멜빌의 『모비 딕』과 산업자본주의의 여명

홍승현,(Hong Seung Hyun) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2016 영미연구 Vol.36 No.-

허먼 멜빌은 한 편지에서 말하길, 그가 문학작품을 집필하는 데에는 두 가지 종류의 노동이 있다. 하나는 주머니에서 온 것이고, 또 다른 것은 마음에서 온 것이라고 밝혔다. 그가 노동을 두 가지로 나눌 때 고전적인 마르크스주의에서 논한 노동의 분업과 상품 페티시즘의 소외 개념을 상기시킨다. 멜빌이 그의 대표작인 『모비 딕』을 집필할 당시는 산업자본주의가 동틀 무렵이었다. 따라서『모비 딕』을 당대 산업자본주의 혼란스러운 태동기의 산물이라는 분석은 그리 근거 없는 억측은 아닐 것이다. 이 작품은 일면 그 당시 새롭게 펼쳐지는 산업자본주의 시장의 주도적인 역할이 초래하는 당대까지 경험해 보지 못했던 문 제들을 반영한다. 여기서 고래잡이 배인 피쿼드호는 하나의 주식회사로서 전 세계의 여러 연안에 산업자본주의를 퍼트리는 첨병 역할은 한다. 따라서 주식회사 를 운영하는 독선적인 경영자인 에이허브는 천연자원을 개발하기 위해 선원들을 체계적인 노동 분업으로 착취한다. 하지만 불행하게도, 주식회사 피쿼드호의 사업은 재앙으로 끝나게 된다. 그 비극의 씨앗은 에이허브의 광기어린 집념의 대상인 모비 딕에 있다. 마치 스페인 금화가 선원들에게 그랬던 것처럼, 그리고 마르크스가 주장한 상품 페티시즘에서 상품이 노동자에게 그런 것처럼, 모비 딕은 에이허브에게 신비로운 존재가 된다. 에이허브는 산업자본주의 덕분에 피쿼드호를 자신의 사적인 소유로 이용했지만, 끝내 그는 산업자본주의의 비인간적인 모순으로 인해 파멸에 이르게 되는 것이다. Herman Melville says, in a letter, that there are two kinds of labor wielded to produce his literary works: one from the “pocket” and the other from the “heart.” When he divides his labor into the two categories, he reminds us of the classical Marxist argument about the capitalist division of labor and the alienation of commodity fetishism. It was at the dawning of industrial capitalism that Melville created his major work Moby-Dick. That is why it may not be baseless to argue that this masterpiece should be a product of contradiction arising from the disturbing early stage of industrial capitalism. In a way, the novel reflects, into its textual entity, the uncharted dilemma of living under the dominant influences of the newly established market-economy of industrial capitalism. The whaling ship Pequod as a joint‐stock company is also a pioneering outpost to spread industrial capitalism to many coasts around the world. Thus, as an authoritarian manager of the Joint‐stock company, Ahab orchestrates the work of the crew into the systematic division of labor, which unwittingly amounts to the exploitation of natural resource. Unfortunately, the business of the joint‐stock company Pequod ends in a devastating failure. The seed of tragedy lies in the object of Ahab’s quest, Moby Dick. Like what “the doubloon” does to the crew of the Pequod, and then like what a commodity becomes to its producer in Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism, so does Moby Dick become “a mysterious thing” to Ahab. While Ahab turns the Pequod into his own private property in the spirit of industrial capitalism, he is also another victim to its inhumane contradiction.

Agminated Lentigines 5예

홍승현 ( Seung Hyun Hong ),홍진호 ( Jin Ho Hong ),송해준 ( Hae Jun Song ),오칠환 ( Chil Hwan Oh ) 대한피부과학회 1995 대한피부과학회지 Vol.33 No.5

Agminated lentigines may be defind as a circumscribed grouping of small pigmented macules arranged in a small or large group, often in a segmental pattern, each macule consisting of a lentiginous epidermal proliferation of melanocytes. We report five cases of agminated lentigines in otherwise healthy persons. Histologic exarnination of the pigmented lesion revealed findings consistent with lentigo simplex. (Kor J Dermatol 1995;33(5): 983-987)

Candida Albicans Test 와 Photohemolysis Test 를 이용한 광독성 반응에 관한 연구

홍승현(Seung Hyun Hong),최현철(Hyun Chul Choi),문기찬(Kee Chan Moon) 대한피부과학회 1995 대한피부과학회지 Vol.33 No.2

Background: If phototoxic:ity can be predetermined in vitro, the information will aid in prognosticating whether or not caimpounds have a photosensitizing pczrlial. Objective : For the evaluation of the phototoxic potentials of reral drugs, we performed the Candida albicans test and the photohemolysis test. Methods : The Candida altiicans test is based on growth inhibtion of Candida albicans after application of the drug and ultraviolet light A( UVA ) irradiatior and the photohemolysis test is based on hemolysis of red blood cells caused by irradiation ir the presence of photosensitizing compounds. In the Candida albicans test, clear zones around the drug patches were evaluated, which means positive results for the phototoxic potential of the drugs. In the photohemolysis test, the amounts of hemolysis were evaluated by measuring the relar absorbance at 540nm using a spectrophotometer. Results : In the Candida albicans test, ibuprofen, naldix acid, chlorpromazine and thiodiphenylamine showed positive results, whereas others did not the photohemolysis test, griseofulvin, ibuprofen and nalicdixic acid showed increased amounts hemolysis at UVA and ultraviolet light B(UVB) irracliation, and chlorpromazine, thiodiphenylaiair, chlorothiazide and piroxicam showed increased amounts of hemolysis at UVA irradiation only. Conclusion : The results showed that both methods were goodness screening tests for demonstrating the phototoxicity of therapeutic drugs. (Kor J Dermatol 1995 33(2): 268-274)

경쟁불안과 전두엽 좌,우뇌 비대칭 지수 간 상관분석

홍승현 ( Seung Hyun Hong ),우민정 ( Min Jung Woo ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2013 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between competitive anxiety and EEG frontal asymmetry score (FAS), a psychophysiological index of emotion. Participants were thirty elite athletes whose mean age of 20.3 yrs and were invited to laboratory on one day, there was no game within a week to measure general trait anxiety, competitive trait anxiety and electrical activity during a resting period. Competitive state anxiety was conducted one hour prior to the real competition. As the result, general trait anxiety was significantly correlated with both competitive state and trait anxieties, correlated with each other. Conversely, significant correlations between frontal EEG asymmetry score (FAS) and all types of anxieties were not observed. However, powers in low alpha and alpha frequency bands at left and right frontal areas were negatively correlated with competitive trait anxiety. The result implies that athletes who could maintain low level of cortical activation during a resting period tend to have low level of competitive trait anxiety. Taken together, neurofeedback training program, which reduces cortical activation in frontal regions may be beneficial to control competitive trait and state anxiety.

존 단의 형이상학적 컨시트를 통한 이성과 감정의 결합 - 「벼룩」, 「고별사: 슬픔을 금지」, 「떠오르는 태양」 -

홍승현 ( Hong Seung Hyun ) 세계문학비교학회 2021 세계문학비교연구 Vol.77 No.-

John Donne has the intellectual ability of integrating disparate experiences and he also possesses the poetic sensitivity of expressing abstract thoughts into concrete images. The connection of logic with emotion can be assured by the conceit in which Donne’s idea is expressed in ingenious but indifferent images. Rejecting the decorative and emotional poetic expression of the Elizabethan era, Donne uses idiosyncratic and artificial conceits articulated by logical and immediate language. As a representative metaphor of the metaphysical poets, the conceit establishes the parallel between dissimilar situations and integrates a whole by finding out resemblance from heterogeneous elements. The combination between intelligence and emotion, and between logic and feeling as well, is reflected into the metaphysical conceits by the metaphysical poets, who regards metaphor as a producer of creative meaning. This essay aims to analyze in detail the metaphysical conceits in Donne’s three poems. In relation to “The Flea,” this essay discusses the way how the flea symbolizes courtship and love, while for “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning,” it clarifies the way how the compass simile expresses the complete love that overcomes the body separation. In discussion of “The Sun Rising,” the poetic figuration in which lovers are compared to a world and the sun implies the passage of time is analyzed. The theme that the three romantic poems have in common is the direct expression of eroticism. Donne who lives the 17^th century is a pioneering figure who appreciates the value of sensual love and wants to establish a genuine view of love that integrates body and soul. His emphasis on sensual eroticism enlivens the characters of his poetry as dynamic figures situated in dramatic scenes. Therefore, in order to appreciate lively characters of Donne’s poetry who become active through his conceits of integrating logic with feeling, the reader should also have rational intelligence and sensitive emotion.

불어 텍스트 읽기/독해 전략에서 기호언어학적 접근의 중요성

홍승현(HONG Seung-Hyun) 프랑스학회 2006 프랑스학연구 Vol.37 No.-

어네스트 헤밍웨이의 큰 두 갈래의 강에 나타난 테크닉: 헤밍웨이의 저변의 빙산 들어올리기

홍승현 ( Seung Hyun Hong ) 세계문학비교학회 2009 세계문학비교연구 Vol.29 No.-

어네스트 헤밍웨이의 큰 두 갈래의 강은 헤밍웨이의 테크닉과 스타일의 정수를 보여주는 작품이다. 헤밍웨이의 테크닉이 보이는 것 저변에 숨겨진 의미를 가진 빙산에 비교되는 이유는 플롯 구성이 단조롭고, 묘사는 전적으로 외부적이지만 여기에 숨겨진 의미는 전적으로 내부적이라는 사실에 근거한다. 이 글의 목적은 마치 빙산의 일각처럼 보이는 헤밍웨이의 스타일을 통해 빙산의 몸체 즉, 저변에 존재하는 작가의 메시지를 읽어보는 데에 있다. 소년기와 순수함을 암시하는 초원과, 성인기와 전쟁의 경험을 상징하는 늪 사이에서 강은 여전히 변함없이 흐른다. 두 세계를 아우르는 그 강에서 침착하게 송어 낚시를 하는 닉 애덤스의 표면 이면의 내면은 전쟁의 폭력과 그로 인한 충격으로 뒤얽혀있다. 실제로 헤밍웨이는 전쟁에서 생명이 위험할 정도의 큰 부상을 당했는데, 부상 전의 삶과 부상 후의 삶의 이원성이 큰 두 갈래의 강에 반영되어 있다. 헤밍웨이의 기법은 직접적 묘사나 감정적인 언어 표현이 아니라, 닉의 시선으로 관찰되는 조심스레 선택된 이미지로만 주인공의 감정세계가 드러난다. 따라서, 세잔이 풍경을 인상주의적 기법으로 그리는 화법과도 유사하고, 세잔의 영향을 받은 거투르드 스타인의 글쓰기와도 흡사하다. 헤밍웨이에게 있어서 감정은 그와 관련된 작은 세부적인 일의 묘사를 통해 표현된다. 헤밍웨이는 독자와 작가가 똑같이 느낄 수 있는 감각(sensation)의 성분을 그대로 묘사하는 작업이 예술가의 소명이라고 믿었다. 큰 두 갈래의 강의 실제 이야기는 전쟁에 나간 소년이 큰 부상을 당하고 나서 전쟁 후의 정신적 외상을 보인다는 내용이지만, 헤밍웨이는 결코 전혀 이러한 스토리를 직접적으로 얘기하지 않고, 절제된 테크닉을 통해 은밀한 방법으로서만 내용을 전달하고 있다. 결론적으로, 헤밍웨이의 스타일과 테크닉은 표면 밑의 빙산의 본체와도 같이 숨겨진 내용과 메시지를 들어올릴 수 있는 지렛대의 기능을 하는 것이다.

『젊은 굿맨 브라운』, 『아라비』, 『정원 파티』, 『살인자들』에서의 등장인물들: 입문의 고통스런 여행

홍승현 ( Seung Hyun Hong ) 세계문학비교학회 2006 세계문학비교연구 Vol.16 No.-

Initiation, according to Ihab Hassan, can be defined as the first existential ordeal, crisis, or encounter with experience in the life of a youth. The four short stories I select -- Young Goodman Brown, Araby, The Garden Party, and The Killers -- are most successful, classic initiation stories. The aim of this essay is to examine these initiation themes in terms of journey motif. In Nathaniel Hawthorne`s Young Goodman Brown, Brown`s journey into the heathen wilderness is taken as a process of maturation when he recognizes human sin and evil. James Joyce`s Araby shows that the boy makes a journey to the bazaar and his pure idealism is destroyed by the harsh reality of the world. Laura in Katherine Mansfield`s The Garden Party goes on a journey to a poor neighbor and tries to grasp the meaning of life and death. Ernest Hemingway`s The Killers is concerned with the story of a young boy`s discovery of evil and disorder in his journey to Ole Andreson`s world. I believe that the tragic awareness of life through a painful journey will be necessary to a process of maturation. Eventually, initiation serves as a sort of rite of passage for children as they grow into adults.

자메이카 킨케이드의 『내 어머니의 자서전』: 식민주의적 승자와 패자 관계에 갇힌 정체성

홍승현 ( Seung Hyun Hong ) 미국소설학회 2009 미국소설 Vol.16 No.2

This paper examines how slavery reconstitutes the formation of Caribbean subjects in relationship to the overwhelming power of the colonial episteme in Kincaid`s work. In The Autobiography of I@ Mother, Xuela, daughter of a Carib mother and a half Scot, half African father, tries to seek her identity in the context of the colonial victor and vanquished relationship. Xuela`s dead mother is analogous to her alienation from her mother country dominated by the imperialist power. Her lifelong struggle to seek her identity and the history of her mother is completely trapped by the binary oppositional power relationship of the victor and the vanquished. I want to focus more specifically on the underlying issues of the heroine`s self-quest by analyzing characters, which reveals Xuela`s perspective of dividing the world into the victor and the vanquished. Chapter I1 concerns about Xuela`s mother, father, and Ma Eunice, teacher as her surrogate mothers. Chapter III includes three men who have sexual affairs with the heroine, their wives as well by positioning them as the dominant mode of binary power relations. I am especially dram to the myriad tactics in which Xuela returns constantly to the raw materials of the self in order to survive. Trapped in harsh world of power relationships, Xuela comes to realize that the way to avoid being dominated is to destroy others. To be a victor, she has many survival tactics: By positing herself as the victor, she tries to overcome her sense of defeat, caused by the loss of mother, linked with historical realities. Xuela, who has never been loved, also fails to love someone else and becomes cold-blooded human being. Xuela, d o owns nothing, uses her body as the tool of exercising power to men. She remains childless, refusing to be a mother because of the trauma of her mother. Although death is inevitable, Xuela, on seventy, outlives all people she knew- father, stepmother, husband half-sister, and half-brother. Conclusively, the mother/daughter relationship is central to Kincaid`s fiction. Xuela`s lament for the lost mother connects her to the lost Caribbean subject in the native country. As a result, this article demonstrates how a postcolonial politics may indeed be rendered visible in The Autobiography of My Mother.

국제공항에 있어서 문화예술 공간 도입에 관한 연구

홍승현(Hong, seung hyun),우성호(Woo, sung ho) 한국실내디자인학회 2012 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.21 No.6

The globalized modern society has facilitated the borderless travel which always starts and ends at the airport. The airport now serves the gateway in spreading and delivering the culture, beyond the role of simply providing assistance to the transport means. Nowaday, the nations throughout the world expand the existing facilities or build the new airport competitively as the medium to link the travel and modern community as well as the symbolism of economic and technical improvement and it has been developed as a huge industry creating a high added value, beyond the simple transport services. Incheon International Airport has already been recognized as the world-class airport but still has a long way to go. It’s necessary to develop the comprehensive cultural and art concept for sustainable value creation, instead of remaining as the airport with sophisticated facilities alone.