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Damages of Young Persimmon Tree as Affected by Application of Immature Liquid Pig Manure
최성태,박여옥,안광환,김은경,손지영,정완규,홍광표 한국환경농학회 2019 한국환경농학회지 Vol.38 No.2
BACKGROUND: Liquid pig manure (LPM) has been used as an alternative for conventional fertilizers on some gramineous crops. However, its chemical properties varied widely depending on the degree of the digestion. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the responses of persimmon trees to immature (not well‐digested) LPM application. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten application levels of immature LPM, consisted of a total of 3 to 30 L in 3‐L increment, were applied during summer to 5‐year‐old ‘Fuyu’ trees grown in 50‐L pots. Increasing the LPM application rate caused defoliation, wilting, and chlorosis in leaves. When applied with the rate of 3 L during summer, the tree produced small fruits with low soluble solids and bore few flower buds the following season, indicating insufficient nutritional status. In trees applied with the LPM rates of 6∼12 L, both fruit characteristics and aboveground growth of the trees appeared normal but some roots were injured. However, application of higher LPM rates than 27 L resulted in small size, poor coloration, or flesh softening of the fruits the current season. Furthermore, the high LPM rates caused severe cold injury in shoots during winter and weak shoot growth the following season. It was noted that the application of higher LPM rate than 9 L damaged the root, even though above‐ground parts of the tree appeared to grow normally. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that an excessive immature LPM application could cause various injuries on leaves, fruits, and the roots in both the current and the following season.
소결 밸브시트의 미세조직 및 기계적 성질에 미치는 볼밀 분말 혼합비의 영향
최성태,박종관,최창수,정인상 한국분말야금학회 2003 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.10 No.2
The recent trend of miniaturization and high performance of vehicle engines has put an urgent necessity for the development of valve seats which can operate under more severe conditions. In order to develope valve seat material that has the most excellent wear resistance at operating temperature of engine through improvement of the progress of work. the effects of mixing ratio of the milled powder on sintered and Cu-infiltrated properties of sintered valve seats have been studied. The resultant radial crushing strength and hardness of sintered specimens were gradually increased with increasement of volume of milled powders. It is because increasement of sintering density by increasing of surface diffusion. The hardness of Cu-infiltrated specimens became lower than that of the commercial powders as the increasement of volume of milled powders. It was due to the decrease of the amount of the martensite. By results of this research, It has been found that martensite is formed around of the Cu-infiltrated site and the decrease of the amount of the martensite is due to decrease of the amount of the Cu-infiltrated site by the decrease of gas channel.
Responses of Young ‘Fuyu’ Persimmon Trees to Summer Fertilization Rate and Leaf-fruit Ratio
최성태,김성철,안광환,박두상,김은석,최재혁 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.4
Small-sized persimmons produced by high crop load are better accepted in the export markets. However, maintaining high crop load frequently results in weakness of tree vigor, deterioration of fruit quality, and increase of the risks for alternate bearing. This experiment was conducted to determine the combined effects of fertilization rate and leaf-fruit (L/F) ratio on container-grown 3-year-old ‘Fuyu’ persimmon trees. Application of 3.6-g N, 2.1-g P2O5, 2.7-g K2O, 2.7-g CaO, and 0.6-g MgO was for the control fertilization rate (CF) and that of a 3-fold CF was for the high fertilization rate (HF). Commercial fertilizers were surface-applied to a container on July 6, July 17, and August 10 in three equal aliquots. Single tree for each fertilization rate was assigned for 12 L/F ratios (5, 6.3, 7.7, 9, 10.4, 13, 15.5, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 33) mostly by fruit thinning or rarely by defoliation on July 1. HF did not affect the yield, weight and soluble solids of the fruits but decreased skin color. As L/F ratio increased, yield decreased but average weight, skin color, and soluble solids of fruits increased. With HF, N and K concentrations in leaves, fruits, and shoots increased to some extent but soluble sugars in dormant shoots decreased. Many shoots were cold-injured with low L/F ratio especially at the HF. HF did not increase number of flower buds the next spring either on a shoot or on a tree basis but increased shoot length, compared with the CF. Increasing L/F ratio markedly increased number of flower buds and shoot growth the following year at both fertilization rates. Therefore, an appropriate combination of fertilization rate and L/F ratio should be necessary to maintain stable fruit production and tree vigor at high crop load.
최성태,박두상,조용조,강성모 한국원예학회 2009 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.50 No.2
When typhoons sweep over a persimmon orchard, the trees often lose their leaves in isolated parts of the crown. Six-year-old ‘Fuyu’ trees were defoliated on September 13 in units of the current shoots, 1-year-old branches, and 4-year-old scaffolds to mimic this situation. The fruits borne on the defoliated shoots and 1-year-old branches continued to increase their size with no significant deterioration of color and firmness at harvest. However, the fruits on defoliated 4-year-old scaffolds were about 10% smaller and their soluble solids were 1.8°Brix lower compared with those of the control. Soluble sugars in the defoliated shoots and 1-year-old branches increased from September 13 to November 22; however, the increase was significantly low in the shoots and 1-year-old branches of the defoliated 4-year-old scaffolds. A significant starch reduction in the shoots and 1-year-old branches was observed only in defoliated 4-year-old scaffolds. Percent of the shoots cold-damaged during the winter increased as the unit of defoliation was larger. However, new shoot growth and number of flower buds in a 1-year-old branch in the following year, as well as the characteristics of the fruits at harvest, were not significantly affected by the different degrees of local defoliation in the previous year.