한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

통신서비스 시장획정의 해외사례와 융합추세에 따른 주요 이슈 : Cases and Issues

김희수,김형찬,이상규,김민철,김정현 정보통신정책학회 2004 정보통신정책연구 Vol.11 No.1

최근 들어 유무선 통합 서비스 등 다양한 융합 서비스가 등장함에 따라 서비스간 경계가 모호해지고 있어 전통적인 시장분류 방신의 변화가 요구되고 있다. 본 논문은 해외 규제기판에서 채택하고 있는 시장회정의 방법론과 실제 회정 사례를 살펴보고 국내 시사점온 제시한다. 시장획정 방법론은 비판적 국가간 차이 없이 잘 수립되어 있어 원칙적으로 국내 도입에 큰 어려움이 없을 것으로 보이나 다양한 정량적, 정성적 지표에 대한 종합적 판단이 필요하고 새로운 융합형 서비스도입을 반영하는 실증적 방법론의 개발이 필요하므로 정책당국의 전문적 판단력 강화와 정책결정 과정의 공개화가 중요한 과제가 될 것이다. As a series of new services emerge recently as part of the convergence/integration phenomena, the traditional way of defining market boundaries in a mechanical manner needs to be changed. This paper reviews the methods of economic analysis for market definition adopted by the foreign regulatory authorities and its applications to telecommunications regulation. We find that the methods are well established without much difference among the regulatory authorities, thus implying little difficulty ahead in institutionalizing the market definition framework in Korea. But we also find that the telecommunications regulator of Korea needs to have more capability to make correct decisions out of a huge set of quantitative and qualitative data, particularly taking account of the impact of newly emerging services. Making a formal process of hearing public comments is deemed crucial as well.

담낭 방선균증 1예

김형수,정진원,김양수,우준희,송현순,류지소,김명환,김남중 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.5

저자들은 우상복부 통증과 소화불량을 주소로 내원한 83세 여자 환자에서 국내 최초로 담낭 방선균증을 진단하고 치료 관찰 중으로 이에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative and granulomatous disease, characterized by abscess formation, tissue fibrosis, and draining sinuses. Actinomycosis of the gallbladder is very rare and has not yet been reported in Korea. We report a case of actinomycosis of the gallbladder in an 80-year-old women with history of cholelithiasis for 3 years, preoperatively misidentified as gallbladder cancer. Histologic section of the gallbladder showed Gram-positive branching bacilli compatible with actinomyces. After cholecystectomy, the patient received intravenous ampicillin for 4 days, followed by amoxicillin for 4 months thereafter.

葛庵 李玄逸의 理學과 현실인식

김형수(Kim Hyeong-Su) 한국국학진흥원 2006 국학연구 Vol.9 No.-

17세기는 임진왜란ㆍ병자호란을 거치면서 조선사회의 ‘재조再造’의 요구가 점증하고 있었다. 당시 유학자들은 주자학에 근거하여 조선사회의 개혁방안을 모색해 나갔다. 이현일은 17세기 영남을 대표하는 성리학자로 숙종조 남인정권의 성립을 맞아 산림으로 출사하였다. 이현일은 갑술환국으로 인하여 숙종조 1차 남인정권이 성립하자 유일遺逸로 출사하였으나 당시 남인정권의 산림으로 ‘경남京南’인 허목ㆍ윤휴 등이 있었기 때문에 산림으로서의 활동은 미미했다. 이현일이 산림으로서의 지위를 굳히게 된 것은 기사환국己巳換局으로 2차 남인정권이 성립하면서부터였다. 이현일은 숙종 15년 산림으로 출사하면서 이현일은 높은 학문을 바탕으로 경연에서 실력을 발휘하여 숙종으로부터 깊은 신임을 받았고, 이현일은 경신환국에서 피화된 남인인사들의 신원을 달성하고, 후에 영조가 되는 왕자의 탄생에 즈음하여 세자와 왕자의 구분을 주장하는 적서구분의 논의를 전개함으로써 집권남인들이 발설할 수 없는 부분을 유현儒賢으로서 관철시키는 역할을 담당하였다. 하지만 이러한 이현일의 산림으로서의 활동은 숙종 20년 갑술환국으로 인하여 노론이 집권하게 되자 가혹한 보복을 당하게 하는 빌미가 되었다. 이현일이 집요한 노론의 공격을 받게 된 것은 정치적 반대론자로서 노론을 공척攻斥했다는 점은 물론 있었지만, 이현일의 남인산림으로서의 이론적 활동과 무관하지 않는 것이었다. 이현일은 숙종조의 조선사회를 존망存亡의 위기에 처해져 있는 것으로 진단하고, 그 원인으로 ‘사설邪說’이 횡횡하여 공도公道가 무너지고 왕법이 행해지지 않게 되었다고 비판하였다. 따라서 그는 ‘사설’의 핵심이 되는 율곡의 이기론理氣論과 인심도심론人心道心論에 대하여 격렬한 비판을 가하였으며, 이는 후에 이현일의 신원을 노론계에서 극력 반대하면서 강상죄인으로 취급하게 되는 배경이 되었던 것이다. 이현일은 1차 남인정권의 성립기 때 유형원의 벗이자 사돈이었던 배상유로부터 『반계수록』의 서문과 아울러 『반계수록』의 개혁안을 실행할 것을 권고 받았다. 사실 이현일은 젊은 시절부터 국가의 ‘경장更張’에 깊은 관심을 갖고 그 실행의 이론적 근거를 마련하기 위하여 중형仲兄 이휘일과 더불어 『홍범연의洪範衍義』를 편찬하는 등 이론적 모색을 추구하고 있었다. 그러한 상황에서 유형원의 『반계수록』을 접하고 “이고李?의 『평부平賦』나 임훈林勳의 『본정本政』과 같은 책이라도 이보다 낫지 않을 것이며, 그 대체의 규모로 말하더라도 두씨杜氏의 『통전通典』이나 구씨丘氏의 『대학연의보大學衍義補』에 비해 손색이 없을 것”이라고 칭송하였다. 이휘일의 사망으로 인하여 중단되었던 『홍범연의』의 편찬을 속행하여 숙종 12년 완성하였던 것도 그 영향이 없다고는 할 수 없을 것이다. 또한 이현일은 기사환국 이후 이현일은 산림山林으로 다시 출사하여 화폐유통貨幣流通 및 선사법選士法 등 시정時政에 대한 적극적인 의견을 개진하기도 하였다. 이는 유형원으로부터 영향을 받은 것이 아닌가 한다. The opinions insisting the reformation of Joseon Dynasty had increased in the 17th century after Imjinyoaeran(壬辰倭亂) and Byeongjahoran(丙子胡亂). Confucianists in those days sought the strategies of reformation on the base of neo-confucianism. Lee Hyunil was a leading Neo-confucian scholar of the Yeungnam academy(嶺南學派) who was appointed to Sanrim(山林) as Namin Party(南人) came into political power under King Sookjong rule. Lee was raised to Yuil(遺逸) due to the establishment of the first Namin regime under King Sookjong rule. However, Lee's roles as a Sanlim were not active because Heo Mok(許穆) and Yun Hu(尹?) of Kyeong-Nam(京南) were responsible for another Samlim of Namin regime in those days. The status as a Sanlim of Lee Hyunil was strengthened through the establishment of the second Namin regime right after Gisahwanguk(己巳換局). Lee Hyun-il gained the prestige of King Sookjong for his outstanding academic competence in literacy contests after rising to Sanlim in the 15th year of King Sookjong rule. Lee also exonerated Namin Party from a false charge during Gyeongsinhwanguk(庚申換局). Lee raised the dispute about Jeogseoguboon(嫡庶區分) contenting the distinction between a crown prince and princes at the time of birth of a prince who was crowned King Youngjo. Unfortunately Lee's activities as Sanlim were severely retaliated as Noron Party came into rower through Gabsulhwanguk(甲戌換局) in the 20th year of King Sookjong rule. Noron(老論) attacked Lee Hyunil for his academic activities as a Namin Sanlim and his political antagonism against Noron as well. Lee concluded Joseon Dynasty under King Sookjong rule at a critical national fate which was caused by the downfall of king's power as the absolute being and the disorder of national justice in relation to the proliferation of heterodoxy opinions in those days. He criticized that the core of heterodoxy opinions was Yulkog's Igiron(理氣論) and Insimdosimron(人心道心論). Due to Lee's influences on such circumstances in those days, Noron Party resisted severely Lee's exoneration and made him a moral offender. Bae Sangyu(裵尙愈), Yu Hyungwon(柳馨遠)'s friend and relative by marriage, recommended Lee to write the prefaces and new edition of 'Bangyeosurok(磻溪隧錄)' during the first Namin regime. In fact, Lee had been interested in the reform of the society and tried to seek theoretical foundation of action collaborating with Lee Hwil(李徽逸), his brother, for writing of 'Hongbumyeonwi(洪範演義)'. Lee praised that Yu Hyungwon's 'Bangyeosurok' was "better than Lee ao(李?)'s 'Pyeonbu(平賦)' or Lin xun(林勳)'s 'Bonjong(本政)' and was as much as Tu U(杜佑)'s 'Tongjeon(通典)' or Gu(丘)'s 'Daehagyeonwi(大學演義)'." 'Hongbumyeonwi(洪範演義)' that had been stopped by Lee Hwil(李徽逸)'s death was established by such influences at the 12the year of King Sookjong rule, As rising back to Sanlim after Gisahwangok, Lee Hyunil proposed actively administrative policies such as currency reform and official appointment, which might be influenced by Yu Hyunwon.

고립성 폐결절의 조직학적 진단에 있어서 경기관지폐생검의 진단적 가치

김치훈,김정주,왕준호,연규민,김형수,리원연,용석중,신계철 건국대학교 의과학연구소 2002 건국의과학학술지 Vol.12 No.-

Transbronchial lung biopsy(TBLB) is a relatively simple and convenient diagnostic tool in solitary pulmonary nodule(SPN) on chest radiograph, which is cannot be diagnosed through routine tests. To investigate the diagnostic value and diagnostic rate of TBLB according to the variable factor, we analyzed 69 patients with radiologically SPN lesion on chest radiograph which was confirmed histologically. A histologic diagnosis of TBLB was made in 47 of 69 patients(68.1%), in which 26 of 37(70.3%) with malignancy and 21 of 32(65.6%) with benign lesion. There were no significant differences in diagnostic yield according to age, sex and location of the lesion. The diagnostic rate tended to increase with the more than 5 pieces to acquired by TBLB. When the size of SPN was less than 3 ㎝, it cannot be diagnosed. In conclusion, TBLB is a diagnostic procedure with good yield and safety, but percutaneous needle aspiration, transbronchial needle aspiration, and bronchial washing fluid cytology may be a complementary procedure to overcome the limitation of TBLB and get higher diagnostic yield for SPN.

연 폭로가 남성호르몬에 미치는 영향

김형수,장성훈,이원진,최재욱,박종태,백남원,김록호 大韓産業醫學會 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.1

목 적 : 본 연구는 직업성 연 폭로근로자에서 연폭로가 남성 생식기계 독성중 성호르몬에 미치는 영향과 그 정도를 평가하고자 시도되었다.방 법 1998년 하반기에 실시한 일반, 특수건강진단자중 경기도 지역 직업성 연 폭로 근로자 33명과 과거 직업력에서 연 폭로가 없었던 사무직 근로자 33명을 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 연의 생물학적지표로는 혈색소, ZPP, 혈중 연, 및 요중 연을 이용하였으며, 성호르몬으로는 LH, FSH, testos-terone, SHBG 및 FTI를 이용하였다. 연 폭로 지표와 성호르몬과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 연의 생물학적 지표중 혈색소는 폭로군에서 대조군보다 유의하게 낮았으며, ZPP, 혈중 연및 요중 연등은 폭로군에서 대조군보다 유의하게 높았다. 성호르몬에서 FSH, testosterone, SHBG및 FTI는 모두 폭로군에서 대조군보다 낮았으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 폭로군의 성호르몬중에서 연령은 FSH 및 FTI, ZPP는 FSH, 혈중 연은testosterone과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 대조군에서 연령은 FSH, testosterone, SHBG 및 FTI와 흡연량은 FSH와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 연령군별 폭로군과 대조군의 성호르몬 비교에서 30-39세군의 FTI에서 폭로군이 대조군보다 유의하게 낮았으며 그 밖의 호르몬에서는 모두 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 연 폭로군의 FSH, Testosterone, SHBG 및 FTI가 대조군에 비교하여 낮았으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 그러나 폭로군에서 연의 생물학적 지표와 일부 성호르몬간에 유의한 상관관계를보였으며 이는 본 연구 대상 근로자의 연 폭로 수준이 일부 성호르몬에 영향이 있음을 보여주는 것으로 판단된다. 향후 이에 대한 지속적인 연구가 진행되어 야 할 것이다. Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between biological markers of lead exposure and level of sex. hormones in men occupationally exposed to lead. Methods : In this study, 33 male workers who employed at smelting and battery factories were compared with 33 male workers who were not exposed to lead. As biological markers of lead exposure, hemoglobin, ZPP, blood lead and urine lead were measured. As sex hormones, FSH, LH, testosterone, SHBG and FTI were determined. Results : Hemoglobin level was significantly lower in exposed than in nonexposed group. Level of ZPP, blood lead, and urine lead were significantly higher in exposed than in nonexposed group. There was a trend that level of FSH, testosterone, SHBG, and FTI was lower in exposed than in nonexposed group respectively, but there were no statistical significance. In exposed group, FSH level was correlated with age, ZPP, and blood lead; testosterone level was correlated with hemoglobin, blood lead, urine lead, and SHBG ; and FTI level was correlated with age. Conclusions : Level of some sex hormones were lower in exposed than in nonexposed group but there were no statistical significance between the exposed and the nonexposed group. But level of sex hormones were correlated with several biological markers of lead in exposed group. It suggests that occupational lead exposure might affect sex hormones.

멕시코와 네팔도입 고추 유전자원의 두 가지 점무늬병에 대한 저항성

조은형,김정훈,전수경,이지선,김병수 慶北大學校 農業科學技術硏究所 2005 慶北大農學誌 Vol.23 No.-

Pepper genetic resources consisting of introductions from Mexico and Nepal and susceptible and resistant controls were tested for resistance to gray leaf spot and to bacterial spot by serially inoculating the two disease pathogens, Stemphylium spp. first and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria next, with application of fungicide after evaluation of resistance to gray leaf spot first. KC866, KC872, KC902, KC905 were resistant to gray leaf spot in addition to known resistance sources, KC43, KC47, KC220, KC319, KC320, KC380. KC897 was on the top of the resistance sources list, even better than KC177(163192), and was followed by KC889, KC896, KC898, all of which were introductions from Nepal.

지역사회에서 형성된 사회적 지지와 근로자의 사회심리적 스트레스간의 관련성

임화영,김형수,최영환,장성훈,이건세,정최경희,오원기,최재욱,정춘화 대한산업의학회 2006 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Objective: This study was performed to examine the relationship between community-based social support and psychosocial distress in workers. Methods: The study subjects were 596 workers recruited from 11 companies in Chungju city. A structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographics, health-related behaviors, job characteristics, job stress, work-based social support, community-based social support and level of psychosocial distress. Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that workers with no chronic disease, exercise and sufficient sleep had a higher score of psychosocial distress than those with chronic disease, no exercise, and not enough sleep. Coworker's work-based social support and community-based social support were negatively associated with psychosocial distress. The R square value of total independent variables on psychosocial distress was 0.409, and that of community-based social support on psychosocial distress was 0.052. Conclusion: This study showed that community-based social support served as a protective factor against psychosocial distress in some workers. We recommend the establishment of a worksite stress reduction program in occupational level as well as community-based social support.

소규모 제조업에서 재해발생과 사업장 특성간의 관련성 분석

이건세,김형수,,장성훈,정최경희,오원기,최재욱,이관형,오지영 大韓産業醫學會 2006 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.18 No.2

목적: 소규모 제조업 사업장의 재해 발생 유무에 따른 사업장 조직 특성을 비교하여 재해 발생과 관련된 요인을 사업장 수준에서 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 한국산업안전공단이 실시한 2004년도 산업안전 보건 동향조사 자료 중 5인 이상 50인 미만 제조업 1,886개 사업장(가중치를 부여하여 추정한 모집단 사업장은 65,921개)의 재해(산재 및 공상, 경상 포함) 발생 여부와 사업장의 조직 특성(일반적 특성, 고용특성 및 산업안전보건 특성)간 다변량 분석을, 사업장의 일반적 특성은 지역, 산업형태, 업종 등이며, 고용특성은 전체 근로자중에서 생산직 근로자의 분포, 여성근로자의 분포, 1주일 평균 근로시간, 교대근무 등이며, 산업안전보건 특성은 안전관리자/보건관리자의 선임형태, 산업안전보건위원회, 노동조합, 매월 정기안전보건교육시간, 안전보건관리 규정, 안전보건활동 점수, 안전문화 점수 등이다. 결과: 다변량 분석결과 재해가 발생한 사업장이 갖는 특성은 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 사업장의 일반적 특성에서 지역별로는 경인권에 비해 전라권, 산업형태 면에서 원청에 비해 사외협력업체, 업종별로는 전자부품/통신에 비해 코크스/석유정제업, 목재/나무제품업, 음식료품, 조립 금속제품에서 위험도가 높았다. 둘째, 사업장의 고용 특성에서는 전체 구성원 중에서 생산직 근로자가 증가할수록 재해발생 사업장이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 여성근로자의 증가할수록 재해발생 사업장이 유의하게 감소하였다. 주당 근무시간이 증가할수록 재해 발생 사업장이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 교대 근무와 사업장의 재해발생과는 유의한 관련성이 없었다. 셋째, 사업장의 산업안전보건 특성에서는 안전관리자가 전임으로 근무할수록, 산안전보건위원회가 활발히 활동할수록, 노동조합이 설립될수록, 안전보건규정이 갖추어지지 않을수록, 정기보건교육시간이 많을수록, 안전문화수준이 낮을수록 재해발생 사업장이 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론: 소규모제조업에서 사업장의 조직 특성에 따라 사업장 재해율이 다름을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 산업재해의 예방을 위해서는 근로자 요인이외에도 사업장 수준에서의 관련요인에 대한 접근이 필요함을 의미한다. Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between injury occurrence and workplace organization in small-sized, manufacturing factories in Korea. Methods: Using data from the 2004 Occupational Safety and Health Survey in Korea, this study compared workplace organizational factors (general characteristics, employee characteristics and health and safety characteristics) with injury occurrence of 1,866 small-sized, manufacturing factories (65,921 population factories after weighting). General characteristics of factories comprised location, type and classification of industry. Employee characteristics comprised proportion of manual workers and female workers, average working hours per week and shiftwork. Health and safety characteristics comprised type of safety and health manager, committee for occupational safety and health, labor union, health and safety regulation, monthly health and safety training time, score of health and safety activity and score of safety culture. Results: The following characteristics of injury-occurrence in small-sized, manufacturing factories were determined by multivariate analysis. In terms of general characteristics, the risk of injury-occurrence was higher in Jeolla area than Gyeongin area in outside associate than other enterprises and in coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel, wood and products of wood, food products and beverages and fabricated metal products, except machinery and furniture industries than television and communication equipment and apparatus industries. In terms of employee characteristics, injury-occurrence significantly increased in factories with greater proportion of manual worker and with a higher rate of working hours per week. But significantly decreased in factories with a higher proportion of female workers. In terms of health and safety characteristics, injury-occurrence significantly increased in factories with a self-appointed safety manager, with unorganized union, with a more active committee for occupational safety and health, with unimplemented health and safety regulation, with longer monthly safety and health training time, and with a lower score of safety culture. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that several factors of workplace organization were significantly related with injury-occurrence in factories. These findings are supposed to raise the need for making effort in workplace organization to improve injury prevention.

인지도 조사에 의한 건국의대 의학과 교육목적 및 교육목표의 평가

박수경,김진국,김소정,김형수,이건세,장성훈 건국대학교 의과학연구소 2004 건국의과학학술지 Vol.14 No.-

This study was conducted to survey the recognition and accuracy for educational goal and objectives of College of Medicine, Konkuk University on students and professors with using 18 items of questionnaire from May 15 through June 30, 2004. The recognition for educational goal of College of Medicine, Konkuk University in participating students and professors were 93-95%. And recognition for 3 objectives of College of Medicine, Konkuk University on participating students and professors were 84-87%, 95% respectively. However the accuracy for detail educational objectives using other college of medicine were 46-59% in first student survey, 44-67% in second student survey and 58-72% in professor survey. Therefore it is need to advertize 3 objectives to students and professors. And it is also necessary to refine the contents of educational objectives to more suggesting directions than broad goal of ideal.