조세회피와 현금보유 관련성에 관한 연구

금보라(Keum, Bo Ra),권순창(Kweon, Soon Chang) 한국국제회계학회 2013 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.50

본 연구는 2006년부터 2011년 동안 상장 기업을 대상으로 조세회피와 현금 보유 관련성을 분석하여 조세회피에도 대주주 이익침해가 발생하는지를 검증하였다. 조세회피는 정부에서 기업으로 부(Wealth)가 이전되는 행위로 기업 주체인 경영자와 주주의 이해관계가 다를 수 있다. 특히, 우리나라는 대주주 중심의 소유구조로 의사결정 과정에서 대주주의 영향력이 크게 작용된다. 대주주의 영향력이 크면 소액주주에 대한 이익 침해가 나타날 수 있고, 현금(Cash)은 기회주의적인 경영자의 의사결정을 검증할 수 있는 검증도구로 활용될 수 있다. 검증 결과, 대주주 지분율이 높은 기업의 조세회피와 현금 보유는 양(+)의 관련성을 보였다. 대주주가 자신의 통제 하에 더 많은 현금을 축적하려는 유인이 작용한 것으로 분석된다. 대주주 중심 소유구조인 우리나라 기업 환경에서 조세회피로 인해 현금자산이 기업에 증가되지만, 증가된 현금은 소액주주들에게 돌아가지는 않았다. 대주주에 의한 이익 침해가 부의 이전 과정에서도 나타나고, 소액주주보다는 대주주에게 더 많은 부가 귀속되고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 조세회피에도 이익침해가설이 적용됨에 따라 대주주의 효율적인 통제와 소액주주 권리 보호 장치 마련이 필요하다. 본 연구는 조세회피를 주주-대리인 관계에서 검증해 보았다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다. 또한 조세회피에도 이익침해 가설이 적용되기 때문에 대주주 규제 방안이 필요하다는 점을 제시함으로서 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. In this paper, we analyse empirically the relations between tax avoidance and cash holdings of firms listed on Korea Securities Market. Tax avoidance is the transfer process of wealth from governance to firm and brings some cash into the firm. In the firm, manager and shareholder exist and have different ideas related that cash. Especially, the korea’s ownership structure is characterized by the dominance of one largest shareholder who typically participates in the management decisions. Prior research notes that the expropriation of minority shareholder hypothesis was verified, and that liquid assets such as cash represent a promising opportunity to investigate the implications of agency problems. We find that relations between tax avoidance and cash holdings are positive. It means that managers have incentives to increase the amount of funds under their control, and that high ownership concentration may result in the expropriation of minority shareholder such as not paying out dividend. In short, the largest ownership negatively affected the transfer process of the wealth of the tax avoidance. This paper contributes to examining the tax avoidance in a point of view between a manager and a stockholder, and to referring to strengthen a legal and institutional safeguard for minority shareholders.

대장게실 출혈 및 천공의 진단 및 치료

금보라 ( Bo Ra Keum ) 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회지 Vol.85 No.6

Diverticular disease is not uncommon problem in clinical practice, and sometimes causes serious complication such as lower gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation. The severity of both diverticular complications can differ. Most of diverticular bleeding stops spontaneously, but if a massive bleeding is presented, quick and optimal decision to find the focus of the bleeding and to treat the bleeding lesion using colonoscopy, abdominal CT, and angiography should be required. It is important to understand which procedure is indicated and what measures should be considered before moving to the next diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in individual cases. Diverticular perforation usually accompanies abscesses or peritonitis. Based on the CT classification of diverticular perforation, antibiotics and percutaneous drainage can be one of the choices for treatment in abscesses without general peritonitis. In case of free wall perforation and generalized peritonitis, it has been thought that Hartmann`s procedure should be carried out. However, recently several reports demonstrated that the less invasive procedure such as laparoscopic lavage can be the treatment option for purulent peritonitis without fecal contamination. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of diverticular bleeding and perforation based on current literature are discussed in this review. (Korean J Med 2013;85:571-577)

프로톤 펌프 억제제 종류에 따른 Helicobacter pylori 제균 효과 비교 - Omeprazole, Rabeprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole -

금보라 ( Bo Ra Keum ),이상우 ( Sang Woo Lee ),김세윤 ( Se Yune Kim ),김민정 ( Min Jeong Kim ),정록선 ( Rok Son Choung ),임형준 ( Hyung Joon Yim ),진윤태 ( Yoon Tae Jeen ),이홍식 ( Hong Sik Lee ),전훈재 ( Hoon Jai Chun ),엄순호 ( S 대한소화기학회 2005 대한소화기학회지 Vol.46 No.6

감사위원회 특성이 조세회피에 미치는 영향

금보라(Keum, Bo Ra),권순창(Kweon Soon Chang) 한국국제회계학회 2014 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.54

본 연구는 감사위원회 제도가 조세회피에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 관해 분석하였다. 감사위원회 제도는 회계보고의 투명성 제고를 위해 도입된 장치이다. 선행연구에서는 이익조정, 회계오류수정, 회계부정과 같이 재무회계 논의가 주를 이루고 있어, 세무회계의 주요 논점인 조세회피와의 관련성 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 또, 감사위원회는 도입보다 그 구성과 운영이 더 중요하다고 제시된 바 있다. 이러한 점을 감안하여 본 연구에서는 감사위원회 특성과 조세회피의 관련성을 분석하였다. 감사위원회 특성을 독립성, 전문성, 활동성으로 구분하여 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 감사위원회 특성 중 전문성과 활동성이 조세회피와 유의한 음(-)의 관련을 보였다. 감사위원회에 회계・재무 전문가가 존재할수록, 감사위원회 회의가 빈번히 개최될수록 조세회피는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 감사위원회 독립성과 조세회피는 유의한 결과를 보이지 못하였다. 선행연구에서 주로 독립성이 이익조정, 회계부정을 감소시킨다는 연구결과와는 다소 상반된 결과를 보였다. 실증 분석 결과로 볼 때, 우리나라 기업 환경에서 감사위원회 사외이사는 대부분 대주주나 경영진의 추천에 의해 선임되기 때문에 실질적으로 독립성을 갖기가 어려운 것으로 분석된다. 따라서 독립성 확보가 미약한 감사위원회는 조세회피를 감소시키지 못한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 그동안 재무회계에서 논의 되어 왔던 감사위원회 제도의 효과성을 세무회계에서 접목시켰다는 것에 연구 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 분석 결과를 바탕으로 향후 감사위원회의 구성과 운영에 정책 보안적인 자료로 활용되길 기대한다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the audit committee and tax avoidance. An audit committee has been introduced to enhance management transparency and reliable financial reporting. Empirical evidences have briefly the result of the relationship between the audit committee and earnings management, financial statement fraud, accounting errors just in financial accounting territory. We does not analyze into tax accounting territory. The extant studies have provided empirical evidence that reasonable composition and implement of the audit committee are the important elements for its success. This study investigates the relationship between the characteristics of the audit committee measured its independence, expert, activity and tax avoidance. The results of the study are followed: Not only the relation between expert and tax avoidance but also the relation between activity and tax avoidance are significantly negative. We find that the audit committee’s expert and activity contribute to deter tax avoidance. It is interesting not to prove the relation between independence and tax avoidance. It is difficult to guarantee the audit committee’s independence because outside directors are elected by the largest shareholder or manager. There is a meaningful attempt to turn the financial accounting’s arguments about the characteristics of the audit committee into tax accounting territory. An empirical result of this paper suggests the valuable insight into the composition and regulation of audit committee for Korea regulator.

초등학생의 전지구적 및 지역적 환경 문제에 대한 인식 조사

장보라 ( Bo Ra Jang ),소금현 ( Keum Hyun So ),심규철 ( Kew Cheol Shim ),여성희 ( Sung Hee Yeau ) 한국초등과학교육학회 2009 초등과학교육 Vol.28 No.2

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With or Without Peripheral Neuropathy

( Sehe Dong Lee ),( Bo Ra Keum ),( Hoon Jai Chun ),( Young Tae Bak ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2011 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.17 No.3

Background/Aims Patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) were known to have higher prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Recent studies have shown that neuropathy has positive role on the development of GERD in type II DM, although its pathogenesis has not been fully understood yet. The aim of this study was to investigate whether neuropathy really contribute to the development of GERD and typical GERD symptoms in patients with type II DM in Korea. Methods One hundred and nineteen patients with type II DM who had given informed consents were enrolled. All patients underwent electromyography to check the presence of peripheral neuropathy, face-to-face interview to evaluate their typical GERD symptoms and esophagogastroduodenoscopy to look for the presence of erosive esophagitis. Ninety-five patients were finally included for this study and they were divided according to the presence or absence of the peripheral neuropathy. Results The mean age of 95 patients was 59.3 ± 9.1 years and the mean disease duration of DM was 9.3 ± 5.9 years. Typical GERD symptoms were similarly found in both groups with and without peripheral neuropathy (23.6% vs 22.8%, P = 0.921). Erosive esophagitis was more prevalent in patients with neuropathy than in those without neuropathy (31.5% vs 10.5%, P = 0.022). Conclusions In patients with type II DM, peripheral neuropathy is an independent risk factor for the erosive esophagitis. However, peripheral neuropathy did not contribute to the presence of the typical GERD symptoms.

Implication of Repeated Review in Capsule Endoscopy for the Detection of Abnormal Lesions

( Kang Won Lee ),( Bo Ra Keum ),( Seung Han Kim ),( Jae Min Lee ),( In Kyung Yoo ),( Hyuk Soon Choi ),( Eun Sun Kim ),( Yoon Tae Jeen ),( Hoon Jai Chun ),( Hong Sik Lee ),( Chang Duck Kim ),( Ho Sang 대한내과학회 2015 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Background: About 40,000 to 60,000 images are analyzed for a complete interpretation of a single capsule endoscopy case. Diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy for occult gastro-intestinal bleeding is between 60 and 70 percents. However overall abnormality detection rate is roughly 30 to 50 percents due to excessive workload which can result in examiners missing significant lesions during the review of capsule endoscopy images. Because of the poor detection rate, meticulous analysis ofimages has become critical for safe patient-care. Impact of re-review on the detection rate of abnormal lesions is not known. In this study, we compare the detection rates of abnormal findings in different re-review methods for capsule endoscopy. Methods: Capsule endoscopy for 20 patients were conducted. Indications include obscure gastro-intestinal bleeding, small bowel tumor and chronic abdominal pain. Four endoscopists interpreted capsule endoscopy images. Second reviews were performed by the same clinician (A-A) and other clinician (A-B). Three modes of interpretation of capsule endoscopy were compared; A vs. A-A vs. A-B. PillCami SB, GiveniImaging Ltd. was used for the evaluation. Collected images were reviewed with RAPID Readeri 5. Consensus standard of small bowel diagnosis had been established by joint review sessions with highly experienced endoscopists. Results: The mean age of subjects was 52.4±20.03 (12 Male, 8 Female). The detection rate of the re-reviewed group done by a single clinician (A-A) was higher than the single review group (A) (82.7% vs. 55.5%, p<0.05). The detection rate of re-analysis by different clinicians (A-B) was also higher than the single review group (A) (85.5% vs. 55.5%, p<0.05). Conclusions: Because re-reviewing capsule endoscopy added more information for patients, re-review may be effective enough to be considered as a routine interpretation protocol.

기능성 소화불량증의 진단: 체계적인 문헌고찰

정혜경 ( Hye Kyung Jung ),금보라 ( Bo Ra Keum ),조윤주 ( Yoon Ju Jo ),지삼룡 ( Sam Ryong Jee ),이풍렬 ( Poong Lyul Rhee ),강영우 ( Young Woo Kang ) 대한소화기학회 2010 대한소화기학회지 Vol.55 No.5

This review tried to set up an initial diagnostic strategy in patients with functional dyspepsia. Dyspepsia was defined as chronic or recurrent pain, or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen (i.e., epigastrium), excluding heartburn and acute abdominal conditions. We reviewed the available data in order to produce currently applicable recommendations for the diagnosis of dyspepsia in Korea. Two investigators independently conducted an independent literature search of published reports on dyspepsia and diagnosis, including alarm symptoms, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) test, empirical pharmacological therapy, and early upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. The evidence concerning alarm features does not allow clear guideline whether early endoscopy should be performed or not. In Asia, including Korea, the prevalence of H. pylori and gastric cancer are high. Therefore, `H. pylori test and treatment` strategy is not suitable for the initial diagnostic approach for uninvestigated dyspepsia. Long-term empirical pharmacological therapy is not recommended in Korea because of the possibility of missing or delaying the diagnosis of gastric cancer. There have been a lot of evidences showing that early upper GI endoscopy might be more effective than empirical medication, which is different from Western countries. However, cut-off age for early endoscopy is not clear, especially in case of young age. Further research is necessary to define highrisk age for gastric cancer and for a health economic study in the management of patients with dyspepsia in Korea. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2010;55:296-307)

화병 진료지침 개발을 위한 한약 임상시험 방법론 연구

김석환 ( Seok Hwan Kim ),박보라 ( Bo Ra Park ),최금애 ( Keum Ae Choi ),임현주 ( Hyun Ju Lim ),이상룡 ( Sang Ryong Lee ),정대규 ( Dae Gyu Jung ),김락형 ( Rak Hyung Kim ),김태헌 ( Tae Hun Kim ),김경옥 ( Kyung Ok Kim ),정인철 ( In Ch 대한한방신경정신과학회 2009 동의신경정신과학회지 Vol.20 No.2

Objectives: To address most probable and suitable method for designing clinical trial intervening Traditional Korean Herbal Medicine on hwa-byung. Study Design: A systematic review of research studies of complementary and/or alternative medical(CAM) treatment of depression, and of domestic clinical trials of Traditional Korean Medicine, and of Chinese clinical trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Methods: Randomized, controlled trials(RCTs) of treatment of depression intervening herbal medicine were searched through MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI databases. Also, domestic RCTs intervening Traditional Korean Herbal Medicine were searched through Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal and Korean studies Information Service System(KISS). Studies were evaluated using Jadad scale and self-designed tool for this study. Results: Thirty four RCT studies(10 from MEDLINE, 16 from CNKI, 8 domestic studies) of herbal medicine met inclusion criteria. Mean Jadad score of studies published in English was 2.8±0.79, in Chinese 1.94±0.77, and in Korean 2.75±0.71. Twenty one percent of studies included pattern differentiation in their inclusion criteria. Twenty nine percent of studies used combined treatment of herbal and conventional medicine. Among studies on depression, 9% included Complementary Medical assessing tools. Conclusions: There is shortage of domestic clinical trial involving herbal medicine. In China, studies tend to focus on investigating effect of Combined treatment of herbal and conventional medicine on depression. Clinical trial(s) of hwa-byung should provide good internal validity by describing methodology for randomization, double-blinding, and attrition. Also, specific guideline for clinical trial, including Traditional Korean Medical aspects across inclusion criteria, and assessing tools is needed.

지방세포 신호와 소화기 질환

전훈재 ( Hoon Jai Chun ),금보라 ( Bo Ra Keum ),엄창섭 ( Chang Sub Uhm ) 대한소화기학회 2006 대한소화기학회지 Vol.48 No.2

For the regulation of energy balance in various internal organs including gut, pancreas and liver, visceral adipose tissue and brain perform important sensing and signaling roles via neural and endocrine pathway. Among these, adipose tissue has been known as a simple energy-storing organ, which stores excess energy in triglyceride. However, it became apparent that adipocytes have various receptors related to energy homeostasis, and secrete adipocytokines by endocrine, paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. In this review, basic roles of adipocytes in energy homeostasis and the correlation between adipocyte signals and digestive diseases are discussed. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2006;48:67-74)