최은아의 "Gesture for string quartet No. 2" 분석 연구

최은아 이화여자대학교 대학원 2005 국내석사

최은아의 'Gesture for String Quratet No. 2'는 현대 음악의 연장선상에서 조성음악과는 다른 12음 기법(Twelve tone Music, Dodecaphony)을 사용한 작품이다. 본 논문은 본인의 석사학위 이수를 위한 졸업연주회 작품 중 하나인 'Gesture for String Quartet No. 2'를 분석한 것으로 음악적 특징을 고찰 할 것을 목적으로 한다. 20세기 초 쇤베르크(Arnold SchÖenberg, 1874-1951)는 작곡 과정의 논리적 맥락을 살려 음악 작품 안에서의 통일성을 보증하기 위한 방안으로서 평균율에 의해 제공 되어진 12개의 Pitch Class의 Ordered set을 기본으로 하는 음고 조직의 방법을 통하여 12음 기법(Twelve tone Music, Dodecaphony)을 창안하였다. 이 12음 기법은 전통적인 무조음악(Atonality Music)으로 발전하였을 뿐 아니라 점묘주의(Pointillism), 우연성 음악(Chance Music), 전자음악(Electronic Music), 컴퓨터 음악(Computer Music) 등의 다양한 양상의 음악으로 표현하기에 이르렀다. 본 논문은 12음 기법을 바탕으로 작곡하였다. 1악장은 'A-B-A'의 3부 형식으로 Sul ponticello 기법이 사용되었다. 대위법적으로 각 악기가 출현하며 'Gesture'를 표현하는 몸짓의 움직임이 다섯 잇단음표의 음형으로 나타나는 것이 특징이다. 2악장도 'A-B-A'로 구성되어 있으며 subsection I과 III은 모든 현악기가 Pizzcato 기법으로 대위법적 특징을 가지며 출현한다. subsection II는 tremolo, con sordino를 사용한 대선율, Pizzcato 기법의 세 가지 특징을 가지며 dyad와 trichord의 분할, 리듬 확대, 전위가 두드러지게 나타난다. 3악장은 'A-B-C-A'의 4개의 Section으로 구성되어 있다. 모든 현악기가 같은 리듬으로 강하게 나오며 Pitch class set〔0, 1, 4, 5〕와 2차 집합(secondary set)이 음조직의 중심 재료로 사용되었다. Bartok Pizzcato, Saltando, double-stop, contrary motion, 작은 'Gesture'를 표현하는 셋, 넷, 다섯, 여섯 잇단음표의 리듬 조합이 큰 특징이다. 본 논문은 작품 전체에 걸쳐서 나타나는 특징적인 요소와 그 요소들 간의 상호 유기적 연관성들을 악장별로 분석하였으며 전체 형식과 구조, 선율, 리듬, 음 조직, 악상의 관점에서 연구하므로, 이를 통해 곡 전체에 걸쳐 나타나는 통일성과 다양성을 고찰해 보았다. 특히 이 곡은 석사 학위 이수를 위한 졸업연주회 작품 중 하나로 계획에서 작곡, 수정, 평가, 연주의 과정을 거친 작품이다. 이러한 일련의 과정을 거친 이 곡을 분석한 것은 작품 안에 내재된 음악적 요소들을 정리함으로써 앞으로의 작품 활동에 새로운 가능성을 찾기 위함이다. A distinguished piece of modern music, 'Gesture for String Quartet No. 2' was composed by using Twelve tone Music, Dodecaphony which is different from tonality music. An analysis of one of the pieces of musical graduation concerts and as a requisite for Master of Music degree, this thesis aims to study the musical features of the work. In the early 20th century, Arnold SchÖenberg(1874-1951) invented a Twelve tone music, Dodecaphony based on an ordered set of 12 pitch classes which are created by temperament in order to create firm unity within a musical work by giving life to the logical procedure of composition. The devise not only developed into an atonality music but also was presented into various features of music such as pointillism, chance music, electronic music, and computer music. 'Gesture for String Quartet No. 2' was composed on the basis of Twelve tone Music, Dodecaphony. The 1st movement, 3 sectioned with 'A-B-A' format, uses Sul ponticello technique. A major feature of this movement is that every instruments appear contrapuntally and gesture expressions appear as quintuplets. The 2nd movement also shows the 'A-B-A' format while all stringed instruments appear as a Pizzcato technique with a contrapuntal feature in subsection I and III. Meanwhile, subsection II has three features-tremolo, main melody using consordino, Pizzcao technique-and shows prominent segmentations of dyad and trichord, magnification of rhythm, and inversion. The 3rd movements, 4 sectioned with 'A-B-C-A' format, displays strong rhythm of every string quartet, where major component of the scales are pitch class set (0, 1, 4, 5) and the secondary subset. Rhythm combination of triplet, quadruplet, quintuplet, and sextuplet are major features that were used to express Bartok Pizzcato, Saltando, double-stop, contrary motion, small 'Gesture' respectively. This thesis analyzed the major features throughout the piece and the mutual organic relationship between the features by every movement. And through the study in the perspecitves of overall structure, melody, rhythm, tone color and dynamics, we have studied the unity and musical diversity that were shown throughout the musical work. Specially written as one of requisites for Master of Music degree, this piece of music has gone through the procedure of planning, composition, correction, evaluation, and performance. An analysis of the thesis is to find a new potential of the future compositional activities by summarizing the musical features that are implied in the piece of work.

구성주의와 토마스주의의 교육과정관 비교 연구

최은아 경인교육대학교 교육대학원 2004 국내석사

BV2 신경세포에서 난담반의 LPS에 의해 유발된 NF-kB, MAPKs 및 PI3K/Akt의 신호억제를 통한 항염증작용 : Anti-inflammatory Effects of Egg White Combined-Chalcanthite in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 Microglia through Inhibition of NF-kB, MAPKs and PI3K/Akt Signaling Path

최은아 대전대학교 2011 국내박사

난담반은 황산동 Copper vitriol (CuSO4·5H2O)의 천연물 Chalcanthite인 담반을 열처리한 고담반을 계란 흰자와 결합하는 방식으로 만들어진 것인데, 본 연구에서는 BV2 microglia 세포에서 LPS로 유도된 중요한 염증성 매개인자와 NF-kB, MAPKs 및 PI3K/Akt 메커니즘에 대한 난담반의 억제효과를 조사하였다. 1. LPS 처리에 의하여 매우 증가된 NO 및 PGE2의 생성이 난담반 처리 농도 의존적으로 차단되었다. 2. LPS에 의하여 증가된 염증성 cytokine인 IL-1β와 TNF-α의 생성을 유의적으로 억제하였다. 3. 난담반의 항염증 효능은 IkB의 분해억제를 통하여 염증성 반응 조절에서 가장 중요한 전사 조절인자인 NF-κB의 활성의 억제와 ERK, JNK, p38 및 PI3K/Akt 인산화의 억제와의 연관성이 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 난담반의 항염증 효능이 입증되어 다양한 염증성 질환 조절제로 개발 가능성이 확인되었으며, 향후 지속적인 연구를 통하여 난담반의 항염증 성분 활성물질에 대한 동정 및 추가적인 관련 기전 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

영아보육시설운영의 문제점과 개선방안

최은아 청주대학교 2007 국내석사

I. Purpose This study researches the relationship between the development during the infant period and infant nursing and intends to propose a direction of development in determining an adequate policy direction for activating infant nursing in Korea by understanding the operation status of infant exclusive nurseries across Korea. Ⅱ. Methods Population referred to 52 public, corporate and private nurseries located in Choongcheongbookdo registered in registry of female families in the address list of Choongcheongbookdo child care information center and carried out investigation through the post sending 52 surveys after having a phone call with the head of the nursery and recollecting them. 42 surveys were collected which showed a 80.7% collection rate and excluding 2 inappropriate surveys, 40 surveys in total were analyzed using SPSS program which is a statistic package. The result of this research is as follows. First, on the general matters on infant exclusive facilities of facility area and nursing teachers, the facility area in average had the age of 41.8, graduated a 2 year college and had educating experience of 12 years and 7 months. On the subject of operation of infant exclusive facilities, it was most operated by individuals(48.2%) and social welfare corporation (51.8%) and the number of staffs working in infant nursing facilities were 9.75 people. Secondly in infant exclusive facilities, 55.0% answered that parent education was carried out which was more than half being a slightly higher than the case which parent education was not carried out and on the means of going to the nursery and returning home, the answer that the nursery teacher goes near to the house of the infant riding the nursery car turned out to be highest being 50.5%, 1.6% answered that parents directly pick up their infant and 18.4% answered that they used both means. The biggest wish of parents were improvement of nursing and education quality being 60.0% which was followed by in the order of promotion of snack and meal quality and increase and supplement of facility and education tools. Thirdly, the facilities for infants can be viewed as a very important area in infant nursing, Therefore, expansion of facilities for infants is an area of urgent need. On the equipment status of facilities and fixtures, it turned out that most of them were equipped for example having personal lockers, air ventilators, blankets and blanket closets, children toilets and mobiles. Items which showed the least equipment rate were diaper change facility, measuring tools, lactation tools, height measurer, dish cabinet, baby walker and closet for keeping clothes and diapers. Fourthly, according to the enforcement regulation of the Child Act, in nurseries which have more than 100 infants and children, infant meal has to be provided according to the menu drafted by a nutritionist and for nurseries which have less than 100 children and infants, it needs to draft a menu with support from the nursery information center. On difficulties of infant meal service operation, it showed that 45.0% were in lack of information and data on infant meal service, 27.5% had insufficient finance for balanced meal service and 150% were in lack of specialist knowledge on infant meal service, which shows that there is an urgent need to develop data about infant meal service and increase of nutritionists with specialist knowledge. Fifthly, in case of infant nursery program, most of the program were drafted by the class teacher being 70%, 12.5% was drafted by the head of the nursery and 7.5% by the managers of teachers. The main teaching materials used in planning an infant nursery program, the most used were various books on infant nursery, 12.5% used newsletter of nursery information center and 5.1% used ones developed by themselves. On the most difficult task in operating an infant nursery program, lack of various problems turned out to the highest which was followed by the answers lack of time for researching teaching materials and too many infants per teacher. The area which need to be considered important in infant nursing was answered in the order or development of humanity and emotion, nutrition and health management, establishment of living habits, development of sociality and intellectual development. Sixthly, on the most adequate level of age for infant nursing teacher, people in their 30s turned out to be the most appropriate being receiving 77.5% of the answers. Such research result shows that in case of infant nursing, experience on infant is most important which seems that people in their 30s with nursing experience is more preferred than 20s without infant nursing experience. On the adequate educational background for infant nursing teacher, college graduate turned out to be most adequate being 77.5% which was followed by university graduate being 30.%. It seems that people think the most appropriate educational background is a person who received specialist education on infant nursing having received college education or higher. Seventhly, physical examination of infants in an infant exclusive nursery was carried out most once per year (33.3%) or seasonally(33.3%) and on the period for measuring body temperature of an infant, most measuring was carried out when the infant was sick (93.1%). When an infant is sick most of the infant exclusive facilities took the measure of contacting the parents (63.%). Therefore an environment which specialist personnel can be secured so that infant can be nursed in a stable environment need to be formed by taking active measures such as possessing first aid drugs and first aid treatment. In an infant nursing facility, for health and safely management, primarily arrange healthy and safety nursing environment and examine everyday turned out to be the most important answer and the next was arrangement of required personnel and tools preparing for escape in case of a disaster and carrying out training in expectation of a disaster. Ⅲ. Conclusion Based on the following research result, this research would like to suggest the government policies required for the development of infant exclusive facilities as follows. First, since infant and children of various age lives in a nursery, in order to implement nursing taking into account the development stage according to each age, the government need to arrange a separate budget and increase various infant nursing programs as well as supporting reasonable budget for facility area, retraining of person responsible for teaching and securing facility and fixtures and need to be legally and systematically re-arranged accordingly. Secondly, in order to activate infant nursing, an analysis on not only accurate estimation of users but also an investigation on demand of people who wish nursing (nursing facility time use, program, accurate income survey and amount of cost available to afford) need to be carried out. Then facility expansion plan, improvement of facility environment, securing facility and a more reasonable staff standard need to be arranged and the infant per person need to be reduced to an adequate level so that as the initial social organization for training healthy citizens it can love and care infants more. In addition, for close relationship with parents nurseries have to primarily provide financial support to parent education which is the closest education to the infant and the extent of such support will have to be gradually extended.

하타요가 수련이 중년 여성의 변위된 골반 교정에 미치는 영향

최은아 창원대학교 2008 국내석사

본 연구는 하타요가 수련이 중년 여성의 변위된 골반에 미치는 교정 효과를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 피험 대상자들은 임신과 출산으로 인한, 요통이나 척추질환 또는 자세 불량 등으로 인해 신체적인 문제점을 가지고 있으나, 특별한 물리치료, 교정치료, 운동치료를 받지 않거나 수술 치료를 받지 않았던 중년 여성 8명으로 구성하였다. 이들 중년 여성을 대상으로 주 5회, 1일 60분씩, 총 24주간의 하타요가 프로그램을 실시한 후 수련 전·후의 좌·우 골반의 변위를 측정해 본 결과 다음과 같은 의미 있는 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 하타요가 수련 후 좌·우 장골 길이의 차이가 현저하게 감소하였다. 둘째, 하타요가 수련 후 좌·우 장골 넓이의 차이에 대한 변화는 없었다. 셋째, 하타요가 수련 후 좌·우 천골 넓이의 차이가 현저하게 감소하였다. 넷째, 하타요가 수련 후 좌·우 다리 길이의 차이가 현저하게 감소하였다. 따라서 추후 연구 에서는 좀 더 폭 넓고 다양한 연령을 대상으로 하타요가 수련을 적용하여 그 결과를 일반화할 수 있도록 하며, 골반의 변위가 교정된 피험 대상자들의 X-ray 검사뿐만 아니라 체중과 신장의 사전·사후를 측정하고 근전도 또는 다양한 정밀검사법을 통하여 교정의 정확한 부위와 정도를 파악하여 교정 회복 결과를 이론화할 필요가 있다고 사료된다. 또한 골반의 변위가 있는 중년 여성들에 있어 자신의 신체 조건에 맞는 장기간의 하타요가는 골반의 변위 교정에 긍정적 효과가 있으므로 좀 더 구체적적이고 체계적인 신체불균형과 관련된 교정 목적의 하타요가의 후속 프로그램의 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. The object of this research is to observe the effect of Hatha yoga practice influencing to the correction of displaced pelvis of middle aged women. Subject of experiment were 8 middle aged women who had backache or spine disease due to pregnancy or child bearing; physical problem due to bad posture, etc. All of them didn't have any physiotherapy, correction therapy, exercise therapy or surgery. They practiced Hatha yoga program for 24 weeks, 5 times a week, 1 hour a day. Changes in front and back, left and right pelvis were observed after the practice of the program and following significant results were obtained. First, after the practice of Hatha yoga, the difference in the length of left and right visceral skeleton greatly decreased. Second, there was no change in difference of the width of left and right visceral skeleton. Third, the difference of width of left and right sacrum greatly decreased. Fourth, the difference of the length of left and right legs greatly decreased. Therefore, according to the test result, it is considered to make the generalization of the result by applying practice of Hatha yoga to broader and various ages. Also it is considered that it is necessary to theorize the recovery result of correction by collecting information on exact portion and extent of correction through various close examinations or electromyography and by having X-ray examination and measuring weight and height before and after practicing the yoga of the test subjects who had their pelvis corrected. Also long-term practice of the yoga customized to physical condition of middle aged women who have displaced pelvis has positive effect in correcting the displacement. Therefore research for a program that can follow up Hatha yoga should be done in order to develop detailed and systemized correction related to physical unbalance.

초등학생 영어 연극 활동 사례 연구

최은아 부산대학교 2008 국내석사

귄터 그라스의『 고양이와 쥐 Katz und Maus 』에 나타난 화자의 서술기법

최은아 서울대학교 대학원 1995 국내석사

한국만화의 풍자와 해학 연구 : 이두호의 <임꺽정>을 중심으로

최은아 세종대학교 2009 국내석사

This paper, based on the unique analysis and research necessity of cartoon works, studied the satire and humor that are among critical express techniques that well represent the mind and character of cartoon. In that manner, we could deeply appreciate the cartoon works, and learn their essential character; that’s the purpose of this paper. I began with the theoretical background of satire and humor, and chose and analyzed the cartoon "LIMKUKJEONG," both of whose popularity and quality are well acknowledged, as the main subject of this research. The concept and function, express technique and meaning, and related terms of the theoretical background of satire and humor were approached by using the theories from the current literatures. Also, in studying the "LIMKUKJEONG," I categorized the subject of satire into three main classes as follows: 1) hypocrisy, cruelty, arrogance, and prejudice, 2) political and social systems, and 3) religious and moral hypocrisies. For the humorous express technique, a general analysis was made into 1) disharmony, 2) exaggeration and lie, and 3) lack of expression. This research has shown that the writer, by applying the satire and humor, can set readers free from the daily stress and weariness, and gave catharsis and consolation to them concerning the stagnant and corrupt politics, and society with metaphorically divulgence. The purpose of the writer’s message, which is conveyed through process, was ultimately to correct not only the individual but the public as well. Various methodologies such as irony, caricature, intentional underestimation, and disharmony action have also been adopted as an effective express technique. The true nature of cartoon is to be with the public, so to comfort them, and to give them a laugh. Cartoon has a capability not only to ease the fear and sanctity from its objects but to provide a friendly adaptability as well. For example, we witness quite often that even such a powerful intellectuals, critics, and politicians could not lose their temper, while they are responding to the harsh criticism that is being brought by the cartoon. This is a unique character that only cartoon can have. Currently, the area of cartoon, in general, suffers from its lack of reliable theory. It is my wish that the result of this research could provide an insightful sense of opportunity for its theoretical advancement, thus eventually could help it grow as an independent area of research field. 본 논문은 만화작품에 대한 독자적인 분석과 연구의 필요성에 기반을 두고, 만화가 가지는 정신성과 특징을 잘 표현 할 수 있는 표현기법 중 하나인 풍자성과 해학성을 연구하였다. 그럼으로써 작품을 심도 깊게 감상하고 만화의 본질적 특성을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 이에 풍자성과 해학성의 이론적 배경을 고찰하고, 연구 대상으로 작품성과 대중성에서 모두 인정받은 만화 <임꺽정>을 지정하여 분석하였다. 풍자성과 해학성의 이론적 배경은 기존 학문의 미비로 인해 문학 이론을 차용하여 그 개념과 기능, 표현방식과 의미, 관련용어에 관하여 알아보았다. 또한 <임꺽정>을 연구하는데 있어 풍자대상으로 1)인간의 위선, 잔인성, 오만, 편견, 2)정치와 사회제도, 3)종교와 도덕적 위선으로 세분화 하여 분석해 보았다. 그리고 해학적 표현기교인 1)부조화, 2)과장과 거짓말, 3)무표정으로 전반적인 분석을 하였다. 작가는 풍자성과 해학성을 이용하여 침체되거나 부패한 정치와 사회를 은유적으로 폭로하여 독자들을 그 일상적 스트레스와 권태로부터 해방시키며, 해소와 위안의 기능을 하고 있다. 이렇게 전달되는 작가의 메시지는 개인과 사회의 교정을 목적으로 하는 것이다. 또한 효과적인 표현방식으로 아이러니, 희화, 고의적 비하, 부조화적 행동 등의 다양한 수법을 사용한다. 만화의 본성은 대중과 함께하며 그들을 위로하고 웃음을 주는 것이다. 만화는 만화의 대상과 세계에 대한 공포와 신성함을 없애고, 힘 있는 지식인, 비평가, 정치가등 그들을 몰아세울 경우 화를 낼 수 없게 만드는 융통성을 가지고 있으며 이것은 만화만이 가지는 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 본인은 이러한 연구를 통해 기존의 미비한 만화작품의 독립적 연구가 자리 잡을 수 있는 계기가 되고, 만화의 이론적 학문 정립에 기여하고자 한다.

학교 영양(교)사들의 절기음식에 대한 인식 및 급식 활용도에 관한 조사 : 경남지역을 중심으로

최은아 경남대학교 2011 국내석사

본 연구는 학교급식 영양(교)사들의 한국의 절기음식에 대한 인식 및 급식활용도 실태를 조사하여 절기음식을 학교급식에 활용하기위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 경남지역 초·중·고등학교에 근무하는 영양(교)사 300명에게 설문지를 배부하여 185부를 최종 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 연령은 40~49세, 30~39세가 대부분 이였고, 대학교졸, 11~15년의 근무 경력과 기혼이며, 초등학교에 근무하는 경우가 가장 많았으며, 대부분 단독조리였다. 학교급식 식단 작성 시 절기음식의 고려 정도는 평균 보통 이상 이였으며, 가장 잘 인지하고 있는 절기는 설날과 추석이었고. 그 외 유두와 중양절, 시월상달은 절반이상이 알지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 절기와 절기음식에 대한 인지도는 40세 이상에서 가장 높았다. 절기음식에 대한 기호도는 영양교사가 학교회계직 보다 높았다.(p<.05) 좋아하는 이유로는 ‘영양가가 풍부하고 건강에 좋아서’가 가장 많았다. 절기음식 활용도에서는 절기음식의 활용 시기는 대부분 명절·절기에 맞추어 활용하고 있었고, 근무처에 따라서 설날 음식 중 떡국, 전유어, 수정과, 약과, 만둣국, 유가·강정이 유의한 차이를 보였고, 정월대보름 음식 중에는 오곡밥, 시래깃국, 삼색나물, 김구이, 유두 음식 중에는 떡수단, 복날 음식 중에는 육개장, 칠월칠석 음식 중에서는 밀국수, 과일화채, 추석음식 중에서는 식혜, 토란탕, 닭찜, 중양절의 음식 중에서는 도루묵찜, 동지 음식 중에서는 팥죽, 팥칼국수가 유의한 차이를 보였다. 절기음식을 학교급식에서 제공하는 이유는 ‘고유의 음식이기 때문이다’가 절기음식을 학교급식에서 제공할 때 어려운 점은 ‘학생 기호도가 높지 않아서’가 가장 많았다. 근무처에 따른 학생들의 선호도를 살펴보면 설날 음식 중에서 떡국은 초등학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았고(p<.01), 전유어는 초등학교와 중학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았으며(p<.01), 수정과는 고등학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았다(p<.01). 그리고 약과는 고등학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았고(p<.01), 만두국은 초등학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았다(p<.01). 약밥은 중학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았고(p<.01), 시래깃국(p<.05)과 김구이(p<.01)는 초등학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았다. 밀국수는 초등학교의 선호도가 유의하게 높았다(p<.01). 절기음식에 대한 급식관계자 연수가 필요하다고 생각하고 있으며, 연수가 필요한 급식 관계자는 영양교사가 가장 높았고, 절기음식에 대한 교육이 필요한 이유는 ‘올바른 식문화를 계승하고 발전시키기 위해서’였으며, 학생을 대상으로 한 절기음식 교육은 ‘실시하고 있지 않다’(44.3%), ‘실시하고 있다’(40.5%)로 나타났다. 절기음식 관련 교육의 실시방법으로는 학교홈페이지 및 게시판, 유인물을 주로 이용하고 있었다. 절기음식의 활용도를 높이기 위한 개선 사항으로는 ‘학교급식 관계자 및 학생들의 전통음식과 절기음식에 대한 교육으로 피 급식자들의 전통음식에 대한 인식이 변화 되어야 한다’는 의견이 가장 많았다. 경남지역 학교급식 영양(교)사들의 절기음식에 대한 긍정적인 기호도와 활용에 대한 인식은 높게 나타났으나, 학생들의 기호도가 낮고, 조리과정이 복잡하고 시간이 오래 걸려 학교급식에서의 활용도가 낮고 근무처별에 따라 활용도와 기호도의 차이가 나타나는 것으로 조사 되었다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방안으로는 학교급식 관계자 및 학생들의 절기음식에 대한 교육으로 피 급식자들의 절기음식에 대한 올바른 인식변화를 유도해야 하며, 이를 위해 교육방법을 개선하고 교육의 기회를 확대시켜 나가야 할 것이다. 또한, 학교급식에 맞춘 표준조리법 개발하여 학교 급식현실에 맞는 근무처별, 급식유형별, 급식 학생 수 별 등으로 세분화하여 활용 할 수 있도록 하여야 하며, 절기음식의 다양한 메뉴개발로 대상자의 기호도를 고려하여 학교급식에서의 절기음식 활용도를 높여 나가야 할 것이다. This study was designed to provide basic data to use seasonal foods for school meals by examining awareness of school nutritionist's about Korean seasonal foods and applicability for school means. For this study, 185 questionnaires were made and distributed to 300 nutritionist's in elementary, middle and high schools located in Gyeongnam. Then, they were collected to analyze data. In this study, most of school nutritionist's were found to be 40∼49 and 30∼39 years old, graduate from universities, have over 11∼15 year work experience, got married, work in elementary schools and manage conventional food service systems. It was found that they considered seasonal foods on an exceptional scale when planning menu for school meals. They also had the biggest awareness about New Year's day and Thanks Giving Day(Chuseok) of a variety of solar terms, but most than half of them didn't know about Yudu(the fifteenth day of the lunar month), Jungyangjeol(the ninth day of the ninth Lunar month), Siwolsangdal(the Harvest Month in October). Especially, nutritionist's in their 40s had the highest awareness of solar terms and seasonal foods. Also, nutritionist's had higher preference for seasonal foods than school accounting clerks(p<.05). To a question, 'why do you like seasonal foodsChoi, Eun-A?', they answered that 'because they are very nutritious and good for health'. When analyzing the use of seasonal foods according to holidays and solar terms, and there were significant differences, according to their working locations. That is, of New Year's Day foods, there was a significant difference in Tteokguk(rice-cake soup), fried fish, Sujeonggwa, Yakgwa, dumpling soup(Mandu soup), oil-and-honey pastry and Gangjeong(glutinous rice crackers), of goods of the day of the first full moon of the lunar year, there was a significant difference in Ogokbap(five-grain rice), dried radish green soup, three-color vegetables and crisp laver, among foods of Yudu(the fifteenth day of the lunar month), there was a significant difference in Tteoksudan(rice cake punch), among foods of canicular days, there was a significant difference in Yukgaejang(hot spicy meat stew), among foods of July 7th in the lunar calendar, there was a significant difference in wheat-flour noodles and fruit salad, among foods of Thanks Giving Day, there was a significant difference in Sikhye(sweet rice drink), taro soup and steamed chicken, of foods of Jungyangjeol(the ninth day of the ninth Lunar month), there was a significant difference in steamed sailfin sandfish, and of foods of winter solstice, there was a significant difference in adzuki-bean gruel and adzuki-bean noodles. Most of nutritionist's answered that 'because seasonal foods are Korean traditional foods' to a question, 'why do you provide seasonal foods as school meals?', and answered that 'students don't prefer them a lot' to a question about 'difficulties when providing them as school meals'. When analyzing preference for seasonal, foods according to working locations, of New Year's Day foods, elementary schools had higher preference for Tteokguk(rice-cake soup)(p<.01), elementary schools and middle schools had higher preference for fried fish(p<.01) and high schools had higher preference for Sujeonggwa(p<.01). Also, high schools had higher preference for Yakgwa(p<.01) and elementary schools had significantly higher preference for dumpling soup(Mandu soup)(p<.01). Lastly, middle schools had relatively higher preference for Yakbab(sweet rice with nuts and korean dates)(p<.01), elementary schools had higher preference for dried radish green soup(p<.05) and crisp laver(p<.01) and elementary schools had significantly higher preference for wheat-flour noodles too(p<.01). Most of participants recognizd that a training about seasonal foods is necessary for school meal providers. Especially, they answered, a training for school nutritionist's is most pressing, and 'to succeed to and develop proper easting culture', a training about seasonal foods is needed. Also, while, the response rate to a category, 'do not carry out a training about seasonal foods for students' was 44.3%, the response rate to a category, 'do carry a training about seasonal foods for students' was 40.5%. Majority of school nutritionist's were found to use school home pages, notice boards and pamphlets to carry out a training about seasonal foods. To improve the use of seasonal foods, most of them answered that 'eaters should change their awareness about traditional foods by carrying out a training about traditional and seasonal foods for school meal providers and students'. In general, school nutritionist's in Gyeongnam. had higher preference and positive awareness about seasonal foods, but students had lower preference for them and they were not used a lot for school meals, because it is quite complicated takes a long time to make. Also, there were differences in the use of seasonal foods and preference, according to working locations. These results imply that nutritionist's need to implement and expand a training about seasonal foods for school meal providers and students to change eaters' awareness about seasonal foods. Also, they have to develop standard cooking methods of school meals according to each working location, school meal type and the number of school meal eaters, and increase the use of seasonal foods in schools by developing a variety of menu for them and considering students' tastes.

百濟 服飾 硏究 : 문헌과 출토유물의 비교를 중심으로

최은아 전남대학교 대학원 2001 국내석사

본 연구는 古書와 출토유물에 근거하여 백제시대의 服飾, 冠飾, 修飾, 髮樣 등 전반적인 백제 복식의 구조와 형태를 고찰하였다. 이를 토대로 하여 백제시대 유물에 표현된 복식의 구조를 분석하고, 문헌기록과의 유사점 및 차이점을 파악한 후 백제 복식의 형태적 특징을 도출하였다. 본 연구의 시대적 범위는 백제의 국가 형성 시기인 1세기부터 멸망에 이르는 7세기까지로 제한하였다. 문헌 고찰을 위해 우리 나라의 史書인 三國史記·三國遺事 및 삼국시대에 관한 많은 기록이 보유된 梁書·北史·舊唐書·普書·唐書·新唐書를 참조하였다. 본 연구의 구체적 내용은 다음과 같다. 1장에서는 연구의 필요성 및 연구방법을 제시하였고, 2장은 백제 복식 형성의 근간이 되는 백제의 형성과정과 인접국가와의 교류관계를 파악하여 제시하였다. 3장은 문헌과 출토유물에 나타난 백제의 冠飾과 服飾, 髮樣과 修飾 등을 고찰하여 제시하였다. 4장에는 백제복식의 형태적 특징을 개괄하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 백제인들의 髮樣은 쌍계와 辯髮 垂後가 보편적이었으며, 정림사지 도용과 무령왕릉 출토 머리뒤꽂이를 통해 수계식 상투의 양식도 존재하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 백제금동대향로에 표현된 주악상들의 髮樣은 백제만의 독자적인 양식으로 보인다. 둘째, 冠飾에 보이는 특징은 冠帽를 착용함에 있어서 종류의 다양성을 보이기 보다는 冠의 장식을 달리하였다는 점에 있었다. 또한 관리의 품계에 따라 관 장식의 소재를 달리한 점은 복식을 신분제 확립의 수단으로 이용하려는 의도로 보인다. 셋째, 복식은 梁의 職貴圖와 백제금동대향로를 근거로 소매와 깃의 형태 등이 특징으로 드러났다. 한편, 복식의 구조적 차이 외에도 착장법에서 독특한 양식이 발견되는데, 帶를 매지 않고 풀어헤친 모습, 혹은 帶를 이중으로 맨 모습이 곳곳에서 나타났다. 이를 하나의 정립된 양식으로 해석하기에는 이를 뒷받침할 만한 문헌기록과 다른 유물의 不在로 무리가 따르므로 향로에 표현된 양식은 착장자의 취향에 따라 착장법을 달리 한 것을 묘사한 것으로 보인다. 또한 향로의 제작연대를 6세기 중엽으로 보고있는 것을 감안하면, 그 시대적 배경이 백제가 사비로 천도 후 안정된 정치체제를 기반으로 제 2의 전성기를 구가하던 시기이다. 따라서 정치적 안정을 토대로 한 문화의 융성함이 복식에도 영향을 주어 향로에 표현된 것처럼 다양한 복식의 형태와 개성있는 착장법을 가능하게 했을 것으로 보인다. 넷째, 修飾과 紋樣에 나타난 특징은 종류의 다양함, 이질적인 느낌들의 조화로 대표되며 이는 독특한 제작기법에 기인한다. 또한 陰陽五行思想은 우주의 자연적 질서와 조화가 이루어진 자연철학으로서 백제인의 색채의식에 많은 영향을 끼쳤으며, 오행설에 입각한 五色을 적용하여 착장자의 신분과 목적에 따라 복식을 착용하였다. 백제 시대에는 종교가 이미 특정 집단의 전유물이 아닌 上下尊卑를 막론하고 함께 공유한다는 성격이 강했으며, 중국 등 외국을 통해 전래된 신앙체계가 토속적 전통신앙과 결부되어 우리 고유의 신앙을 형성하게 된 것으로 풀이된다. 그리고 이러한 사실은 복식에 표현된 문양을 통해 뒷받침되는데, 백제의 대표적 종교사상이었던 불교를 중심으로 도교와 민간신앙이 단독문양으로 나타나기보다는 각각의 상징적 의미를 내포하면서 鬼面紋과 두꺼비문으로 대표되는 그들만의 독특한 문양 속에 함께 구현되어있음을 볼 수 있었다. 백제의 고대사 및 고구려, 신라, 중국, 일본 등과의 문화교류 관계에 대한 연구는 아직도 학계에서 논의의 여지가 많이 남아 있으며, 고대미술사 연구의 이론과 방법이 체계적으로 정립되지 못한 실정에서 많은 한계점과 문제점에 봉착해 있다. 앞으로 해결되어야 할 많은 문제점들에 대한 연구가 집중적으로 이루어져서 백제복식이 삼국시대 복식사 연구에서 차지하는 위치와 의의가 정립되고 규명되었으면 하는 바람이며, 본 논문이 이 방면의 연구에 조그마한 실마리가 된다면 그 또한 의미있는 일이라 여겨진다. The purpose of this study is to examine the form and the structure of costumes in Baek-jae Kingdom, including hairstyles, ornaments of crown, costumes, accessories, based on references of historical documents. By doing that, it aims at understanding the structure of costumes expressed in the remains of the Baek-jae Kingdom, recovering its formative characteristics through comparison of different historical records. For this purpose, the periodic range of this study is limited to that from the beginning of the Kingdom (100 A.D.) to the fall of the nation (700 A.D). The reference books include not only the Korean history books such as Samguksagi and Samgukyusa, but also the Chinese historic books, including Yangseo, Buksa, Gudangseo, Dangseo and Sindangseo. The content of study is as follows; Chapter 1 studies the necessity and the purpose of this study. Chapter 2 studies how the Baek-jae Kingdom had been formed, and its relation to the surrounding countries - which are assumed to have had fundamental influence on formation of Baek-jae costumes - mainly through literature referen Based on relevant literatures and unearthed remains, Chapter 3 examines the structure and the form of Baek-jae costumes, specifically looking at the diadem ornaments, clothes, hairstyles and accessories. In Chapter 4, the characteristic of the Baek-jae costumes are derived from the study done in the previous chapters. This study can be summarized as below. First, looking at the hairstyle in the Baek-jae, they usually had the styles of Ssang-gae and Byeonbalsuh. Besides, Chongrimsa Terracotta Figurines and hairpins unearthed in the tomb of King Muryong revealed that Topknot in Su-gae style existed at that time as well. However, the hairstyles found in the incense Burner Gilt-Bronze can be said to have had a very unique style of the Baek-jaes own. Second, the distinctiveness of the Baek-jaes ornaments of crown lies on the difference of its decoration, not on the diversity. Ornament of crown itself had indicated positional levels of governmental officials by using different materials. This fact shows that costume had served as a means that firmly establish the class system during that period. Third, as shown in the incense burner of Geumdong-Yongbong-Bongrae Mountain and Jikgong-do of Yang, Baek-jae costumes had its distinctive form in sleeve and collar. Apart from these structural differences, the Baek-jae costumes show their unique style in dressing, for example, having belt ornament untied, or tied in double. However, it is hard to interpret this as a formatted style, but it can be seen as a kind of individual style of wearing. Fourth, the uniqueness shown in accessories and patterns, representing a sense of diversity and heterogeneity, had been generated by original way or creation. The theory of Yim Yang and Five Elements, which is an oriental philosophy defining fundamental principles and harmony of the universe, had a considerable impact particularly on the sense of color for Baek-jae period. As such, five colors based on the theory of five elements had been applied to costumes of five social groups, and each color identified a specific class, as well as purpose of wearing. During the Baek-jae Kingdom, religion was not an exclusive possession of a specific group, but rather a shared one regardless of the upper and low classes, the noble and the commoners. Alongside that, foreign religions from overseas including China were more likely to have been combined with the traditional beliefs to form a unified religion system of Koreas own. This assumption is backed up with patterns expressed in costumes of that period. Mainly with the Buddhism, which was the most widespread religion in Baek-jae, there were Taoism, and folk beliefs which had been reflected together on unique patterns of their own. In these patterns, symbolic connotations of each religion are harmoniously mingled in together. The study on cultural relationships among Baek-jae, Koguryo, Shilla, China, and Japan still leaves much to be discussed. Besides, it is facing considerable problems and limitations in the theory and methodology for the study about the ancient art history. Accompanied with more concentrated efforts to solve the problems, the Baek-jae costumes should be redefined and repositioned in the history of costume of the Three Nations Period, particularly in terms of its historical importance. In this sense, I hope that this study may contribute and provide some help to advance this line of studies.