한국 현대소설에 나타난 "나비"의 표상체계 연구

한점돌 ( Han Jeom Dol ) 한국어교육학회 2004 국어교육 Vol.- No.113

한국 현대소설에 나타난 신화적 특성의 일 고찰

한점돌(Han, Jeom-Dol) 한국현대소설학회 2016 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.61

Yun Dae-nyeong, one of the noted novelists since 1990’s has written the works that applied the principles of myth to recent fiction continuously. But these aspects are not results of accident but of efforts to overcome the anomie situation after collapsing of modern historic concept. According to modern concept of history, especially socialism history is characterized by world development and our only duty is to struggle for achievement of historical goal as early as possible. But this belief disappeared in company with collapsing of the East European bloc and many people were at a loss what to do. Then Yun Dae-nyeong selected the mythical time view of rotation in this chaotic situation. By mythical view there is nothing new in this world and all is nothing but a repetition of same Archetype. So history as accumulation of secular time has not any meaning and rather decrease the natural vitality by social system or custom. Therefore it is necessary for us to purify the secular time periodically by recurring to first mythical world. That is called as rites of passage. In mythical vision is purpose of life not to fight for social development but to sing the praises of paradise just like an infant nestling in its mother’s breast. So Yun Dae-nyeong seems to gain the composition of fiction that character in ruined situations seeks to recurring to first start point and regain the renewal of being. According to above composition did Yun Dae-nyeong write the novel Why Tiger Went To Sea, which is the work that several mentally wounded characters recurred to the sea or footprint fossil of a Paleolithic Age man as a origin of being and then regained the will to live by way of renewal of being. Yun Dae-nyeong’s these attempts to apply myth to fiction can be estimated in some degree, but its entire success or failure in literary history depends on time spirit totally.

최수철 소설과 무정부주의적 글쓰기

한점돌(Jeom Dol Han) 한국현대소설학회 2011 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.46

Choi, Soo Cheol`s novel in four parts Love of an Anarchist is a very unique anarchism novel, because it depends on methodology different from general anarchism novel which fights against or criticizes social suppression to realize such anarchistic ideal as absolute indivudual liberty. Then what is Choi`s characteristic methodology? According to Choi, Soo Cheol, the concept of anarchism was rooted in his mind strongly when he started to write that novel. And he thought that it was caused by such social context as lack of vision in 1990`s. As everybody knows anarchistic thought criticized both capitalism and communism in that they pursued state power suppressing individual liberty. So it was natural that Choi chose anarchistic notion as a substitute after collapse of communism to criticize capitalistic reality. But also Choi never forgot that orthodox anarchism lost its utility considerably in 1990`s. So Choi, Soo Cheol declared that he would fight against all suppressions to protect liberty in ordinary level instead of strict and political anarchism. Furthermore as a author he limited his anarchistic action to literary anarchism. As a result Choi, Soo Cheol`s anarchism was reduced only to anarchistic writing. So through the novel Love of an Anarchist does Choi, Soo Cheol encourage a reader to take a literary road different from ordinary times and try to spread happiness of revealing customary oppression and gaining liberty. Love of an Anarchist is composed of four parts: Everyday in happy Hell; Love of Anarchist; Melted Salt, rotten Ginger; Nude and Live Voice. By way of liberal spirit does PartⅠ deconstruct constituents of every day, Part Ⅱ does oppressive consciousness of sex, Part Ⅲ does spoiled ideology, and Part Ⅳ does customary method of writing novel. And thus Love of an Anarchist gets to be a meta-fiction explaining methodology of anarchism novel. Even though it is early to conclude the literary historical value of this work up to now, shall we be able to estimate highly at least the challenge attitude to possibility of new vision in 1990`s.

박경리 문학사상 연구(2)

한점돌(Jeom Dol Han) 한국현대소설학회 2012 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.49

Egoism with negative nuance is understood generally as an antonym of altruism and has been explained by biological, sociological and psychological view. Among them psychological explanation describing such characteristics of egoism as conceit, subjective solitude and love, loss of comprehensive faculty, dogmatism, lack of cooperative spirit, infantile consciousness well offers a touchstone to understand Park, Kyeong-ri`s early fictions. Park, Kyeong-ri`s early fictions are filled with characters who are absorbed in subjectivity and disregard objectivity, and so necessarily have an urgent problem to expand their sympathy toward the objective world. Park, Kyeong-ri starts her writer`s life with debut short story Calculation(계산), Black Black and White White(흑흑백백) and following work Scissors(전도), Backcountry(벽지), Age of Fantasy (환상의 시기), which describe egoist protagonists being ruined by excess subjective egoism. And then she completes genealogy of her egoism fictions by writing novel Floating Island(표류도), Butterfly and Thistle(나비와 엉겅퀴), which show similar tendency. The highest peak of Park, Kyeong-ri`s egoism fictions is Floating Island(표류도), in which the heroine shows such subjective traits as fantasy, conceit, ignoring, pride and looks for the inside more and more after becoming aware of existence through the experience of death, solitude, urgent limit-situation, but after all she escapes from egoism and finds feeling of solidarity and will for life in the end. The last novel of genealogy of Park`s egoism fictions, Butterfly and Thistle(나비와 엉겅퀴) appears chronologically very late, so we can not help hesitating to classify it into Park`s early fictions. Because it appears nearly at the same time with a start of the Land(토지). But Butterfly and Thistle(나비와 엉겅퀴) which describes tragic egoist suffering from constant inner agony by debt consciousness and committing suicide proves that after all egoism is rooted in Park, Kyeong-ri`s literary thought very deeply. Nevertheless after Butterfly and Thistle(나비와 엉겅퀴), Park, Kyeong-ri begins to advance toward grand panorama of the Land(토지) with sympathetic imagination discarding narrow frame of egoism entirely.

박경리 문학사상 연구

한점돌(Jeom Dol Han) 한국현대소설학회 2009 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.42

Park Gyeong-ri`s novel <Market and Battlefield>(1964) is an anarchism work, which depicts 6.25 Korean war as ideological struggle between individualism and totalitarianism in such two battlefields as internal and external, and tries to solve the problems caused by two camps through market ideology as anarchistic festival. Because market is a fusing festive place where people make noises, laugh, and have fun with contest rivals drinking reconciliatory liquor. So <Market and Battlefield> takes the narrative structure revealing the problematic orientation of individualism and totalitarianism by representative of each camp, Nam Ji-yeong and Ha Ki-hun, and reaching dialectical sublation(Aufhebung) by anarchist woman, Lee Ka-wha through the war process. Individualism reveals lack of understanding among people because of individual psychological conflicts at last, and totalitarianism causes cruel killing drama everywhere to construct self-righteous utopia. But anarchism symbolized by market wants to stay out of history, to take part in nothing, to trust in nothing, not to gain victory against group and only to spend a life full of freedom and happiness. Such an anarchistic festive life can we find in Lee Ka-wha`s life showing genuine love for communist Ha Ki-hun over self-consciousness and class-consciousness. So the anarchistic utopia found by the novel <Market and Battlefield> has the present meaning to overcome the Korean peninsular`s political situation.

샤미소와 김영하 소설의 비교 고찰 -「그림자를 판 사나이」를 중심으로

한점돌 ( Jeom Dol Han ) 현대문학이론학회 2004 현대문학이론연구 Vol.0 No.23

After Postmodernism used intertextuality or pastiche as method of creation, parody as admitted adoption has argued its significance in modern Korean fiction. Then investigators are interested in rather transformation of revealed source and its meaning than search for hidden source in parody works. This treatise aims at comparison Kim, Yeong-Ha`s fiction A Man Who Sold His Shadow with Adelbert von Chamisso`s work with same title as source. Chamisso`s work depicts a man who suffered from poverty and sold his shadow to magician. So he became rich, nevertheless he never felt happy. Because people did not like him without shadow. So he left village and travelled around worlds wearing magic shoes to be scientist. At last he found happiness in studying science and living with a dog in cave. This story can be understood as a warning about the time spirit of early 19th century that considered money important and started to forget the value of commom life with neighbour. In addition we can find the author`s thought that mental activities such as art and science are products of alienation. Meanwhile Kim, Yeong-Ha wrote a short story with same title by borrowing such leit-motif as shadow, money, alienation, creative activity from Chamisso. By that he showed writer`s fate of this time that suffered from congenital consciousness of alienation and wrote fiction as a creative activity to endure solitude. Through this study we can find out similarity and difference in two authors. Above all, title, motif of shadow-losing and alienation, relativity of mental creativity to solitude, problem of money are common. But meaning of shadow, origin of alienation, attitude to consciousness of unhappiness as well as money, structure of work, view of other people etc. are different. In short Kim, Yeong-Ha borrowed from Chamisso`s work before about 200 years and transfonned successfully to show writer`s fate of this time. And he proved that parody was a good method to overcome postmodern age of exhaustion.

한국아나키즘문학 연구

한점돌(Jeom Dol Han) 한국현대소설학회 2006 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.31

This thesis aims to show the correlation Choi, Seo-hae`s new-tendency story with anarchism thought wide-spread in Korea after 3.1 Movement as time-spirit. Anarchism pursuing absolute freedom of the individual tries to destroy power, social system, and nation, and construct new society without power and control by union of free individuals. So Korean under the Japanese colonial rule understood anarchism as the national liberation movement. And so Eui-Yeol-Dan, Korean anarchism resistance group declared Korea Revolution Manifesto in 1923, which gave the Korean people such a vision as they could destroy the unnatural and irrational system of society voluntarily and this rumor would cause Great Revolution to construct a ideal society. Choi, Seo-hae wrote his important works intensively in the middle of 1920`s and so it is natural for us to assume that his works will be related to anarchism as time-spirit. To verify this assumption did we investigate his essay and criticism first of all, and then did stories. As a result we found that Choi, Seo-hae`s essay showed resistance and spontaneity as important elements, and criticism revealed literary theory of people`s realism. So we can say that Choi, Seo-hae`s consciousness is intimate with anarchism thought. Then Choi, Seo-hae`s new-tendency stories depicted characters in extreme poverty and their voluntary resistance with consciousness of victim by social system. So we can conclude that Choi, Seo-hae`s literary theory and practice coincide generally, but it is also true that his stories depicting people`s early behavior in vilont revolution exclusively are deficient in total vision of anarchism like Korea Revolution Manifesto. That is why his stories have been considered immediate resistance without any vision. But we can conclude that Choi, Seo-hae`s stories reflects such anarchistic vision as voluntary resistance in some degree and that through this fact must the history of Korean proletarian literature reconsider it`s single line of development as history of communism literature.

한국 현대 환경소설의 발전과정 연구 -환경소설의 개관과 전망을 위한 시론

한점돌 ( Jeom Dol Han ) 한국어교육학회 2002 국어교육 Vol.- No.108

한국 현대소설사상 연구1 -박경리의 『김약국의 딸들』과 샤머니즘

한점돌 ( Jeom Dol Han ) 현대문학이론학회 2010 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.41

『김약국의 딸들』은 통영에서 대를 이어 관약국을 하던 김약국 집안의 비극적인 몰락의 이야기이다. 이러한 비극의 시원적 단초는 비상 자살에 대한 샤머니즘적 금기의 위반이다. 그러므로 `비상 묵은 자손은 지리지(번식) 않는다`는 주술적 예단은 『김약국의 딸들』의 제일의적 구성 원리이다. 그 밖에 『김약국의 딸들』은 근친애 금기, 집터와 관련된 풍수사상, "맏딸이 잘 살아야 밑의 딸들이 잘 산다."는 모방주술적 속언 등을 상호 보조적으로 활용하면서 비극적 몰락으로 점철되는 서사 메카니즘을 작동시키고 있다. 그런데 『김약국의 딸들』의 기본 서사구조가 샤머니즘적 기원에 의한 김약국 집안의 비극적 몰락이라 할지라도 이 작품은 철저히 몰락담으로만 끝나지는 않는다. 왜냐하면 몰락의 파고가 지나간 지점에서 회생을 위한 새로운 움직임이 싹트고 있기 때문이다. 그리하여 초점인물 용빈의 조모 숙정, 조부 김봉룡, 부친 김약국, 모친 한실댁, 동생 용란, 용옥이 비극적 운명의 희생자로서 철저히 파멸당한 반면 김약국의 딸 중 용숙, 용빈, 용혜는 몰락적 운명의 파고를 헤치고 나락의 지점에서 재생을 위한 방향성을 찾아낸다. 그러기에 후자는 샤머니즘적 주박이라는 운명론의 고리를 끊어내고 시대에 부응하는 새로운 지향성을 확보하기에 이른다. 그것은 용숙에게는 일상성의 레벨에서 돈의 논리가 지배하는 시대에 부자로 성공하는 것이고, 용빈에게는 근대 종교로도 어쩌지 못했던 운명론을 타개하기 위하여 문제성의 레벨에서 혁명가 강극과 동행하기로 결심하는 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이 미래적 지평은 『김약국의 딸들』을 뒤덮고 있는 샤머니즘적 운명론의 그림자를 반전시킬 만큼 전면적이지 못한 것도 사실이다. 이렇게 볼 때 『김약국의 딸들』은 데뷔 이래로 근대인의 주관적 자의식을 주로 천착했던 박경리가 작가로서의 한계점을 인식하고 초기의 작품세계를 벗어나기 위해 주변 민중에 눈을 돌리는 과정에서 그들의 삶의 원리로서 샤머니즘을 포착하였지만 그에 대해 아직은 일정하게 비판적이었던 시점의 작품임을 알 수 있다. 이러한 작가적 태도는 샤머니즘의 본질을 생명사상에서 찾고자 하는 후기의 긍정적 샤머니즘 관과는 거리가 있지만, 민중을 샤머니즘적 민속 가운데에서 포착하게 함으로써 대작 『토지』로 나아가는 과정에 결정적 기여를 하고 있다는 점에 그 문학사상적 의의가 있다. Park, Gyeong-ri`s novel Daughters of Kim`s Pharmacy(『김약국의 딸들』) reveals shamanism traits strongly unlike her works in early stage that scrutinize self-consciousness sharply. After that becomes inspiration of shamanism one of important elements in Park, Gyeong-ri`s literary thought. According to Park, Gyeong-ri`s opinion, shamanism that adores even a small rock and a blade of grass should be revaluated not in religious sense but in life-worship attitude especially in 20th century suffering from environmental crisis. But this opinion is not yet expressed enough in Daughters of Kim`s Pharmacy which is first work in a series of such shamanism novels as A Field lit up with an evening glow(『노을진 들녘』), A Plane Figure (「평면도」) and The Land(『토지』). So even though shamanism plays main role in inspiration and structure of Daughters of Kim`s Pharmacy, the end of work trying to get out of fatalism shows Park`s critical attitude against shamanism yet. From this fact can we conclude that Park, Gyeong-ri apprehended the limits of works of early stage characterized by modern subjective self-consciousness and tried to escape from those trends, and that in such a process found the mass of the people depending on shamanism as religion, but could not sympathize with them yet sufficiently. But Park, Gyeong-ri seeks gradually meaning of not religion but thought in shamanism, and reaches the top grade of life literature at last by The Land, which will be analyzed fully in another treatise. In short, Daughters of Kim`s Pharmacy is a tragic ruin story of the family of Kim`s Pharmacy by committing such shamanism taboo as suicide by taking poison, incest, geomantic studies and so on. But Daughters of Kim`s Pharmacy is not through ruin story based on shamanism taboo, because after collapse is suggested new direction for revival as revolution overcoming fatalism. So we can say Daughters of Kim`s Pharmacy is the transient phenomenon to such a true shamanism literature as The Land.

박경리 『토지』의 문학사상 연구 -『토지』와 동학사상의 관련 양상

한점돌 ( Jeom Dol Han ) 현대문학이론학회 2013 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.55

대하소설 『토지』는 박경리 필생의 역작이자 그 이전의 문학적 성과들의 종합적 결산이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 『토지』 형성의 이러한 과정적 특성을 감안할 때 작품의 올바른 이해를 위해서는 그 이전 작품들에 대한 동시 고찰이 필수적 요청사항이라 할 수 있다. 이제까지『토지』는 여러 논자들에 의하여 다양한 측면에서 지속적으로 조명되어 그 연구 성과 또한 상당한 수준에서 축적되어 있는 바, 본고는 거시적 차원에서 작가의 정신구조로서의 발상법을 문학사상이라 규정하고 『토지』의 문학사상을 탐색하였다. 박경리의 문학적 생애는 몇 단계로 구분지어질 수 있고 그 단계 사이에는 인식론적 단절 혹은 계승이 이루어지면서 지속적으로 작가의식의 확산이 이루어져 왔음을 알 수 있다. 먼저 『토지』 이전의 작품들의 경우 초기작에서는 실존주의를 포함하는 에고이즘이, 『김약국의 딸들』과 몇 작품에서는 샤머니즘이, 그리고 『시장과 전장』에서는 아나키즘이 작품의 발상법으로 기능하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 다음으로 박경리 문학의 총결산이자 생명문학의 대명사로 일컬어지는 『토지』의 경우, 작가가 『토지』를 관류하는 정신이라 언급한 동학의 평등사상을 일단 『토지』의 문학사상으로 상정해 볼 수 있다. 이렇게 볼 때 박경리의 문학사상은 초기의 자전적 에고이즘 단계를 거쳐 관심대상을 증폭시킨 민중적 샤머니즘 단계, 당대적 문제의식으로서의 아나키즘 단계를 지나 모든 이전 단계는 물론 우주 만물, 과거와 현재 및 미래까지 아우를 수 있는 발상법으로서 동학의 평등 사상으로 귀착되기에 이른 것으로 파악된다. 그러나 박경리 『토지』의 발상법이 동학의 평등사상에 닿아있다고 할 때 그것은 박경리가 동학사상을 축자적으로 문학에 그대로 옮겨 놓았다는 의미는 아니다. 가령 동학이 시천주(侍天主)적 존재로서의 인간 및 만물은 평등하다고 보고 평등사회를 지상에 실현하려 했다면, 박경리는 그 평등성을 모든 생명의 비극적 본질에 기인하는 ‘한’의 공유에서 찾아내고 ‘한’을 삶의 에너지로 파악하는 고유한 생명사상을 이룩하였다. 이처럼 이전의 문학사상이 발견해 낸 문학적 성과들이 평등사상으로 수렴되는 과정에서 작품의 대상이 확대되고 삶의 고통과 한이 발견되고 더 나아가 평등성이 범생명적 한의 공유로 재해석되면서 『토지』라는 거대 드라마는 나름대로 한을 품고 한을 풀면서 동일한 구조의 생을 영위하는 생명들에 있어 태생대로 사는 것이 가장 자연스러운 일이라는 참주제를 형상화할 수 있었던 것이다. This thesis aims at investigating the literary thought as a spiritual structure of author through the Land(토지) by Park, Gyeong-ri. Park, Gyeong-ri before writing the Land shows a few different stages in literary thought: egoism, shamanism and anarchism. But Park, Gyeong-ri reaches at final stage of literary thought, equality of life during writing the Land under the influence of Dong-hak(동학). The function of every stage as follows: Egoism stage deepens inner consciousness, shamanism stage extends the object of interest, anarchism stage inquires into contemporary ideology problem, and finally stage of life-equality synthesizing all previous stages puts together all things in the universe from past to future by way of Dong-hak vision as life-equality. But Dong-hak and Park, Gyeong-ri are not in accordance with the meaning of life-equality exactly. Dong-hak regards all things in the universe as equal because of containing the Creator in them. But Park, Gyeong-ri regards all things, especially life as equal because of tragic fate causing regret. At any rate Dong-hak vision as life-equality could make Park, Gyeong-ri create grand drama of the Land showing innumerable people that bear regret and revenge throughout life.