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황금중 한국교육사학회 2005 한국교육사학 Vol.27 No.1
This study aims to review on the whole the history of research dealing with Hwarangdo(花郞徒) education in Silla(新羅) period and to propose the future research vision for that subject. The research of Hwarangdo education is of great significance not only for examining the representative education style of Silla period but also for searching the typical education mode native to Korea since Gochosun(古朝鮮) period. And to satisfy these two research interest simultaneously, it is needed to investigate deeply the historic origin of Hwarangdo education. But most established researches of Hwarangdo education have not satisfied enough this need, and not explained systematically the characteristics of Hwarangdo education in concern with the problems of historic origin. The understandings of the historic origin of Hwanrangdo education are very diverse: shamanism(Musok), young boys group since Samhan(三韓) period, high grade religion or thoughts native to Korea, chinese religion or thoughts, political condition of Silla period, and so forth. I think that, among these several viewpoints, the theory of "high grade religion or thoughts native to Korea" is the most persuasive as the view of historic origin and characteristics of Hwarangdo education. To make clear deeply the entity of Hwarangdo education, we should comprehend seriously the issues of the origin in the future research. Furthermore, the research of Hwarangdo education should be closely connected with the research of the native typical education mode in ancient Korea.
조선시대 교육의 성리학적 전개 양상에 대한 연구 현황 및 과제
황금중 한국교육사학회 2007 한국교육사학 Vol.29 No.1
이 논문에서는 조선시대 교육의 사상적 토대가 성리학이라는 점을 주시하면서, 성리학의 교육사상이 형성, 전개되고, 또한 그것이 교육의 실제를 규정해가는 과정에 대한 기존의 연구 성과를 검토했다. 분석의 관점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조선시대 교육에 관한 연구 중에서 특히 교육의 실제에 대한 '성리학적 맥락'을 다룬 연구들을 검토 대상으로 삼았다. 둘째, 교육 실제의 범주를 학교교육에만 한정하지 않고 학교 밖의 교육을 포괄하는 것으로 보고, 학교교육과 사회교화체제 두 영역을 기준으로 각각에 관련한 연구들을 나누어 분석했다. 셋째, 조선시대가 신분층이 형성된 사회라는 점을 염두에 두면서, 신분에 따른 교육 양상을 기존 연구들에서는 어떻게 바라보고 있는가에 대해서도 주목했다. 넷째, 조선시대 교육의 성리학적 전개에 있어서 의미있는 변화가 이루어지는 시점을 준거로 하여 시기별 변동 양상에 대한 기존 연구의 성과에 주목했다. 다섯째, 주로 '거시적 시각'에서, 기존 연구들이 교육의 성리학적 전개 양상을 어떻게 설명해 왔는가를 조망하는데 초점을 맞추었다. 시간적으로는 크게 세 시기로 나누어 그 변동 양상을 조망하고, 주제상으로는 각 시기별 교육사상으로서의 성리학의 성격, 성리학과 학교교육체제의 관련성, 그리고 성리학과 사회교화체제의 관련성 등 세 측면을 기준으로 기존의 연구성과를 검토했다. This study investigated the history of research in education in the neo-confucianist context during the Chosun dynasty, specially considering the fact the national ideology of education during the Chosun dynasty was neo-confucianism. The viewpoints of investigation are as follows. First, this study placed the focus on the research papers dealing with particularly 'neo-confucianist context' of education, among all the papers of education during the Chosun dynasty. Second, this study, presupposing the category of educational practice include both the field of 'school education' and 'out of school education', comprehensively inquired into the research papers of both the fields. Third, Noticing the fact Chosun dynasty was 'class distinguished society', this study gave attention to the discourses of existing researches about the 'class distinguished education'. Forth, This study, broadly applying the meaning of 'neo-confucianist context', dealt with the papers concerning on, not only 'inner unfolding context of neo-confucianism', but also 'outer-critical- unfolding context against neo-confcianism.' Fifth, this study, focusing on the changes of educational phases with the changes of the times, critically reconstructed the this issue related results of existing researches. In conclusion, this study conducted the points at issue in existing researches and proposed the issues of future researches.
주자학의 공부 원리로서의위기지학, 하학이상달, 존덕성이도문학
황금중 한국교육사학회 2009 한국교육사학 Vol.31 No.2
There are three principles presupposed under the discourses and practices of learning in the Zhu xi`s neo-confucian context. The first principle is ``weijizhixue(爲己之學)``, that means that the learning should be a process acted by the eye and motive of intrinsic nature, not by the eye of others and external motive, and should be a process realizing by self-experience about the truths in diverse contexts. The second principle is ``xiaxue-er-shangda(下學而上達)``, that means the learning should be started with near and daily life even though the aim is to understand and realize the truth. The third principle is ``zundexing-er-daowenxue(尊德性而道問學)``, that means that the learning should be based on the zundexing as the fundamental and entire learning to preserve the human true nature and mind, being in harmony with daowenxue as the intellectual learning to investigate and understand the truths and facts in the microscopic context. These three principles, in all, give the important information about the goal, contents, method, sequence, attitude of learning, and give the consistent message about learning, having each emphasis points.
마음챙김(mindfulness) 기반 교육: 기본 설계와 방향
황금중 한국교육철학학회 2019 교육철학연구 Vol.41 No.3
This article first notes that 'mindfulness' may be the most basic inner force that learners must acquire and maintain in the process of learning for holistic growth across the realms of intelligence, virtue, and body. Subsequently it claims that education needs to be “mindfulness-based.” “Mindfulness-based education” does not mean that mindfulness is merely a subject of learning but that education should lead the work of learning on the basis of mindfulness. Mindfulness here is a particular state of mind, which is not swept away by the flow of inner thoughts and emotions that flow like noises, but rather the attention, nod-judgmental awareness, and now-here immersion. It is also based on the elements of deep wisdom about the reality of the subject and the world. This conception of mindfulness can be of great significance in that it goes beyond simple inner management, as a mechanism that leads to the horizon of ‘being’, freeing and defending the mind from desires and discernment that has no substance and blurs the senses. Intelligence, morality, creativity, thinking, criticality, and relationship, often referred to as the goal of education, can be fully embodied from this ‘being’, so mindfulness should be the basis of education, which is the way to lead the learners to the horizon of 'being'. Thoughtful treasury on mindfulness is especially held by Buddhism, and is widely reinterpreted and used in the light of modern Buddhism, psychology, and medicine(especially by Nyanaponika, N.H.Thich, J.Kabat-Zinn, etc.). Mindfulness, however, is universal in connection with the original inclinations and abilities of mind, and thus is not the legacy of Buddhism exclusively, and the trajectory of deep discussions and practices can be confirmed in other traditions of thoughts such as Confucianism and Taoism. In particular, the gyeong of the neo-Confucianism is captured as a model of mindfulness along with the Buddhist sati, which also shows the reason for the “gyeong-based elementary learning and great learning”, a neo-Confucian version of “mindfulness-based education.” (Especially by Zhu xi or Yi Hwang). In order to realize “mindfulness-based education” at the school level in modern society, there are two dimensions: that of “education about mindfulness” and that of “creating an educational environment that facilitates mindfulness”. Some directions on these two are reviewed in this article. 이 글은 우선 ‘마음챙김(mindfulness)’이 지·덕·체의 영역을 아우르는 전인적 성장을 위한 배움의 과정에서 그 주체들이 획득하고 견지해야 할 가장 기본적인 내면의 힘일 수 있다는 점에 주목하면서, 교육은 곧 “마음챙김 기반 교육(mindfulness-based education)”일 필요가 있음을 주장했다. “마음챙김 기반 교육”은 마음챙김을 단지 배움의 한 주제로 삼는 교육이 아니라, 배움의 일 자체가 마음챙김을 기반으로 이루어지도록 이끄는 교육을 의미한다. 여기서 ‘마음챙김(mindfulness)’은 특정한 마음상태인데, 소음처럼 떠도는 내면의 생각과 감정의 흐름에 휩쓸리거나 자동반응하지 않고 오롯이 모아져 있는 주의(attention), 비판단적인 알아차림(awareness), 그리고 지금-여기 몰입의 상태를 그 기본 형식으로 하며, 여기에 마음챙김은 나와 세계의 실상에 대한 깊은 지혜의 요소가 배경을 이루는 구조를 지닌다. 이 마음챙김은 간단한 내면의 관리 차원을 넘어, 실체가 없고 감각을 흐리는 욕망과 분별상으로부터 마음을 자유롭게 하고 지켜내면서, ‘존재(being)’의 지평으로 이끄는 기제라는 점에 큰 의의를 부여할 수 있다. 흔히 교육의 목표로서 종종 얘기되는 지성, 도덕성, 창의성, 사고력, 비판력, 관계력 등은 이 ‘존재하기’로부터 온전하게 구현될 수 있으니, 이것이 주체를 존재 지평으로 이끌 수 있는 방법인 마음챙김이 교육의 근간이 될 만한 주요 이유다. 마음챙김에 대한 사상적 보고(寶庫)는 특히 불교가 보유하고 있으며, 현대불교와 심리학, 의학의 관점에서 재해석되어 널리 활용되고 있다(특히 냐나포니카, 틱낫한, 카밧진 등에 의해). 그런데 마음챙김은 마음의 본래적 성향 및 능력과 연계된 보편적인 것으로, 결코 불교의 전유물이 아니고, 유가와 도가 등의 다른 사상 전통에서도 이에 대한 깊은 논의와 실천의 궤적을 확인할 수 있다. 특히 성리학의 경(敬)이 불교의 사띠(sati)와 함께 마음챙김의 전형으로 포착되기도 하는데, 성리학에서는 “마음챙김 기반 교육”의 성리학적 버전인 “경 기반 소학·대학”의 사유를 보여주기도 했다(특히 주희나 이황에 의해). 현대 사회에서 “마음챙김 기반 교육”을 학교 단위에서 현실화하기 위해 “마음챙김에 대한 교육”과 “마음챙김이 원활히 이루어지는 교육환경 조성”의 두 차원으로 나누어 접근할 수 있으며 이 글에서는 이와 관련한 몇 가지 방향이 검토되었다.
황금중 한국교육사상학회 (구 한국교육사상연구회) 2010 교육사상연구 Vol.24 No.2
In the practice of hwarangdo education, the nature(mountain and water) was especially emphasized and commonly used as a educational space, while the other common educational models were established with basis on the special architectural space for education. The philosophical base of hwarangdo education that requested the nature as educational space was sundo, the one axis of the world of thought in Silla dynasty, running parallel with buddhism. Hwarangdo, educational group that pursued the values of sundo, regarded the tour and study in or around the all places of the whole country as the best method of self-cultivation or self- education. We can know the main places(or nature) that hwarangdo enjoyed for their tour and study through historical resources, for example, namsan, chongseokjung, samilpo, youngrangho, gyoungpodae, hansongjung, bangudae, etc. The educational viewpoint of hwarangdo that focused on the nature as educational space, was connected to the educational tradition of neo-confucianism in Joseon dynasty. The korean history of education that have regarded the nature as core educational space since hwarangdo education, request us to re-establish the authority of the nature in modern education.