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규제위반에 대한 행정부의 금전적 제재: 공정거래법상 과징금 수준의 결정요인에 관한 실증분석
금일중 ( Il Joong Kim ),금진호 ( Jin Ho Kim ),변재욱 ( Jae Wook Byeon ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2010 서울대학교 法學 Vol.51 No.1
주요 국가들에서는 다양한 공공정책 분야의 규제위반자에게 행정부도 `금전적 제재`를 부과한다. 본고의 목적은 금전적 행정제재의 대표적 예이자 한국에서 그 사용이 급증하고 있는 `과징금제도`의 주요 속성들을 현행 법제 및 경제논리로써 추론한 후, 실제 부과과징금에 그들이 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가에 관한 실증분석을 하는데 있다. 100개가 훨씬 넘는 숫자의 행정규제법 분야에서 과징금조항을 두고 있지만 아직은 공정거래법에 의한 부과가 압도적으로 높은 비중을 차지하고 있으므로, 연구의 효율성을 위하여 본고의 분석대상을 공정거래법으로 획정하였다. 표본추출기간 동안 전수 수집된 공정거래위원회의 심결자료로써 시도된 실증분석 결과, 본고에서 실험적으로 고안된 크게 세 가지 그룹(경제, 법제, 실증)에 속하는 대리변수들은 대체로 고르게 높은 통계적 설명력을 가지면서 종속변수(부과과징금액)의 총 8할 이상을 설명하였다. 경제이론에 의하면 최적 과징금제도의 요체는 규제위반자가 야기한 `피해규모`와 해당 위반행위의 `적발확률`이다. 실증분석결과 `피해규모` 부분은 실제 과징금 산정과정에 법제의 취지대로 일정 수준 반영되고 있었다. 나아가 매우 실험적으로 고안된 한 대리변수의 설명력으로 미루어 `적발확률` 역시 반영되고 있다는 경험적 발견을 할 수 있었지만, 이와 직결된 실제 법집행과정의 검토 및 대체대리변수의 발굴을 통하여 향후 재검증이 필요해 보인다. 이상의 실증분석결과를 바탕으로 향후 좀 더 효율적인 제도의 고안을 위한 몇 가지 정책함의 및 후속연구들을 제시한다. 이 연구결과가 과징금제도에 관한 법학계의 그간 축적된 연구들과 상호보완성을 갖기를 기대한다. This article probes into the legal and economic grounds underlying the administrative monetary penalty (i.e., surcharge), the use of which has been growing very rapidly as a monetary penalty against the violation of numerous areas of public policy in Korea. Subsequently, it empirically examines the major determinants of the surcharge amounts actually imposed. Although the surcharge is stipulated in more than 100 substantive laws, we focus on the Korean Fair Trade Law, the reason being that its imposition, both in frequency and scale, has been overwhelming especially in the area of antitrust and unfair trades. We use surcharge cases decided by the Fair Trade Commission. According to the estimation results, most of the proxies included in three groups (ECO, LAW, CONTROL) experimentally designed for this article command high explanatory power, statistically explaining around 80% of the dependent variable. From the economic perspective, the essence for warranting the optimal surcharge system is to reflect accurately the `harm level` caused by a violator and the `detection probability` of violation. Our empirical investigation reveals that the former has been adequately reflected. In addition, the latter seems to have been taken into account, too, although it is unclear to how much extent the result has actually been the outcome of the Commission`s intentional efforts. Finally, this article offers critical policy implications and future research agenda derived from the overall empirical analyses in order to construct a more efficient system of surcharge in longer terms.
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李宗錫,金一中 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 1978 農業技術硏究報告 Vol.5 No.2
For the development of natural ornamental plants, an investigation was carried out about the vegetation of Soheuksan-do and Hong-do, islands located far in the southwestesn part of the Korean peninsular. The vegetation of Soheuksan-do was abundant. The dominant species were Machilus thunbergii, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, and Camellia japonica. Regarding the development of natural ornamental plants, 27 families and 54 species were reported in this investigation. Among these species there were 8 species including Calanthe discolor, Epipactis falcata, Dendrobium moniliforme, Goodyera maximowiczii, and Liparis krameri in Orchidaceae. The vegetation of Hong-do was similar to that of Soheuksan-do, but less abundant. Supplementary 10 species were reported in this investigation. Epipactis falcata and Dendrobium moniliforme were almost exterminated in these islands because of indiscriminating gathering. Therefore these species must be protected immediately.
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朴洪民,金永錫,金昇坤,金溢中 全北大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.24 No.-
This study was performed for the purpose of the physical and mechanical properties of Rhyolite, Andesite, Granite-gneiss, Quartz-porphyry, in Deogon mine. The main results obtained were as follows ; (1) The angle of internal friction and the brittleness of samples were proportioned to the ratio of compressive strength to Brazillian tensile strength. (2) The shear strength by the equation (3-3-2) was nearly equal to that on the common tangent line of Mohr's circle. (3) The stress-volumetric strain curves of all samples were divided into three stages ; the preexisting cracks were clossed at the first stage(Ⅰ), the linear elastic deformation occurred because of frictional sliding on crack face at the second stage (Ⅱ), the micro-crack was started in the sample at the third stage (Ⅲ). and the lateral strain was greater that the axial strain at the failure stage of the sample. (4) The lowering ratio of Brazilian tensile strength for dry state and saturation state of samples were high in the following order ; Quartz-porphyry, Andesite, Rhyolite, Granite-gneiss. (5) The normal stress acting on failure plane was proportioned to the compressive strength. (6) The store energy was proportioned to the strain energy.
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