면반사. 축소표적, 능동소나 투고분야: 수중음향 분야 (5.2) Since the near field iformation of target signal is important in the development and verification of active sonar system experimental method and simulation technique are widely used in order to analyze the detail characteristics of target scattered echoes. Therefore, in this paper, the scale target experiment is performed to develope and improve the target signal simulation model. Since the experimental results show that the specular reflection is the major component among scattering mechanisms, the target signal simulation model based on the Geometric Optics Theory (GOT) is developed. Complex target is separated into simple shapes, known as canonical shape. The contribution from individual canonical shapes are summed with proper phase and amplitude to produse the target strength of the whole complex body. Simulated target signal is compared with the experimental results fed discussed.

月經과 暴巫, 두 키워드로 본 ‘모략가’ 김유신

김태식(Kim, Tae-shik) 백산학회 2004 白山學報 Vol.- No.70

Kim Yu-shin(596-673.A.D.) has been the main target of criticism since the late 19th century among many Korean common people, and even historians, in respect with the way he suceeded to be related by marriage with Kim Chunchu, who was a man of influenceable as grandson of a dethroned king. Kim Yu-shin enticed Kim Chunchu to have sexual relationship with one of his two sisters, Bohee and Munhee. Kim Yu-shin’s original plan was to make the coulple of Kim Chunchu and Bohee, the older of two. But Kim Yu-shin had to replace Bohee with Munhee. So what happened to Bohee? One of the two aims in my these is this. Historical documents relating to it says (1) Bohee had an illness, (2) she was faced with an accident. Any document says what kind of an illness or accident she had. But I found the illness or accident was her monthky period by comparative study of the related documents. Kim Yu-shin found it out to make the other sister Munhee Kim Chunchu's air. His maneuvering suceeded, and Munhee becamed pregnant with Kim Chunchu's baby. But Kim Yu-shin was compelled to do another maneuver, because Kim Chunchu kept on evading the wedding with pregnant Munhee. Facing with an unexpected obstacle, Kim Yu-shin sent an ultimatum to Kim Chunchu. It was a threat to burn his sister to death by reason of her pre-marriage pregnancy without permission of his or his parents. But such a threat was a shrewd trick. Anyway Kim Yu-shin was about to fulfill the ritual of burning his sister in the open air at that time Sunduk, Princess and a successor to the throne was going on a picnic out of her palace. Kim Yu-shin’s trick was brilliantly successful by Sunduk’s command to Kim Chunchu to go quickly and save ‘your wife’ fron the fire. Then where are the trick of the burning of a woman concieved by Kim Yu-shin at the stake from? This was my second aim in the these. I proved it resulted from the ritual of Pokmu(暴巫), which literally means forcing a shaman out to the blazing sun especially in midsummer. Such a Pokmu was often fulfilled to pray for rain to Heaven in pre-modern Eastern Asia. Eastern Asian people believed that Heaven drops rain on pity of the suffering shaman. Kim Yu-shin extraordinarilly filled his purpose by advantage of the ritural of Pokmu.

추산당과 가야부인- 김정한론

김윤식(Kim, Yoon-Shik) 한국문학회 2008 韓國文學論叢 Vol.50 No.-

이 글은 김정한이 소설을 시시한 것이라 인식했음에서도 불구하고 어째서 그는 창작집 ｢낙일홍｣을 엮어 냈을까. 이 물음을 위해 씌어진다. 말을 바꾸면 이 창작집과 ｢모래톱 이야기｣이후 ｢인간단지｣(1970)에 이르기까지 후반부 김정한 소설의 연속성과 단절성을 검토함으로써 김정한 문학의 얻은 것과 잃은 것을 알아보기 위함이다. 더 좁혀 말해 이 글은 그의 문학 결정판인 ｢김정한 소설 선집｣(1974)에 스스로 <붉고 아름답게 빛난다>고 한 작품 ｢낙일홍｣(1940)이 어째서 흔적도 없이 사라지고 말았는가에 대한 소설사적 검토이다. ｢월광한｣에 나타나는 주인공의 삶의 자세는 주어진 현실 속에서 삶의 보람을 찾고자 하는 수동적 자세가 나타난다. 작가 김정한이 그의 창작을 총정리하는 ｢김정한 소설선집｣에서 ｢월광한｣과 ｢낙일홍｣을 제거한 것도 이와 무관하지 않다. 그렇다면 김정한 문학의 전반기는 기껏해야 데뷔작 ｢사하촌｣한 편에 모이고 마는 것인가. 만일 그렇다면 작가 김정한의 후반기의 저 우람한 몸부림과 창작적 열정 및 그 문학적 성과를 설명하기 어렵다. 이 설명을 의미있게 하기 위해서는 ｢추산당과 곁 사람들｣의 검토가 불가피해 진다. ｢추산당과 곁 사람들｣은 김정한의 전반기 문학을 대표하는 작품이다. 김정한의 전반기 문학의 최고봉이 ｢추산당과 곁 사람들｣이라 했을 때 무엇보다 문제적인 것은 비판적 지식인의 등장에서 온다. ｢사하촌｣에서는 단지 성동리 농민이 주인공일 뿐이며 따라서 근대소설의 자아개념과는 너무 먼 것이다. 작가 김정한으로 하여금 자각적인 개인을 문제 삼기 시작한 것이 아직 미숙하지만 나름대로 자의식을 가진 ｢항진기｣박두호이다. 그 연장선상에 ｢추산당과 곁사람들｣의 주인공 강명호가 놓인다. 이러한 자각적 지식인의 등장은 비로소 작가 김정한이 당시의 문단적 현실성에 눈떴음을 가리킴이다. 김정한의 후기 대표작은 ｢인간단지｣와 ｢수라도｣이다. 전자의 문학적 장치가 나병이라면 후자의 그것은 불교이다. 이 둘이 지역문학가 김정한을 전 문단적 작가로 이끌어 올린 주체성이다. 인간의 차별, 학대를 계층적 과제에서 해방시켜 나병이라는 보다 근본적인 차원으로 이끌어 올림으로써 ｢인간단지｣는 사회적 기능면에서 볼 때, ｢수라도｣를 능가했다. ｢수라도｣역시 불교가 지닌 계급성의 부조리에서 벗어나 인간세계를 불교적 의미의 아수라의 세계에로 승화시킴으로써 ｢사하촌｣에서 한 단계 끌어올렸다. 그 중에서도 ｢수라도｣가 문학적 성과에서 ｢인간단지｣에 앞선다. ｢인간단지｣의 중심과제인 나병도 ｢수라도｣의 중심과제인 불교도 원리적 또는 철학적 본질론에 닿지 못하고 피상적으로 처리되었지만, 작품 구성상 전자에 비해 후자의 밀도가 높기 때문이다. This theory was written by this question, "Even though Kim Geong-whan consider novels dull, how did he publish Sundown Flower. In other words, through studying the continuity and discontinuation in this work, Sands Story and through Human Crack (1970), I want to what was gained and lost in the literature of Kim Geong-whan. In more specific way, this theory is the investigation in point view of history of novel to fine the reason of the disappearance Sundwon Flower, which he mentioned that it is shining beautifully and crimsonly by itself in Anthology of Kim Geong-whan (1974) The attitude of main character in Moonlight is passive which he tries to find life's worth in given reality. It is not disconnected with that writer Kim Geong-whan removed Moonlight and Sundown Flower in his anthology. Then is his earlier work assembled in at most his debut work Saha village ? If that is so, it is difficult to explain such majestic gesture, creative passion of his later work and its literature worth. To explain this meaningfully, it is necessary to examine Chousan Group and neighboring people. Chousan Group and neighboring people is the masterpiece of his earlier works. If we call this as the most prominent figure of his earlier works, the most problematic issue is the appearance of critical elites. In Saha village, the characters are just villagers and they are highly distant from the concept of character in modern novels. In Period of Exacerbation, Park Du-ho was the first character who has immaturely self-consciousness by his own where Kim Geong-whan started to matter self-conscious individual. In this prolongation, there is the main character Gang Myung-ho of Chousan Group and neighboring people. This shows that at last the writer Kim Geong-whan had his eyes open to realities of literature of the times. The masterpieces of his later works are Human Crack and Sura island. The literature mechanism of the former is leprosy, the later is buddhism. These two are the identity which put the local writer Kim Geong-whan as whole republic of letters. Human Crack was superior to Sura island in social function in which the former put human discrimination and maltreatment the original level out of social problem. Also Sura island was advance from Saha viallge in which the former was out of the absurdity of social class and sublimate human world in Asuras. Among them, Sura island is superior to Human Crack in literature worth. Even though leprosy of Human Crack and Buddhism in Sura island were superficially treated not being approached to the essence of principle and philosophy, the former has a better organization of story than the later.

1930년대 비평과 주체의 수사학

김동식(Kim Dong-shik) 한국현대문학회 2008 한국현대문학연구 Vol.0 No.24

임화ㆍ최재서ㆍ김기림은 각자의 주제적인 관심에 따라 비평을 수행하면서 동시에 문학적 주체의 근거를 탐색했던 1930년대의 대표적인 비평가들이다. 이들은 원래부터 존재하는 것으로 여겨지는 자아(moi)가 아니라 비평공간의 상징적 질서 속에서 재/구성되는 주체(subject)를 한국근대문예비평사에서 본격적으로 문제삼은 최초의 비평가들이다. 이 글은 크게 두 부분으로 이루어진다. 첫 부분은 임화 최재서 김기림이 비평적 주제를 공유하고 논의를 펼쳤던 지점들에 대한 검토이다. 기교주의를 둘러싸고 임화와 김기림이 벌였던 논의, 김기림과 최재서에 의해서 논의된 풍자문학의 의미, 최재서의 리얼리즘 논의에 대한 임화의 대응 등이 그것이다. 두 번째 부분은 세 사람의 비평에 등장하는 주체의 수사학 또는 구성 원리에 대한 검토이다. 최재서의 경우 전통에 뿌리를 둔 자생적이고 통일적인 주체를 꿈꾸었다. 과도기적 혼돈성으로 요약되는 현대의 위기를 통일적인 주체성의 확립을 통해서 버텨나가고자 한다. 반면에 김기림은 시대적인 변화를 움직이며 관찰하는 주관성을 지향한다. 그의 이러한 원칙은 비평을 시작한 1930년대부터 납북되기 이전까지 조금의 변화도 보이지 않는 원칙이었다. 임화의 경우 변증법의 정지상태를 넘어설 수 있는 실천적 근거를 작품 또는 텍스트 속에서 집요하게 찾고 있다. 그에게 있어서 주체는 변증법의 살아있는 계기가 되는 것이었다. 2008년은 이들 세 사람의 비평가가 탄생 100주년이 되는 해이다. 2007 is the hundredth anniversary of the birth of the three representative literary critics in the 1930s, Choi Jae-Seo, Im Hwa, and Kim Gi-Rim. This article reviews interconnections between them through examining their criticisms. Kim and Im argued with each other in the technicalism debate, and as a result, Kim reorganized the composition of poetry of totality and Im moved forward the great romanticism. Meantime, Kim and Choi met in the field of satire. While Kim perceived sarcasm as a vehicle in that it made intellectualism go forward criticism of civilization, Choi suggested a split model of the subject from the satirical literature. Finally, Choi and Im met in the sphere of realism. Choi focused on the post-delimitation of realism but Im insisted the victory of realism which Balzac managed. In conclusion, Choi suggested a forming process of the unified subject as a principle of critique, Kim maintained the flexible subjectivity, and Im intended creative criticisms which could produce themselves.