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Zr 도핑과 다층 박막 구조에 의한 용액 공정 산화물 반도체 소자 특성의 영향
최원석 서울시립대학교 일반대학원 2015 국내석사
이 연구에서는 용액 공정으로 제작한 산화물 박막 트랜지스터를 기반으로, Zr 도펀트 첨가로 산화물의 조성을 변화시켰을 때의 소자의 특성 변화와 산화물 박막의 구조 변화에 따른 소자 특성 변화에 대해 살펴보았다. 먼저, Zr을 도펀트로 첨가한 Indium Zinc Oxide (InZnO) 박막 트랜지스터를 용액 공정으로 제작하였다. Zr은 InZnO 박막 내에서 캐리어 농도를 감소시키는 역할을 하였으며, 이 결과를 hall-effect measurements를 통해 확인하였다. Zr 첨가량이 늘어날수록, subthreshold swing (S.S) 값은 줄어들고, on/off 전류비는 개선되었으며 threshold voltage (Vth)는 양의 방향으로 움직였다. 그리고 Zr 도핑을 통해 박막 트랜지스터의 ON 상태가 시작되는 게이트 전압의 위치가 0 V에 가깝게 변하였다. 도핑되지 않은 InZnO 박막 트랜지스터가 전자 이동도는 10.1 cm2V-1s-1, ON/OFF 전류비가 1.7×106, S.S가 0.75 V/decade인 반면 0.3%로 Zr을 도핑한 InZnO 박막 트랜지스터는 7.0 cm2V-1s-1로 여전히 높은 전자 이동도를 갖고 있었으며 ON/OFF 전류비가 2.6×106, S.S가 0.57 V/decade였다. 게이트 바이어스 스트레스에 대한 안정성도 측정하였다. Zr의 도핑된 InZnO TFT는 positive bias stress (PBS)에서는 상대적으로 불안정했지만, negative bias stress (NBS)에서는 좋은 안정성을 나타냈다. InZnO 박막 트랜지스터의 NBS ΔVth는 –2.1 V인 반면, 0.3% Zr 도핑된 InZnO 박막 트랜지스터의 경우 –0.9 V를 나타냈다. 같은 조성을 갖는 InZnO 박막을 다층으로 쌓아서 박막 트랜지스터를 제작하였다. InZnO 층이 많아질수록 전자 이동도와 S.S는 향상되었고, transfer curve는 왼쪽으로 움직였다. 단층의 InZnO 박막 트랜지스터의 전자 이동도는 4.6 cm2V-1s-1, ON/OFF 전류비는 7.4×105, S.S는 0.71 V/decade 였으며, 세 층의 InZnO 박막 트랜지스터는 전자 이동도가 21.2 cm2V-1s-1, ON/OFF 전류비는 1.6×106, S.S 0.54 V/decade로 개선되었다. 세 층의 InZnO 박막 트랜지스터는 단층에 비해 NBS 안정성 면에서는 ΔVth가 -0.03 V에서 -1.5 V로 저하됐지만, PBS 안정성은 4.4 V에서 0.9 V로 향상되었다. 한 편, InZnO와 InGaZnO 두 가지 조성을 갖는 산화물을 이용해 이층 구조(bottom layer/top layer)를 갖는 산화물 박막 트랜지스터를 제작하여 소자 성능을 비교하였다. InZnO/InGaZnO와 InGaZnO/InZnO의 박막 트랜지스터를 비교해본 결과, InZnO/InGaZnO 박막 트랜지스터의 전자 이동도가 17 cm2V-1s-1로, 13.8 cm2V-1s-1인 InGaZnO/InZnO에 비해 높게 나타났다. 게이트 바이어스 스트레스 안정성의 경우, InGaZnO/InZnO 박막 트랜지스터는 PBS ΔVth와 NBS ΔVth는 각각 3.6 V, -2.1 V로 단층 InZnO 박막 트랜지스터보다 GBS 특성이 모두 떨어졌던 반면, InZnO/InGaZnO의 경우 PBS ΔVth와 NBS ΔVth는 각각 1.2 V, -1.2 V로 단층 InZnO에 비해 GBS에 안정한 것으로 나타났다. 위 결과를 토대로, 이층 구조에서 PBS 안정성은 bottom layer의 산화물 조성에 영향을 받고, NBS 안정성은 top layer에 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있었다. The solution-processed amorphous oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) were studied. In this paper, we investigated the effect of Zr doping on indium zinc oxide (InZnO) TFTs, also studied the electrical properties and gate bias stress (GBS) stabilities of TFTs with multi-stacked semiconductor layers. Zr-doped InZnO TFTs were fabricated via a solution process with different Zr doping ratios. The addition of Zr suppressed the carrier concentration in the InZnO films, which was confirmed by Hall Effect measurements. As the amount of Zr was increased in the oxide active layer of TFTs, the subthreshold swing (S.S) reduced, the ON/OFF ratio improved, and the threshold voltage (Vth) shifted positively. Moreover, the starting points of the ON state for TFTs near the point zero gate voltage could be controlled by the addition of Zr. The 0.3% Zr-doped InZnO TFT exhibited a high saturation mobility of 7.0 cm2V-1s-1, ON/OFF ratio of 2.6×106 and S.S of 0.57 V/decade compared the InZnO TFT with 10.1 cm2V-1s-1, 1.7×106 and 0.75 V/decade. The Zr effect of the gate bias stability was examined. Zr-doped InZnO TFTs were relatively unstable under a positive bias stress (PBS), whereas they showed good stability at a negative bias stress (NBS). The NBS ΔVth of 0.3% Zr-doped InZnO TFTs was improved from –2.1 V for the InZnO TFT to –0.9 V. Multi-stacked InZnO TFTs were fabricated by sol-gel method. As the number of InZnO layers was increased, the S.S was reduced, the mobility was increased, and the transfer curve of TFT was shifted negatively. The TFT with three-stacked InZnO layers showed high mobility of 21.2 cm2V-1s-1, ON/OFF ratio of 1.6×106 and S.S of 0.54 V/decade compared the InZnO TFT with 4.6 cm2V-1s-1, 7.4×105, 0.71 V/decade. The ΔVth under NBS of TFT with three-stacked InZnO layers deteriorated from –0.03 V to –1.5 V, whereas the ΔVth under PBS was improved from 4.4 V to 0.9 V. The metal oxide TFTs with bilayer structure (Bottom layer/Top layer) were fabricated using InZnO and InGaZnO. The InZnO/InGaZnO TFT showed mobility of 17 cm2V-1S-1 compared to the InGaZnO/InZnO TFT with 13.8 cm2V-1S-1. In case of gate bias stress stability, the InGaZnO/InZnO TFT was more unstable than the single InZnO TFT. The InGaZnO/InZnO TFT exhibited PBS ΔVth of 3.6 V and NBS ΔVth of –2.1 V. However, the gate bias stress stability of InZnO/InGaZnO TFT was superior than the single InZnO TFT. The InZnO/InGaZnO had a PBS ΔVth of 1.2 V and NBS ΔVth of –1.2 V. This results suggested that the oxide composition of bottom layer affects PBS stability of TFTs and the Top layer have effect on NBS stability of TFTs.
산수화(山水畵)의 현대적 표현 연구 : 본인 작품을 중심으로
Various experiments have been tried on the modern landscape paintings. In this study, I tried to approach them in the different view from the expression methods of the existing works. In addition, I tried to consider the spirit and the expression ways immanent in the traditional landscape paintings while having its roots in the current of modernity, and concatenate it to the activities for creation. These experiments and the studies on the new expression methods can be found in the true-view landscape paintings, too. So, I have a pretty affinity for the true-view landscape painting with its own style in the Korean paintings. The Korean true-view landscape paintings in the 18th century had accepted the advanced and highbrow style of China, but through conversion of awareness, the exhibition of the Korean own spirit and the experiments on new creation were embossed. In my case, I not only chose the theme based on the images of mountains and waters through continuous sketches and experiences, but focused on reinterpreting works in the modern angles. The landscape painting is a pictorial form which includes the specific style and awareness and implies the way of Oriental thinking. The first considerations, therefore, are to understand how the landscape painting to be established and developed and what the ideas inherent in it are and to study and understand the views of artists according to the circumstances per era. This study was aimed at right succession of tradition by understanding the differences on the expressions of the landscape paintings due to the cultural differences between Korea and China and considering its previous place before modern times. In addition, on the basis of the previous stated things, in this study, I tried to find out the link connecting tradition and modernity and seek for the role model for my future. The subject matters of the landscape paintings have been limited and it has followed a specific and definite form, but it still has lots of possibilities for development. This point of view is based on the fact that it is possible to reinterpret it newly through harmonizing the infinite formative characteristics of the landscape painting's images with independent and immaterial sensitivities. Ultimately, my direction for creation is to develop the true-view landscape painting independently and characteristically by pursuing it involving ideological elements. I, hence, focused on expressing it in my own sense, not reality, while not failing to notice that sketching from nature is a quite important element of method in modern interpretation and having sympathetic feeling continuously and drawing it in my mind. Furthermore, I tried to reflect the modern view, not using the subject matters indiscreetly, and paint a landscape with the mind of the general public while sublating the exclusive landscape painting of the literary men and the recluses of the past. The reason that the formative mountain and, sometimes, the modern-style environment and house in the scenery of background appear in my works is because I want to share the specific images, which a dream and imagination added to the landscape, with all people, as previously stated. Of course, I think maybe the attempt that pursues the harmony through organization of antinomy, nature and artificial materials, can give rise to contradictory impression. The elements on the picture, however, were aimed at expressing the scenery of idealized realities through the subjective view on the relation between nature and human. In other words, it means that the modern landscape painting I think is possible only when the sympathy all the present people can consider is built up, rather than a problem related to establishment of the perfectly different shape from that of the existing landscape painting, and a sense of the theme is established first. To step up to the essence of all nature's things closely, we have to respond to the visible phenomena sensitively and be able to move it. Of course, the above stated things have to be done with sharing experiences with many of contemporary people. In this study, I recognized that the above statements are the course for expressing the landscape painting I think and tried to seek for the possibility of development through the activities for creation. 현대적 산수화는 다양한 실험이 반영되고, 기존의 작품들이 표현하고자 했던 방식과는 다른 시각에서 대상에 접근하고자 한다. 본인 또한 현대적 흐름에 기반을 두고 전통적 산수화에 내재된 정신성과 표현방식을 고찰함으로써 이를 새로운 창작 행위로 연결 짓고자 하였다. 이러한 실험성과 새로운 표현방식 연구는 진경산수화에서도 볼 수 있다. 그래서 본인은 우리나라 회화에 있어서 독자적 양식으로 일컬어지는 진경산수화에 상당한 매력을 느끼고 있다. 18세기 우리나라의 진경산수화는 중국의 선진화되고 고답적인 양식을 수용함에 있어서 의식의 전환을 통하여 우리나라 고유의 정신성의 표출과 새로운 창작에 대한 실험성이 돋보인다. 본인 또한 꾸준한 스케치와 경험을 통하여 산수의 이미지를 주제로 함과 동시에 현재적 시각으로 재해석하는 데 작품의 초점을 맞추고 있다. 산수화(山水畵)는 특정한 양식과 의식을 내포하고 있는 동양적 사고방식이 함축된 회화양식이다. 따라서 산수화의 성립배경과 내재된 사상을 이해하고 시대 상황에 따라 변화하는 작가의 시선을 되짚어 보는 것이 선결 과제라고 볼 수 있다. 이와 함께 본인은 중국과 우리나라의 문화적 차이에서 오는 산수화 표현상의 간극을 이해하고 현대 이전까지의 위치를 고찰함으로써 전통의 올바른 계승을 시도하고자 했으며, 이를 토대로 전통과 현대를 지탱하는 연결고리를 찾고 본인에게 있어 나아갈 방향에 필요한 모범적 사례를 발견하고자 한다. 산수화는 제한적인 소재와 일정한 형식이 전제되어 왔지만 아직도 많은 발전 가능성을 잠재하고 있다. 이러한 관점은 산수 이미지가 갖고 있는 무궁한 조형성과 독립적이면서 무형인 감성의 조우를 통하여 새롭게 재해석 할 수 있다는 가능성을 염두에 둔 것이다. 궁극적으로 본인의 창작 방향은 관념적 요소가 내포된 진경산수화를 표방함으로써 보다 독립적이고 개성적으로 발전시켜 나가고자 하는 것이다. 이에 따라 현대적으로 해석하는 데 있어서 사생은 대단히 중요한 방법적 요소임을 간과 하지 않고 꾸준하게 교감을 갖고 마음속에 담아내어 사실적이기 보다는 본인만의 감성으로 표출해 내는 데 역점을 두고자 하였다. 또한 무분별한 소재의 차용이 아닌 현재적 시각을 반영하고, 과거 문인이나 은인(隱人)들의 전유물이었던 산수화를 지양하면서 대중적 마음으로 바라보며 화폭에 담아내고자 하였다. 본인의 작업에서 보이는 조형화된 산과 때로는 주변의 풍광 속에 현대적 양식의 환경과 집이 등장하는 이유는 위에서 언급하였듯이 산수이지만 여기에 꿈과 상상을 담은 특정화된 이미지를 모든 사람들이 공유할 수 있으면 하는 바램에서이다. 물론 자연과 인위적인 소재의 이율배반적인 구성을 통하여 조화를 모색하는 자체는 자칫 모순된 느낌이 들 수 도 있다. 하지만 화면상에서 보여 지는 구성요소는 자연과 인간의 관계에 대한 주관적 견해를 통해 이상화된 현실경을 표현하고자 한 것이다. 따라서 본인이 생각하는 현대적 산수화는 기존의 것과 전혀 다른 모습의 조형성을 확립하는 문제 보다는 먼저 현재의 사람들이 고민할 수 있는 공감대가 형성 되어야만 하고 주제 의식의 확립이 선행되어야 가능하다는 것이다. 자연만물의 본질에 한 발 더 다가서려면 때론 가시적인 현상에 민감하게 반응하여야 하고 이를 옮길 수 있어야 한다. 또한 동시대의 많은 사람들과 경험을 교유하는 것이 병행 되어야 함은 물론이다. 이것은 본인이 생각하는 산수화의 표현을 위한 과정임을 인식하고, 이에 따른 창작활동을 통하여 발전 가능성을 모색하고자 하였다.
帶域 Energy-Band를 이용한 音聲區間의 檢出에 관한 硏究
최원석 嶺南大學校 産業大學院 2002 국내석사
Conventional speech recognition system is trained and tested in noise-free environment. But in real life environment, recognition performance of the system will be dramatically degraded by many kinds of noise such as additive and convolutional noise etc. To be a real recognizer which will be operated well in noisy environment, the system must be robust to various noises added to input speech. One of the most important thing to accomplish for a robust recognizer to noise in real system is end-point detection of speech under various noise environments. In this study, To realize a robust speech recognizer in such noise environments coarse and fine(C&F) search method which adopt high/low threshold based on SNR, SS(Spectral Subtraction), RASTA(RelAtive SpecTrAL), and CMN(Cepstral Mean Normalization) were adopted in the front-end process. To test the effectiveness of the adopted methods three kinds of noises(such as white, pink, cafe) having different levels from 5dB to 40dB were added to input speech and scored the detection and recognition accuracies. The results were then compared with those from the conventional method using short-term energy and zero crossing(E&Z) rate. As the results, end-point detection accuracies of input speech applied above three kinds of noises were increased by 10~20% with noise below 20dB and by 8~14% with office noise environment than E&Z. When SS were added to C&F, it showed 5~10% of further improvement in accordance to SNR than those from E&Z method in recognition accuracy. These results mean that C&F method which utilizes high/low threshold with SNR is effective under noisy environment.
멀티미디어용 고정소수점 DSP 프로세서의 테스트 용이 설계
Advances in semiconductor processing technology and design methodology make it possible to integrate bigger circuits in a smaller area. But these advances in semiconductor technology also cause difficulty in detecting faults that exist in a circuit. To ease the problem in testing, designers must consider a DFT(Design-For-Testability) when designing circuits to reduce cost for testing. In this paper, I describe the DFT(design-for-testability) features of the MDSP(Multimedia Fixed Point DSP Processor) to guarantee high reliability. This chip performs digital signal processes for portable multimedia function. The DFT feature includes full-scan design, BIST(Built-in-self-test) and IEEE 1149.1(JTAG Boundary scan). Full-scan design is applied to the system logic that consists of core block and peripheral block. All internal storage elements of flop flops were made scannable. All I/O cells were equipped with scan to support boundary scan and JTAG compatibility. Program memory and data memory were implemented with BIST for testing purpose. and IEEE 1149.1 boundary-scan was extended to control the BIST of program memory and data memory.
G. Mahler의 연가곡(lider eines fahrenden gesellen)의 분석연구
In this thesis, I have observed the periodical background and general characteristics of G. Mahler's songs, and analyzed ond of his masterpiece <Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen>. Late 19C, when G. Mahler had worked as a composer, the Neo-romanticism and Neo-classicism were antagonistic with each other. G. Mahler, who has maintained conservative position while displaying unbelievably progressive trend, directly connected the music of post-romanticism to the contemporary music, and was criticized as being a progressive in the transitional period Followings are the results of the analysis. First, the text had common mood and they were about the nature. It is believed that the reason is the influence and the actual performance of ballads were the motive for his poems. Second, from the collective view on the patterns of 4 songs, we can see the songs were not bound to a traditional pattern but were autonomic, emphasized on contrast rather than repetition, and used a chromatic halftone transition and added cords. So as a songwriter in the transitional period, he wrote his songs away from the traditional patterns and harmony. Third, for rhythms, rhythmic contrast with the frequent change of beat, the fractionation of basic rhythms, and expansion, contraction, and multi-rhythm (2:3, 4:3) were used and especially, the change of beat was naturally coordinated with the accent of text. Fourth, the melody shows conservative trend. The melody line is relatively simple and also, the similarity of the melody can be repeatedly found throughout the song. He took a step away from the traditional method where consistency was the key, and in contrast, he freely developed and applied the elements of ballads to maintain the consistency. Consequently, we can see that this masterpiece was influenced by Folk Rhythm. Fifth, for harmonies, you can find a lot of chromatic progress and they usually consist of triads. Through the use of N6, F6, and so on and serial use of disharmonies, it showed progressive trends. Furthermore, he is using the pedal-tone. Sixth, the formation is modulated within the relative keys and chromatic harmony. For the modulation, he used Ostinato of accompaniment part noticeably and the use of modulation from the closer key makes the flow of the song smoother. As a result of the analysis of there song, all the musical aspects of there songs show that the lyrics are very detailed and clearly harmonized.G. Mahler showed a way to other post-romanticism writers the progressive trend. We can see that he was symphonic in contemporary music, who took a step away from a fixed conception, and is a progressive in a transitional period, who created a new pattern and trend.
최원석 한양대학교 공학대학원 2025 국내석사
Currently, dioxin contamination in soil is only being investigated in a limited capacity, focusing on returned U.S. military bases and select farmlands under the jurisdiction of the National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service. This study addresses the growing concern surrounding soil dioxins, a topic highlighted in discussions at National Assembly forums. For sampling, surface materials such as weeds and organic matter are removed before collecting soil and sediment samples. Soil samples are taken at a width of approximately 5 cm, a length of 5 cm, and a depth of 5 cm from each sampling point. Sediment samples are collected using grab samplers to obtain surface layers. The soil samples are air-dried for 48 hours before undergoing Soxhlet extraction, followed by hexane substitution. They are then subjected to primary purification using a sulfuric acid-treated silica gel column, followed by concentration and secondary purification with an alumina column. The final concentrate is adjusted to a volume of 20–100 µL, completing the pretreatment process. The prepared 2 mL vials are analyzed using a GC-HRMS (Thermo DFS) equipped with a DB-5MS column (60 m x 0.32 mm ID x 0.25 µm). Calibration curves are constructed using five levels of quantification standards, which include 2,3,7,8-isomers and corresponding 13C12 isotope-substituted internal standards. Dioxin quantification employs a relative calibration curve method using isotope-labeled internal standards (13C12 or 37Cl) added prior to extraction. Measured concentrations are converted into toxic equivalent concentrations (pg I-TEQ/g or ng I-TEQ/g) by applying the toxicity equivalency factor (I-TEF), and samples are ranked accordingly. The study results revealed significant seasonal differences, with dioxin concentrations generally higher in winter compared to summer. Regionally, the northern areas exhibited the highest concentrations, while the eastern areas showed the lowest levels, indicating notable regional variations as well. 현재는 토양에 있는 다이옥신 오염도 조사는 반환 미국기지와 국립농산물품질관리원에서 극히 일부분의 농지에 대해서만 조사하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 국회 토론회에서 언급될 정도로 관심이 많아지고 있는 토양 중 다이옥신을 채취 시에는 토양이나 퇴적물시료 표면의 잡초나 유기물등이 물질층을 제거한 후 토양시료는 채취지점가로 약 5 cm, 세로 약 5 cm, 깊이 약 5 cm로 하여 시료를 채취하며, 퇴적물 시료는 그랩 등을 이용하여 표층시료를 채취한다. 토양시료는 약 48 시간 풍건작업을 거쳐서 속슬레 추출을 하고 헥산으로 치환하여 1차적으로 실리카겔 컬럼으로 황산처리 작업을 하고 다시 농축하여 알루미나 컬럼으로 정제작업을 하고 농축을 하여 최종 용량이 20 ~ 100 µL으로 만들어 전처리를 마무리하였다. 완성된 2 mL 바이알은 분석기기 GC-HRMS(Thermo DFS)를 통하여 컬럼은 DB-5MS(60 mX0.32 mm ID 0.25 µm)을 활용하여 분석하였다. 검정곡선 작성방법으로 각 2,3,7,8-이성체와 이에 대응하는 13C12 동위원소가 치환된 내부표준물질로 된 5 단계의 정량용 표준물질을 사용하여 검정곡선을 작성한다. 다이옥신류의 정량은 추출 전 시료에 첨가한 동위 원소 치환체(13C12 또는 37Cl) 내부표준물질을 이용한 상대 검정곡선선법을 이용하여 값을 정량하였다. 시료의 실측농도에서 독성등가환산계수 (I-TEF)를 곱하여 독성등가환산농도 (pg I-TEQ/g 또는 ng I-TEQ/g)로 표기하여 각 시료별 순위를 매겼다. 우리나라에서 많은 인구가 분포한 경기도 지역의 동서남북 각 6 지역을 여름과 겨울철로 나눠서 48 개의 시료를 분석하였다. 잔류성 유기오염물질의 대표성을 지닌 다이옥신 농도를 통하여 토양의 오염도를 확인하고 경기도 지역별과 계절별의 차이 및 현황을 확인하고자 하는 목적으로 하였다.