Do Humans and Animals Innately Possess Morality, and Are Animals Capable of Moral Actions Like Humans?- A Comparison of Matteo Ricci and Zhu Xi

이종우 한국기독교사회윤리학회 2024 기독교사회윤리 Vol.59 No.-

Do both humans and animals innately possess morality? Can animals commit moral actions like humans? These topics have been important across the ages and in all countries. Matteo Ricci criticized Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism on these issues. In this article, I compare their claims in this article. According to Ricci, onꠓly humans have been inherently endowed with morality by the supreme good, the Lord of Heaven, but have inherited evil due to the original sin of the first ancestor, Adam. Therefore, they inherently possess both good and evil, have the ability to choose between them, and can thus commit both good and evil acts. In contrast, animals are not endowed with morality but only instinct by the Lord of Heaven; therefore, they cannot commit moral actions. Unlike Ricci, Zhu Xi argued that both humans and animals are inherently endowed with morality because they were created by the movement of qi (氣 material force) following the good li (理 principle). However, humans possess all morals, whereas animals possess only one because humans’ qi is perfect, while animals’ qi is not. Consequently, humans can commit all moral actions, whereas animals can perform only one. For example, tigers and wolves innately have benevolence, which is exemplified by a mother’s love for her babies, and bees and ants innately have and act on righteousness, which is demonstrated by their loyalty to their ruler. Therefore, Ricci criticized Zhu’s concept of li because li is inherent within things and thus depends on them, making it incapable of creating all things like the Lord of Heaven. Ricci’s view was based on faith in the Lord of Heaven creating all things, while Zhu’s view was based on the law of nature, meaning all things are created by the movement of qi (氣 material force) following li (理 principle).

광반응 고분자를 이용한 단일체와 이합채의 합성 및 액정 광배향특성 비교

이종우,김학원,김홍두 한국고분자학회 2000 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2000 No.10

유기 투명전도막

이종우,송승욱,김철환,윤현남,Lee, Jong-U,Song, Seung-Uk,Kim, Cheol-Hwan,Yun, Hyeon-Nam 한국정보디스플레이학회 2006 인포메이션 디스플레이 Vol.7 No.1

'한마음선원'의 특징과 의의

이종우 한국종교학회 2013 宗敎硏究 Vol.71 No.-

Hanmaum Seon Center is a kind of huge temple which is located in downtown. It was built at 101-62, SeokSu-Dong, Anyang-Si, Kyeonggi-Do in 1971. It has various organizations, and they have performed various activity. Hanmaum Seon Center have adjusted urbanization well. Originally when Hanmaum Seon Center was opened, it is located in a sequestered village. However the place where Hanmaum Seon center was located in was exploited in 1988. Hanmaum Seon center became a huge temple as its neighborhood was developed. Hanmaum Seon Center has concentrated on propagation. Various organizations of Hanmaum Seon Center have fulfilled for propagation, and huge scale of Hanmaum Seon Center is positive effect for propagation. However, Hanmaum Seon Center reveals perfect temple arrangement as a Buddhism temple. It has a stupa called ChilBoThap, and there are statues of the Buddha and Bodhisattva on every floors. This means that the building has every elements as a temple. Hanmaum Seon Center is a temple that is affected by founder with charisma. DaeHaeng, who is the founder of Hanmaum Seon Center, is thought that she has great charisma by people who attend to Hanmaum Seon Center, and charisma has affected to growth of Hanmaum Seon Center.

이황과 이이의 사단칠정설에 대한 정조와 정약용의 문답 속 평론 비교 - 성리학과 서학과 관련하여 -

이종우 열상고전연구회 2024 열상고전연구 Vol.82 No.-

지금까지 정약용의 이황과 이이의 사단칠정설에 대한 해석을 연구한 논문이 있 었지만 정조의 질의와 정약용의 답변을 연구한 논문이 없었기 때문에 본고에서는 그것을 연구한다. 정조와 정약용은 이이가 기는 발동하고 그 원인은 리라고 주장 했던 관점에 근거하여 이황의 사단은 이발(理發)이고 칠정은 기발(氣發)이라는 주장을 비판적으로 보았던 것이 공통점이다. 왜냐하면 이황의 그 설은 리와 기를 분리시켰기 때문이다. 이러한 이황의 설은 주희의 설을 보완한 것이기 때문에 정 조의 비판은 주희의 설도 포함된다. 이에 대하여 정약용도 정조의 해석에 동의하 였으나 그는 리가 기에 의지한다고 여겨 이이의 이기설이 옳다고 여겼는데 그것은 천주교 선교사 이마두가 쓴 천주실의의 영향을 받았고, 선교사 이류사가 쓴 부 득이변의 영향을 받았을 것이라고 여겨진다. 더욱이 그것은 정약용에게 천주교 를 소개한 이벽의 이황과 이이에 대한 평론과 달랐다. 하지만 이이는 정약용과 같 이 리는 기에 의지한다고 말하지 않았고, 오히려 무위(無爲)인 리가 유위(有爲) 인 기를 주재한다고 주장하였다. 따라서 정약용의 이이의 이기개념에 대한 해석은 이이의 뜻과 달랐다. 정약용과 달리 정조는 이이의 입장에서 그의 이기설을 정확 하게 해석하였다. 만약 정약용의 이이 이기설 해석이 서학서의 영향을 받았다는 것을 알았다면 비판했을 것이다. 하지만 그러한 비판은 하지 않았고, 오히려 최고 라고 평가하였다. 왜냐하면 정약용의 그것이 이노춘을 비롯한 경사강의에 참여한 학자들의 답변과 성균관유생들의 답변서와 달리 창의적이라고 정조는 생각했기 때문이다. Up to the present, research related to Jeong Yakyong’s review of Yi Hwang’s ideas about the mutual movement of liand qiand Yi I’s Four–Seven theory has focused on the movement of qiand liriding on qi. However, no research has addressed the debate between King Jeongjo and Jeong. This paper aims to fill that gap. In the debate, Jeongjo criticized Yi Hwang’s Four-Seven theory because he adhered to Yi I’s theory. Jeongjo regarded lias the principle of the movement of qi, which means that liand qicannot be separated, and he critiqued Yi Hwang’s theory on this basis. Jeong also agreed with Jeongjo’s view but regarded it as the dependence of lion qi.In this, Jeong was influenced by Matteo Ricci’s Tianzhu shiyiand possibly also by Ludovico Buglio’s Budeyi bian. A departure from Yi Byeok’s interpretation of Yi Hwang and Yi I is evident, although it was Byeok who introduced Jeong to Catholicism. Yi I’s and Jeong’s interpretations differ because Yi I claimed that the root of qicould be found in li. Jeong disagreed, but Jeongjo’s interpretation of Yi I is accurate. If Jeongjo knew that Jeong had been influenced by Tianzhu shiyi and Budeyi bian, he would have criticized him; however, Jeongjo was unaware, and he evaluated Jeong’s writing as the best because he considered Jeong to be a superior creative compared to Yi Nochun’s reply and that of Sungkyunkwan’s students.

구룡포항의 개발과 파급효과에 관한 연구

이종우 한국항해항만학회 1990 한국항해학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Numerical model simulations are conducted for the evaluation of the water level variation in and out of the harbor due to the development and improvement of a harbor. The method used for the numerical analysis is the hybrid element method which includes energy dissipation due to imperfect reflection at the shore boundary and friction at the bottom. The model also includes the radiation condition on the open boundary by the analytic formulation and is applied to a real harbor, Guryongpo Harbor at the east coast of Korea. The result of experiment within the selected wave frequency band shows that the amplification factor out of the harbor is more than 2.0 at 32 sec period and strong responses near 20 sec, 25 sec, 54 sec periods in the harbor. Moreover, simulation results indicate that other longer wave periods affect to the variation of water level and horizontal water particle velocity exist. Thus, it seems to be necessary to modify the planform and the design of the harbor structures for the coming development.

원형파이프의 규칙적 변형구조를 이용한 충격에너지 흡수 특성에 관한 연구 ( A study on Impact energy absorbing characteristics of the cylindrical pipe in progressive folding mechanism )

이종우,신용석,김진우 대한기계학회 1998 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.- No.-

판매촉진 강화를 위한 패키지디자인의 캐릭터에 관한 연구

이종우 한국상품문화디자인학회 2004 상품문화디자인학연구 Vol.15 No.-

결정성 이오노머의 열민감성 약물방출특성

이종우,박정기 한국고분자학회 1998 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.1998 No.10

함정 전투 시스템의 신뢰성 및 보안성 향상을 위한 블록체인 기반의 데이터 공유 기법

이종우,김형진,이재민,전태수,김동성 한국통신학회 2022 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.47 No.6

This paper proposes a Blockchain-based Data Sharing Scheme (B-DSS) to improve the reliability and security of a naval combat system. The proposed scheme stores the shared data in the blockchain through the consensus algorithm process. By comparing the current block hash value and the previous block hash value of the stored data, it is possible to check whether there is a change in the existing stored data. In addition, the delay that may occur due to the application of the blockchain was improved through the validation algorithm of B-DSS. Through simulation tests, it was shown that B-DSS improved usability by securing real-time by reducing the time required for data sharing compared to the consensus algorithm method applied to the existing blockchain. In addition, it was shown that data inside the naval combat can be distributed and stored in the blockchain to improve reliability and security through data integrity and change tracking compared to the existing data sharing method. 본 논문은 함정 전투 시스템의 신뢰성 및 보안성 향상을 위해 블록체인 기반의 데이터 공유기법(B-DSS, Blockchain-based Data Sharing Scheme)을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 공유하는 데이터를 합의 알고리즘 과정을통해 블록체인에 저장한다. 저장한 데이터의 현재 블록 해시값과 이전 블록 해시값을 비교하여 기존에 저장된 데이터의 변동에 대한 유무를 확인할 수 있다. 또한, B-DSS의 유효성 검토 알고리즘을 통해 블록체인 적용으로 발생할 수 있는 지연을 개선하였다. 모의시험을 통해 B-DSS가 기존 블록체인에 적용된 합의 알고리즘 방식 대비, 데이터 공유 소요 시간을 감소시켜 실시간성 확보를 통해 사용성이 개선됨을 보였다. 또한, 함정 내부의 데이터를블록체인에 분산 저장하여 기존 데이터 공유 방식 대비, 데이터 무결성 및 변경 추적을 통해 신뢰성 및 보안성향상을 기대할 수 있음을 보였다.