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최문찬 한국항만경제학회 1997 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.13 No.-
Since the Uruguay Round negotiations started before environmental issues were brought to stage, the topics related to trade and the environment did not appear in the Uruguay Round as separate subjects. However, there are provisions explicitly or implicitly related to the environment in UR agreements. First of all, the preamble of the World Trade Organization explicitly refers to the objective of sustainable development and the need to protect and preserve the environment. Also, a discussion was adopted to establish a WTO Committee on Trade and Environment, although whether it will be permanent or ad hoc was not decided.<br/> With regard to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) measures, the UR Agreement encourages countries to use international standards, but it does not require them to harmonize their domestic regulations and standards upwards and downwards as a result of international standardization activities. For the improvement of market access, the Uruguay Round enhanced developing countries' export opportunities through the reduction of tariff escalation and removal of non-tariff barriers with their main trading partners, and specifically in areas such as textiles and clothing.<br/> The trade-environment issue includes two intrinsically different but closely kinked types of issues: the analytical issues and the negotiation-related issues. The analytical issues refers to the inquires into the causal link between trade policy and or environmental quality, usually the topics of economic research. The negotiation-related issues mean the subjects of controversies on how to reconcile the present and potential conflicts between environmentally motivated policy goals and international trade rules. At present, of utmost interest is of course the negotiation-rrelated issues.<br/> However, the analytical issues are also important, in that, the result of the analyses may significantly affect the orientation of the negotiation-related issues.<br/> From an environmentalist viewpoint, Korea's position may seem to be biased toward the trade side. However, Korea, like any other countries, agrees that trade provisions may be used to ensure the environmental effectiveness of an MEA under some conditions. It should be noted that Korea's intention is to safeguard agajnst the possibility of abusing trade measures relating to MEAs.
최우영,최문찬 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 1996 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.15 No.-
In motion compensated video coding, if motion vector are lost or received with errors, not only will the current frame be corrupted, but also the errors will propagate to succeeding frames. The corrupted frames should be recovered and the quality Of reconstructed frame is different according the recovery method of lost motion vector. We proposed error concealment algorithm and evaluated the performance of several error concealment methods. The proposed algorithms are based on matching method with mask which is composed of the boundray pixels of lost block. In the first proposed algorithm MAD(mean absolute difference) between mask, and corresponding pixels of the previous frame is used (or matching measurement. In the second proposed algorithm matching is done by minimizing variation between mask and neighboring pixels inside of mask on the previous frame. To evaluate the proposed and existing error concealment methods, we consider the following cases: 1) the existing prediction algrithm 2) the first proposed mask matching algorithm 3) the second proposed mask matching 4) combination 2) and 3) 5) combination of 1) and 2) 6) combination of 1) and 4) The experimental results shows that case 4 is superior to the rest cases.
趙任濟,崔文燦 東亞大學校 1997 東亞論叢 Vol.34 No.-
The objective of this study is to examine Korean insurnace industry’ s confrontational strategy under OECD affiliation. As we know, OECD is promoting liberalization in insurance and other invisible operations since 1961. The framework of liberalization in insurance is being promoted by OECD Insurance Committee among member countries. As a much broader framework for promotion of liberalization or elimination of barriers in international trade, GATT in its Uruguay Round of negotiations, newly proposed establishment of a multilateral agreement on principles and rules for trade in services, including insurance. The talks in this Uruguay Round of GATT are reported to have focused on obtaining a services agreement consisting of three parts:a broad framework agreement-called the General Agreement on Trade in Services-stipulating principles and rules :a set of annexes concerned with particular service sectors such as insurance in detail ; and a list of commitments by countries to open their services markets to foreign firms. In the discusssions on this matter, a law that markes it difficult for an insurance from one country to set up in pther country is cited as an example of a barrier to trade in services. Particularly in regards to protectionism in international insurance prevailing among developing countries, there are a number of reasons in the background. Since insurance is a parts of much larger probems a nation is faced with liberalization of insurance cannot be considered and pushed in its isolation. Korean insurance market is a well-organized, but strongly regulated market. There is fierce competition amng insurance companies in respect to insurance sales and sales channels, but competition in price is mostly restricted. Such conditions of Korean insurance market have another important implication that so much depends on sales force building in the management of insurance companies. This is essentially a common feature to the business of insurance, but more true in KOrea. Without aggressive and extensive sales force building, for which a heavy investment and sophisticated know-how are required, no company, domestic or foreign, will succeed in penetrating into Korean insurance market. Deregulation in Korean insurance market is obviously unavoidable. The question to be asked are "how much" and "in what ways". The answer will be some types of regulated competition. Then, the picture of foreign companies presence in Korean insurance market might change and become much larger. Since "deregulation" is the foremost fundamental issue, Korean insurance industry is now faced with, the supervisory authorities should confidently take the initiatives of this reform for the best, regardless of any external pressure.