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추교순 ( Gyo Soon Chu ) 충북대학교 사학회 2010 忠北史學 Vol.24 No.-
According to previous studies, Empress Wu took part in politics from the era of Emperor Gaozon and reigned supreme as a de facto ruler. Some scholars argue that Empress Wu was involved in politics in the Tang Dynasty for 40 to 50 years. However, it seems that Empress Wu exercised governing power as a de facto ruler for about 20 years from 684 to 704. During the period, Empress Wu`s ruling power was independent of the era of Emperor Gaozon, and it needs to be classified as the era of Empress Wu. At that time, Empress Wu did not participate in politics as the Queen. Empress Wu created her own power base and exercised power as a de facto emperor. According to the study, it has been found that there were several reasons why Empress Wu came into power and established the Wu-Zhou Dynasty. First, when Emperor Gaozon died, he expressed his dying wish asking Empress Wu to make decisions on important state affairs. Emperor Gaozon meant assistingthe next emperor and guarding the Tang Dynasty. However, the new emperor was dethroned by Empress Wu and subjects in two months. Another emperor acceded to the throne, but Empress Wu already held real power to make important decisions on state affairs as Emperor Gaozon said at his last moment of life. Second, Li Jingye`s rebellion in 684 was a strong threat posed against Empress Dowager Wu. It was soon suppressed, and Empress Wu was able to strengthen her power as an independent emperor not as Emperor Gaozon`s wife or Emperor`s mother. After defeating the rebellion, Empress acquired confidence that she could rule the world and furthered her ambition to become the emperor. Third, after suppressing Li Jingye`s rebellion, Empress Wu was able to control subjects, and as she defeated a rebellion by Li Zhen and his son who were the descendants of the Emperor Taizong, she was able to control the Royal family. During 15 years of the Wu-Zhou Dynasty, Empress Wu chose to ascend the throne to rule the world instead of controlling opponents with a high handand by force. As Empress Wu succeeded to the throne, the dynasty was replaced, and it was no customary for a woman to become an emperor. Empress Wu had to overcome male domination in the ancient China and acquired legitimacy at a time of replacing the Li Dynasty with the Wu Dynasty. Empress Wu took advantage of a propitious site to justify the Wu Dynasty and manipulated the public opinion to create a favorable environment where she can naturally succeed to the throne. Although Empress Wu held real power and opened the Wu-Zhou Dynasty, she was also vulnerable to threats posed by opponents. For this reason, she administered justice rigidly and conducted a reign of terror by appointing cruel subjects. The degree of the reign of terror was further strengthened or weakened every time. However, the reign of terror in the Wu-Zhou Dynasty continued for as long as 15 years.
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논문(論文) : 당(唐) 전기(前期) 황릉제도(皇陵制度)의 성격(性格)
추교순 ( Gyo Soon Chu ) 중국사학회 2015 中國史硏究 Vol.96 No.-
This paper analyzes how Royal Mausoleum(皇陵) of Tang in its earlier era was institutionalized. This paper mainly focus on the form of the Mausoleum and the characteristics of Funerary system(陪葬制度). Following the system, for example, Zhaoling(昭陵) and Qianling(乾陵) have mausoleums of royal families and meritorious vassals. Since Zhaoling and Qianling were constructed in the period of maintaining institution and civilization and establishing the base of the regime, Royal Mausoleum constructed during the period became a standard. Institutionalization of Royal Mausoleum was to raise the authority of emperor and to stabilize politics. Among the Mausoleums of emperors, Zhaoling is the classic example of the Funerary system. Zhaoling is for vassals of meritorious service in war, and the social atmosphere of the Tang, especially during Taizong(太宗) era, can be assumed from the mausoleum. Research on royal mausoleums of Tang is on progress with academic interest. Archeologic excavation made progress on the style, shape, and sculptures of royal mausoleums. One interesting aspect of the mausoleums is that those tombs did not follow traditional construction - they picked mountains as burial mounds and excavated into the mountains to create underground palaces. These architectures might be understood as a succession of mausoleum system of Han(漢) dynasty. However, compare to system of Han which adopted construct a tomb on the ground(積土爲陵), construct inside mountains(因山爲陵) was a common system during Tang. The reason that rulers preferred the latter system is that they concerned scale and grave goods that might represent their power and authority. Alongside Zhaoling of Taizong, Qian of Wuzetian(武則天) is the biggest and the most perfect tomb among Royal Mausoleums of Tang, but fall short of the numbers in Peizangmu(陪葬墓) of vassals. This fact may suggests that Wuzetian(武則天) era was insecure and unstable compare to 太宗 era. The fact also suggest that the Funerary system established at Taizong era did not last until Xuanzong(玄宗) Tianbao(天寶) year 14(755) due to instability of political situation.
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