『삼국사기』 신라본기 효공왕 8년조 기사 검토

홍창우 한국고대사학회 2024 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.- No.113

이 글은 『삼국사기』 신라본기 효공왕 8년조 기사의 검토를 목적으로 한 것이다. 신라본기의 정보임에도 궁예를 주어로 하는 내용이 주를 이루고 있는 데다가, ‘(新)羅制’와 같이 마치 제삼자의 입장에서 쓸법한 표현이 발견되는 것이 이 기사에 주목하게 된 이유이다. 해당기사는 효공왕 재위 8년째인 904년에 궁예가 百官을 마련했고, 국호 ‘마진’과 연호 ‘무태’를제정한 데 이어, 자신들의 영토인 패서지역까지 침범해 결국 10주ㆍ현을 상실했다는 세 가지 사실을 전하고 있다. 이 가운데 본고에서는 궁예의 백관 설치 정보에 조금 더 많은 관심을 할애하였다. 효공왕의 본기를 지은 자는 궁예가 ‘신라의 제도에 의거하여[依新羅制]’ 백관을 두었다고 기술하였다. 그리고 여기에 호칭의 경우 다른 것도 많았다는 분주가 있다. 궁예가 이때 마련한 백관은 같은 책의 궁예전과 직관지에 상세하게 소개되어 있는데, 그 어디에도 그것이 신라의 제도에서 유래되었다거나 신라 관제를 모방했다는 인식을 찾아볼 수 없다. 직관지 작성자가고구려 관제에 이어 궁예가 제정한 그것을 배치한 것으로 보아, 오히려 『삼국사기』는 ‘고구려’와의 관계를 주목했던 것이다. 주지하는 것처럼 궁예는 ‘신라 타도’를 명분으로 민심을 획득하고 건국에까지 이르렀다. 그는 ‘고구려의 부활’을 선언한 자이다. 여기에 더하여 신라를 향한 궁예의 부정적 정서와 시종일관 극단적 배격 정책을 고수했던 궁예정권의 역사적 행보를 고려했을 때, 그가 과연 ‘신라의 제도에 의거하여’ 관제를 마련했을까 하는 사실 자체의 문제 또한 살펴볼 필요가 있다고 판단하였다. 검토의 결과 다음과 같은 사항을 알게 되었다. 첫째, 궁예가 신라의 관제를 인습했다는설명은 국내 측 고유 자료에서 비롯되었으며, 다만 그것은 궁예전 찬자가 확보한 것과 ‘다른것’이었다. 둘째, 분주는 신라본기의 작성이 완료된 이후, 효공왕 8년조의 해당 정보를 확인한 누군가가 그 내용을 補足한 것이다. 따라서 본문 작성자와 분주 작성자는 구별해야 하며, 이 분주는 ‘後註적 위상’에서 서 있다고 판단하였다. 셋째, 열전의 자료 계통과는 이질적이면서도 오직 신라본기만을 경유해서만 확보할 수 있는 정보들의 양이 상당한바, 이를 통해 ‘신라 계통’으로부터 비롯된 자료의 존재를 짐작하였다. The purpose of this study is to review the articles on the 8th year of King Hyogong’s reign in the Annals of Silla in Samguk-sagi. The record conveys three facts: in 904, Gungye established an official position, set the name of the country and era, and took away Silla’s territory. In this study, more attention was paid to information on the establishment of official positions in Gungye. Annals of Silla’s author wrote that Gungye appointed officials based on Silla’s system. And here is the sidenote that there are many different names. However, in the Samguk-sagi, there is no information that states that the Gungye’s system was derived from that of Silla or that it imitated the Silla’s system. As is well known, Gungye gained public support under the pretext of ‘overthrowing Silla’ and even went so far as to found a nation. He is the one who declared the ‘resurrection of Goguryeo’. In addition, we must consider Gungye’s negative sentiment toward Silla and the historical actions of the Gungye regime, which consistently adhered to an extreme policy of rejection. Therefore, it was judged that it was necessary to look into the issue of the fact itself, whether he really prepared the government system based on Silla’s system. As a result of the review, we learned the following: First, the explanation that Gungye adopted Silla’s government system originated from old original data, but it was ‘different’ from what the author of Gungye’s biography referred to. Second, the main text writer and the sidenote writer were not the same person. Third, the existence of data originating from the Silla lineage was assumed.

후고구려의 對중국 외교 관련 기록 검토

홍창우 한국중세사학회 2018 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.52

This article was written to review diplomatic records between the Later Goguryeo[後高句麗] and China. We can’t find the records that the Later Goguryeo has diplomatic relationship with other countries in internal material such as Samguksagi(『三國史記』) and Samgukyusa(『三國遺事』). For this reason, it is often said that Gungye(弓裔), the king of the Later Goguryeo, did not have the ability to form diplomatic relationship or was negligent in diplomacy. But the later Goguryeo has government ministries such as Suchunbu(壽春部), Bongbinbu(奉賓部) and Sadae(史臺) in charge of diplomatic affairs. And Gungye was encouraged by the accomplishment of capturing the Later Beakje[後百濟]’s ship which was sailing to Wúyuè[吳越] from west coast. At that time, there were some merchants who traveled to and from China and the Later Goguryeo to engage in business transactions. Therefore, the Later Goguryeo was not unrelated to the international order of the time and was not insensitive to grasp the flow. In this situation, the diplomatic records of the Later Goguryeo in some chinese materials must be noted. In Zīzhìtōngjiàn[『資治通鑑』] written by Sīmăgu°ng[司馬光], there is information that ‘Gōngài[躬乂]’, the king of ‘Dàifēngguó[代封國]’, sent the envoy named Kim Ib-gi(金立奇) to ‘Wú[吳]’ in 919. But this record is not free from the question that Gungye really sent the envoy because Gungye’s the Later Goguryeo perished in 918. Therefore, it was King Taejo(太祖) of Goryeo(高麗) who sent the envoy to Wú, not Gungye. In Liáoshi[『遼史』], there is information that Goryeo paid a tribute to Qìdān[契丹] in 915 and 918(Feb. and Mar.) previous Wang Geon(王建)’s Goryeo was established. But there is a claim that it can’t be seen as an act of the Later Goguryeo because of we can’t find the Later Goguryeo’s diplomatic records in internal materials and have a skeptical response about historial materials value of Liáoshi. However Wanggeon’s Goryeo and Gungye’s the Later Goguryeo was recognized as Goryeo by the chinese history(正史). For that reason, the word ‘Goryeo’ in Liáoshi should be regarded as the Later Goguryeo. Especially this study pay attention to the word ‘Gōngài(躬乂)’ that was written by Zīzhìtōngjiàn. The word ‘Gōngài(躬乂)’ that the humiliated written by Zīzhìtōngjiàn is continuously founded in other chinese materials. If Gungye sent the envoy, he would not have written himself as ‘Gōngài(躬乂)’. Then it is most likely that it was deliberately ‘referred to’ by someone and was probably the work of King Taejo of Goryeo. As he could not become a king as long as Silla(新羅) regime lasted, he needed to have some justification for being crowned king. So King Taejo needed to emphasize that he had to take the throne by cutting off Gungye. Therefore, the word ‘Gōngài(躬乂)’ in Zīzhìtōngjiàn is likely to be ‘hearsay’ due to the dispatch of Kim Ib-gi. In the case of Liáoshi, it is true that the historical value is still suspected. However, in the recent research, Liáoshi ‘s record problem seems to be gradually being cleared. Based on this, this study judged that the dispatch of envoys to Qìdān was an actual incident. And it is presumed that the two countries’ interests were based on the common denominator of Balhae(渤海). The Qìdān needed to check Balhae to make inroads into the continent, and the Later Goguryeo was required to stabilize its northern provinces to secure the upper hand in the period of the three states. This situation has led to the negotiation between the two countries.

『제왕운기』의 후고구려 인식- ‘수용’과 ‘배제’의 논리에 주목하여 -

홍창우 전북사학회 2022 전북사학 Vol.- No.64

Lee Seunghyu’s Jewang-Ungi included Later-Goguryeo as the subject of narrative. This is a big difference from the fact Ilyeon’s Samguk-Yusa turned a blind eye to history of Later-Goguryeo. Ilyeon revealed one of the negative perceptions of Later-Goguryeo and Gungye ‘by not describing them’. Therefore, this article began with the question of whether Jewang-Ungi tried to express something ‘by describing them’. Looking at the related records of Jewang-Ungi, it was basically confirmed that Lee Seunghyu was greatly influenced by Samguk-Sagi. In particular, Jewang-Ungi was following Samguk-Sagi’s information about history of Later-Goguryeo and its perception. Except for the fact that Lee Seunghyu introduced information to the local people while touring the former territory of Later-Goguryeo, most of history of Gungye and Later-Goguryeo is not meaningfully separated from the contents of Gungye’s Biography in Samguk-Sagi. On top of that, their historical significance was no different from perception of Samguk-Sagi. In other words, Lee Seunghyu also negatively recognized Later-Goguryeo and Gungye. In fact, as long as the Goryeo Dynasty continues, it is almost impossible to expect a friendly gaze on Later-Goguryeo and Gungye. However, there is a primary point in that the formation or expression of the negative perception is not the same. As a result, it was confirmed that Lee Seunghyu ‘accepted’ Later-Goguryeo in order to show unwavering loyalty to his country by emphasizing the uniqueness of Goryeo achieved by King Taejo above. Therefore, this article suggested paying attention to the ‘double-sidedness’ in a way that expresses such hostility or negative perception of Later-Goguryeo at almost the same time. 이승휴의 제왕운기 는 고려 전대의 역사를 일원적으로 정돈한 동국군왕개국연대에서 후고구려를 서술 대상으로 포함시켰다. 이는 같은 시대의 산물인 일연의 삼국유사 가 기이편에서 후고구려사의 기술을 끝내 외면한 것과 큰 차이를 보이고 있는 것이다. 삼국유사 의 찬자 일연은 후고구려와 궁예를 ‘서술하지 않음으로써’ 이들에 대한 부정적인 인식의 일단을 드러내었다. 그러므로 제왕운기 가 이들을 ‘서술함으로써’ 무엇인가를 표출하고자 했던 것은 아닌가 하는 의문에서 이 글은 시작되었다. 제왕운기 의 해당 기록들을 살펴보니, 기본적으로 이승휴는 삼국사기 의 영향을 크게 받았음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히나 제왕운기 는 삼국사기 가 전하는 후고구려사와 그에 대한 인식을 고스란히 답습하고 있었다. 이승휴가 옛 후고구려의 영역을 유람하면서 지역민에게 전해들은 정보를 소개한 점 정도를 제외하면, 궁예와 후고구려의 자취 대부분이 삼국사기 궁예전의 내용으로부터 의미 있게 벗어나있지 않다. 여기에 이들의 역사적 의의를, 신생 왕조의 창업을 위해 백성들을 잘 갈무리하여 태조에게 온전히 바친 것으로 귀결한 점은 삼국사기 의 인식과 다를 바가 없었다. 즉, 이승휴 역시 후고구려와 궁예를 부정적으로 인식했던 것이다. 사실 고려 왕조가 지속되는 한 고려의 토대이지만 동시에 극복의 대상이기도 했던 후고구려와 궁예에 대한 우호적 시선의 출현을 기대하는 것은 불가능에 가깝다. 그러나 그 부정적 인식의 형성 혹은 표출 계기마저 같은 것은 아니라는 점에 일차적인 논점이 있다. 이러한 점을 생각해보기 위해, 이승휴의 생애를 짚어보았으며 특히 몽골[원] 사행을 앞뒤로 한 인식 변화에 주목해보았다. 그 결과 일연이 몽골[원]의 침략에 당해 그 적대감을 후고구려의 과거 행적에 투영해 민족사의 전체 줄기에서 후고구려를 ‘배제’했다면, 이승휴는 몽골[원]의 힘을 인정한 위에서 태조가 이룩한 고려만의 독자성을 강조하여 조국을 향한 흔들리지 않는 충절을 내보이기 위해 후고구려를 ‘수용’했다는 점에서 차이가 있었음을 확인하였다. 따라서 이 글은 거의 같은 시기, 후고구려에 대해 그와 같은 적대감이나 부정적 인식을 표출하는 방식의 ‘양면성(이중성)’에 주목할 것을 제안한 것이다.

실리카흄을 사용(使用)한 투수(透水)콘크리트의 강도(强度) 및 동결융해저항성(凍結融解抵抗性)

홍창우,Hong, Chang-Woo 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2010 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.19 No.4

최근에 들어 투수콘크리트의 동결융해에 대한 저항성이 저하되는 것과 줄눈부에서의 골재박리 등의 많은 문제점들이 대두되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존의 투수콘크리트의 내구성을 향상시키기 위한 방안으로 잔골재와 실리카흄, 고성능감수제를 사용하여 강도 및 내구성 증진 방안을 연구하였다. 주요실험인자로 실리카흄 혼입률 10%와 잔골재 혼입률(0%, 7%, 15%)을 선정하고, 압축강도와 휨강도, 투수계수 및 공극률, 동결융해시험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 강도측면에서는 잔골재 혼입률이 증가함에 따라 압축 및 휨강도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 상대적으로 공극률 감소로 인한 투수성은 저하되고, 동결융해 저항성도 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 투수콘크리트에 있어서 강도증진을 위해 사용되는 잔골재는 혼입률 제한이 필요하며, 실리카흄 10%이상을 사용하는 것이 강도 및 내구성 측면에서 효율적인 대안이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Existing porous concrete has problems with reduction of strength due to freezing and thawing and exfoliation of aggregate at joints. In this study, a method for increasing strength and durability of porous concrete by using fine aggregate, silica-fume and high-range water-reducing agent was proposed by laboratory tests. Mixing ratio between silica-fume (10%) and fine aggregate (0%, 7%, 15%) was selected as a major test factor, and laboratory tests for compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability coefficient, porosity, freezing and thawing were conducted. Compressive strength and flexural strength were increased as the mixing ratio of fine aggregate was increased. However, permeability and freezing-thawing resistance were decreased due to reduction of porosity. Therefore, the ratio of fine aggregate should be limited to increase strength and durability of the porous concrete, while the mixing ratio of silica-fume should be over 10%.

포장궤도를 위한 도상자갈 입도별 지지력 검토

홍창우 忠州大學校 2007 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.42 No.-

Ballast of track is firstly used on 1800 years. After, it is continuously used during 200 years. Much man powers and charge are increasing continuously in maintenance because of the track ballast deterioration by rapid industrialization and train. Therefore, it need a study about restoration of track that can improve ballast. This study executed by ballast's physical properties and bearing value on varied gradations. Through this test, presented data that choose suitable grading's ballast for paved track. As a result, bearing power of Type C Ballast with big grading appears most greatly. Ballast of proper grading on pavement track in bearing power side can know Type C.

고반사 도료를 사용한 차열성 아스팔트 도로포장의 온도저감특성

홍창우,Hong, Chang Woo 대한토목학회 2013 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.33 No.1

도심지의 대기오염 및 인공열 등으로 인해 도시열섬현상이 발생되고 있으며, 특히 아스팔트 포장의 경우 낮에는 일사열을 흡수하고 밤에 방출하기 때문에 도심부의 환경을 개선하기 위해서는 도심 도로포장의 온도를 저하시키는 차열성 포장에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 도로포장에 차열성 도료를 적용하기 위해서는 시인성을 높이기 위해 흑색명도를 저하시켜야 하며, 적외선 반사율은 증가시키고, 가시광선 반사율은 최소화 하는 특성이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 1액형 아크릴 에멀젼을 주 바인더로 사용하고 안료의 종류(카본블랙, 합성무기안료) 및 중공세라믹 혼입률(0%, 15%, 30%)변화, 흑색명도의 변화를 주요 실험인자로 선정하였다. 차열성 도로포장의 온도저감 성능은 분광반사율과 일사반사율, 램프 조사 방법을 통해 분석하였다. 그리고 마모저항성, 자외선 촉진내후성, 미끄럼 저항성에대한 현장적용성을 평가하였다. 그리고 고반사 도료 시험포장에 대해서 열화상 촬영을 통해 온도저감 효과를 분석하였다. 실험결과 합성무기안료와 중공세라믹 30%를 혼입한 경우에 흑색 명도 $L^*$= 42.89에서 분광반사율이 근적외선 영역에서 43%, 가시광선 영역에서 17%를 보였으며, 일사반사율은 27.5%로 나타났다. 그리고 자외선 촉진내후성 시험에 의한 총색차 ${\Delta}E$가 0.27로 색변화가 거의 발생되지 않았으며, 규사 2호, 4호를 상도, 하도에 $0.12kg/m^2$이상 산포할 경우 BPN은 53이상을 보였다. 또한 테이버 마모시험에 의한 마모감량은 500회전시 최대 86.4mg이하로 나타났다. 아스팔트 포장에 고반사 도료를 시공한 시험구간의 열저감 성능을 열화상 촬영에 의해 평가한 결과 CI-30-40 차열성포장($L^*$=38.76)은 $12.7^{\circ}C$, CI-30-60 차열성포장($L^*$=57.12)은 $14.2^{\circ}C$의 온도저감효과를 보였다. Air pollution and artificial heat of urban areas have caused the urban heat island in which asphalt pavements absorb solar heat during the daytime and release the heat at night. Hence, in order to improve the environment of urban areas, it is necessary to examine cooling pavements that can reduce heat on road pavements in urban areas. The application of temperature insulation paints on road pavements require to reduce black brightness for visibility, to increase the reflection rate of infrared light and minimize the reflection rate of visible light. In the study, one part of Acrylic-emulsion was used as a main binder, and the changes in black brightness and the changes of addition ratio (0%, 15%, 30%) of hollow ceramics, as well as kinds of paints (carbon black pigment, mixed mineral pigment) were selected as the main experimental factors. The performance of temperature reduction of cooling pavements was analyzed through the reflection rate of spectrum, the reflection rate of solar heat, and the lamp test. Abrasion resistance, UV accelerated weather resistance, and sliding resistance were tested in real situations. In addition, the performance of heat reduction of testing pavements covered with high-reflection paints was analyzed by using an infrared camera. As the test results, when using mixed mineral paints and hollow ceramic of 30%, the reflection rate of spectrum was 43% in the area of near-infrared ray and 17% in the area of visible light at black brightness of $L^*$=42.89 and the reflection rate of solar heat was 27.5%. Total color difference was ${\Delta}E$=0.27 in the test of UV Accelerated Weather Resistance, indicating almost no changes in color. BPN was more than 53 when scattering #2 and #4 silica sand of more than $0.12kg/m^2$. In Taber's abrasion resistance test, abrasion loss was up to 86.4mg at 500 rotations. The performance of heat reduction was evaluated using an infrared camera at the test section applying high-reflection paints to asphalt pavements, in which the results showed that the temperature was reduced by $12.7^{\circ}C$ on CI-30-40 cooling pavements ($L^*$=38.76) and by $14.2^{\circ}C$ on CI-30-60 cooling pavements ($L^*$=57.12).

양단단순, 양단고정 지지된 [ABBCAAB]r형태의 복합적층판의 보강방향에 따른 진동해석

홍창우,원치문,김덕현,김경진 대한토목학회 1994 대한토목학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.1994 No.1

SB라텍스 개질 콘크리트의 표면박리저항특성

홍창우 忠州大學校 2002 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.37 No.2

This study focused on the investigation of strength development and scaling resistance of LMC(latex modified concrete) and OPC(ordinary portland cement concrete) as the latex content and w/c ratio variated. In cold climates where the temperature fluctuates suddenly above and below 0℃, concrete suffers a thermal shock. This type of exposure, known as the freeze-thaw cycle, causes concrete to deteriorate. When deicing salts are used, the deterioration becomes more severe. Freeze-thaw damage of concrete, seen as cracking and scaling of the surface, occurs when water freezes in the concrete pores. The scaling resistance test was used to evaluate the relative durability of latex-modified concretes and conventional concretes. The results showed that the durability of latex-modified concretes was considerably higher than conventional concretes tested, which might be due to the latex filled in voids and interconnections of hydrated cement and aggregates by a film of latex particles.

첨가질량이 있는 적층복합판의 고유진동수에 관한 연구

홍창우,심도식,박제선 한국전산구조공학회 1997 한국전산구조공학회논문집 Vol.10 No.1

본 논문은 첨가질량이 있는 양단 단순지지 타단 자유단의 경계조건을 갖는 특별 직교 이방성 적층복합판에 대한 적용례로 제시한다. 구조물 설계시 설계자들은 구조물의 정확한 고유진동수를 계산할 필요성을 느끼나 정확한 해답을 얻기란 매우 어렵다. Pretlove는 유효질량 개념을 사용하여 첨가질량을 갖는 보의 해석 방법을 발표하였다. 그러나 이 방법은 단순보의 경우에만 유용할 뿐이다. 그러므로 본 논문에선 해석법이 간단하고, 정확하며, 임의의 경계조건과 단면을 가진 판의 해석에 매우 효과적인 김덕현의 방법으로 첨가질량이 있는 적층복합판의 고유진동수를 계산하였다. This paper presents the illustration of application under attached point mass to the special orthotropic plates with a pair of opposite edges simply supported and the other pair of opposite edges free. Design engineers need to calculate the natural frequencies of such elements but obtaining exact solution to such problems is very much difficult. Pretlove reported a method of analysis of beams with attached masses using the concept of effective mass. This method, however, is useful only for certain simple types of beam. Therefore, considering the method has been developed by D. H. Kim(1974) is simple, accurate, and very effective for the plates with arbitrary boundary conditions and irregular sections, this paper calculates the natural frequencies of composite laminated plate under attached point mass/masses.

유지보수를 위한 RSLMC의 산성 저항성

홍창우,김동호,이훈재,권혁찬,윤경구 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2002 産業技術硏究 Vol.22 No.A

Latex modified concrete is governed by both cement hydration and polymer film formation processes in its binder phase. Such the reactions are expected to improve the polymer-cement co-matrixes themselves and the bond between the cement hydrates and aggregates, and to improve the properties of hardened latex-modified concrete. The purpose of this study was to study the strength and chemical resistance of Rapid-setting latex modified concrete(RSLMC) with the main experimental variables such as latex content(0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) and water-cement ratio(36, 38, 40%) at latex content 15%. Water absorption test was carried out to estimate water permeability resistance. Chemical resistance test was carried out to measure the weight change and to observe the appearance of RSLMC immersion in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and calcium choloride.