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홍민 통일연구원 2006 統一 政策 硏究 Vol.15 No.2
The Market Exchange Order and Amoral Familism in North KoreaSince the 1990s, North Korea has been faced with social changes. In conjunction with these changes, this study aims to examine characteristics of market exchanges and social relations. In this study, I refer to Karl Polanyi’s concept of ‘reciprocity,’ ‘redistribution,’ and ‘market,’ as three possible patterns of allocation.In the socialist societies including North Korea, resources were allocated by the principles of redistribution and reciprocity. Also, these societies were organized on the basis of a hierarchical order integrated by the mechanism of a political appropriation and a redistribution, chains of personal dependencies (nomenklatura) and reciprocity relations based on the exchange of favors. The state apparatus was organized on the basis of a hierarchy of status. Status order was defined by the institution of the nomenklatura. Nomenklatura meant the list of available positions within the bureaucratic system. The mechanism of political redistribution served the state employees who pursued for their own economic interests and thereby reproduced the centralist structure and hierarchy.Since the 1990s, in North Korea, these niches and personal network have occupied more space, particularly in the economic terms, within the informal exchanges system and within the reciprocity relations. The characters of social relations can be described as a fragmented morality and an ‘amoral familism.’ The amoral familism does not mean that people are immoral, but refers to as a tribal mentality that perceives social relations as the only personal relations and the structures as the social world with a dichotomy of us and ‘strangers.’ In North Korea, the amoral familism is a mirror for understanding the appropriation of market exchange within the social exchange order.