日據時期臺灣小說所反映的現代性接受樣態

최말순 ( Mal Soon Choi ) 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2006 中國學論叢 Vol.20 No.-

마음의 전쟁 ― 식민지 대만의 전쟁기억과 `조국` 상상

최말순 ( Choi Mal-soon ) 중국어문연구회 2017 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.80

I intend to investigate the war memory of the colonial Taiwanese people based on Hsiao, ChinTui`s short novel The Doll of Fate that describes the Taiwanese young volunteer army during the Kominka, the late period of Japanese occupation. The presence of Taiwanese young volunteer army was not only the result of the Japanization, but also due to the Japanese martial statement, which claims to protect Asia against the western imperialist countries. However, under differential treatment and contempt, the growing dissatisfaction and indignation among Taiwanese youth has become an invisible power against the Japanese martial statement. The Taiwanese youth`s faith in the martial statement was gradually shaken by the constantly suffering from unequal treatment in the army, and by the fear of death under hostilities. I named it “a war at heart”. Following the plot development in the short novel, this article tracks the mental state of the characters. By focusing on the variation of their state of mind and the Taiwan-Korea friendship plot in the story, one can observe the consequent transformation of their national identity and the “Motherland” imagination; and further, to ponder over the war experience of those Taiwanese mobilized to fight and the historical significance of their memory.

엽석도(葉石濤)(1925~2008)와 진영진(陳映眞)(1947~2016) -‘대만문학’의 두 갈래 길-

최말순 ( Choi Mal Soon ) 한민족문화학회 2021 한민족문화연구 Vol.76 No.-

본문은 葉石濤(1925~2008)와 陳映眞(1937~2016)의 평론활동과 그들이 남긴 문학론을 통해 1970년대 이후부터 2000년대까지 ‘대만문학’의 개념과 범주, 성격을 둘러싸고 진행된 문학에서의 독립 혹은 통일에 대한 쟁론을 고찰한 것이다. 이들은 대만문학장의 중요한 작가이며 평론가로 각각 대만의식과 중국의식의 대표자로 잘 알려져 있다. 본문은 이들의 문학론을 따라가면서 1990년대 중국과는 다른 일국문학으로서의 대만문학을 정립한 葉石濤의 대만문학론과 이에 대응해 대만문학의 중국귀속성을 일관되게 주장한 陳映眞의 중국문학론을 자세하게 고찰하여 이들이 어떠한 인식과 입장에 의해 각기 다른 길을 가게 되었는지를 밝히는 데 목적을 두었다. 동시에 그들의 문학론을 지탱하고 있는 이론적 근거와 대만역사와 사회현실을 보는 시각, 다른 의견을 보여 주는 문학사의 각 의제에 초점을 맞추어 그들 문학론의 논리적 타당성과 시대적 적합성을 사고하고자 했다. The critique activities of Yeh Shih-tao(1925-2008) and Chen Ying-zhen(1937-2016), as well as their literary theories, are examined in this study. The main contents are about the concept, categories, and characteristics of 'Taiwan Literature' from the 1970s to the 2000s. In particular, debates about independence from or reunification with China are considered in the field of literature. Yeh Shih-tao and Chen Ying-zhen are crucial writers and critics of the Taiwan Literary Center, and are well known as representatives of Taiwanese and Chinese consciousness, respectively.Following their literary theories, this thesis investigates the theory of Taiwanese literature led by Yeh Shih-tao, who established Taiwanese literature as a literature of one country that is different from China in the 1990s, and the theory of Chinese literature led by Chen Ying-zhen, who consistently asserted the attribution of Taiwanese literature to China, in response to that led by Yeh. The objective of the study is to reveal what kind of perception and position led them to go down different paths. At the same time, I tried to think about the logical relevance and appropriateness of their literary theories by focusing on the theoretical basis that supports their literary theories, the viewpoints on Taiwan's history and social reality, and each agenda in the history of literature that shows different opinions.

何謂戰鬥文藝?:以《軍中文藝》(1954-1956)小說的敘事特徵與語言修辭為例

崔末順(CHOI Mal Soon) 한국외국어대학교 대만연구센터 2021 대만연구 Vol.- No.18

It is generally said that in the 1950s, Taiwan’s literary world was strongly influenced and restricted by the anti-Communist literary system. At that time, literary production was mainly undertaken by specific institutions, publisher and magazines in response to national policy needs. Among them, the magazine “Art in the Army”, under the guidance and subsidies of the General Political Department of the Ministry of National Defense, was issued during the heyday of anti-communist literature and art from 1954-6. It can be said to be a representative example of concrete practice under the state-led anti-communist literature and art. It cooperates with the implementation of the policy of “Arts in the Army”, puts forward the slogan “The nation is supreme, battle is the first”, constantly promotes the concepts of anti-communism and resistance to Russia, national justice, and Three Peoples Principles, and actively promotes anti-communist literature. In addition to the publication of a considerable number of theoretical articles on literary and artistic creation, “Art in the Army” published more than 5 novels in an average periodical, and about 130 articles were published in 26 issues. Most of these novels embody combat literature on the theme of anti-communism, resistance to Russia and counterattack against the mainland. There have been a number of studies on the historical positioning, aesthetic standards and literary attributes of anti-communist literature in academia. On top of those pioneer studies, this article first sorts out the combat literature related expositions published in “Art in the Army”, and then takes novels as the research object for the relevant discussions on the content of his novels, narrative structure, character images, and language rhetoric, investigating how the so-called “anti-communist novels” include the memory of the people, and how the nationalist narrative, constructed by the theory of “combat literature and art”, shapes anti-communist ethics. Based on this, this article further re-examines the literary attributes and social functions of anti-Communist literature and art in the 1950s, and review the historicity of anti-Communist novels.

外來美學,抑或在地現實? -台韓文學史對現代主義文學的評價問題

최말순 ( Mal Soon Choi ) 한국동방문학비교연구회 2014 동방문학비교연구 Vol.3 No.-

흔히 모더니즘 문학은 계몽의 기획에 대한 회의에서 발생하였고, 근대화 결과 야기된 모순된 현실로부터 일정한 비판적 거리를 유지하면서 위기에 처한개인의 자아를 다시 회복해 보려는 의식의 산물인 동시에 그러한 근대세계의 경험을 미학적으로 재구성하려는 노력이라고 정의된다. 따라서 모더니즘 문학에 대한 이해는 근대를 어떻게 볼 것인가와 그것을 어떻게 미학적으로 반영할 것인가 하는 점으로 수렴되며, 이 두 가지는 또한 대만을 포함하여 후발 현대를 경험한 동아시아 지역의 근ㆍ현대문학을 파악하는 가장 핵심적인 문제이기도 하다. 특히 대만, 한국과 같이 저항적, 민족적, 현실적 지향성이 농후한 근대경험을 가진 지역에서 모더니즘 문학은 쉽게 비판의 대상이 되어왔는데 그 이유는 모더니즘의 전파와 접수가 해당지역 문학의 현지성과 외래성의 관계를 검토하는 중요한 기준이기 때문이다. 이러한 문제의식에 기초하여 본문은 대만에서 출판, 유통되고 있는 몇 권의 문학사 저작을 대상으로 5ㆍ60년대의 모더니즘 문학을 어떻게 평가하고 있는지를 고찰하고, 이를 유사한 근대경험을 가진 한국문학의 경우와 비교하여 대 만문학의 발전과 변천에 작용한 객관적인 조건을 찾고자 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. In this paper, I aim at a few of works of literary history that published and currently circulated in Taiwan, and investigate how they describe and evaluate modernist literature in 50’s and 60’s, to look for objective conditions of understanding of Taiwanese literature. To achieve this purpose, the paper also cited the Korean academia on the evaluation of modernist literature as a reference. Modernism is a product of the West, and has been discussed as an important literary topics after it was spread over from the West. The purpose of discussion triggered by surrounding the acceptance state of modernism is to review the relation of native and exotic nature to a regional literature. Such as Taiwan and South Korea, in the areas that is resistant, national, and the hard reality pointed to facing the capitalist modernity, modernism literature easily became the object of criticism. Therefore, the discussion on modernist literature is basically to investigate how these areas look upon their modern experience, and the process how to achieve literary modernity.

『설득』에 나타난 에코페미니즘 경향

최말순(Choi Mal Soon) 한국영미어문학회 2005 영미어문학 Vol.- No.75

This article examines how Jane Austen weaves threads of Ecofeminism in her 1818 novel Persuasion. The parameters I used to circumscribe the boundaries of Ecofeminism are those cited by Karen J. Warren in her book Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Anne Elliot seems almost too perfect to be a traditional Austen heroine. In Persuasion, Austen shows the burlesque social environment in which Anne learns and eventually comes to respect the viewpoints of others and forms her view of life and the people in it. Austin juxtaposes the conceited, image-conscious, insensible family with Anne's opposing qualities of self-deprecation, humility, and sensibility. Anne grows by developing relationships with women outside her family. Austen shows Ecofeminism by having Anne put loyalty to Mrs. Smith above respect for her father's wishes, and in her respect for Nurse Rooke, her admiration for Mrs. Croft, and for her defense of Lady Russell's reputation. Collectively, these relationships show the common interests of intelligent women without respect to their social status and chip away at the foundations of class-based thinking. Austen defends the values and traditions of respect for social norms. Yet, she is subtly subversive in her support of greater social mobility. Through several characters, Austen reflects the potential for upward mobility within society regardless of heritage. Ann Elliot's strong traits of Ecofeminism eventually lead Wentworth to reconsider their relationship that then blossomed into a marriage built on the objective, open-minded thinking of Ecofeminism.

『우왕 헨더슨』에서 인간성 회복

최말순(Mal-Soon Choi) 신영어영문학회 2005 신영어영문학 Vol.31 No.-

Many consider Henderson the Rain King to be the most affirmative of Saul Bellow’s novels. This study looks at how Henderson, the protagonist, a social outcast recovers his humanity through experience gained on an adventurous journey into the hinterlands of mythical Africa on a quest for salvation and affirmation. In his travels, Henderson encounters two tribes with whom he realizes his goals under the weight of great suffering and eye-opening experiences. A brush with mortality frees Henderson of egoistic desire and awakens in him a need for the love of others. Alienated from family and friends, he eventually manages to regain his identity. In conclusion, through Henderson’s approach to life, Bellow mirrors his optimistic, moralistic views and reveals his belief that it is the writer’s duty to restore humanity.

皇民化時期台灣與韓國的戰爭動員體制和女性論述

崔末順 ( Choi Mal Soon ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2008 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.11 No.-

1937到1945年的戰爭時期, 可以說是殖民母國日本和殖民地台灣, 朝鮮之間建立起同時性和同質性最強烈的時期。中日戰爭爆發後, 強化軍國主義路線的日本軍府, 逐漸成為日本政治的主流勢力, 因而提出新體制和新秩序乃是未來歷史趨勢和方向的論述。所謂新體制和新秩序, 指的是企圖擺脫歐洲中心的現代世界史進展, 以謀求建立日本中心的亞細亞共同體論說, 亦即所謂「大東亞共榮圈」的建設說法。 不過, 要建設「大東亞共榮圈」並付諸實踐, 必須透過與英美國家之間的戰爭方能達成, 此意味著必須動員包括殖民地在內的全體國民。因此「大東亞共榮圈」的提出, 對殖民地人民來講, 不僅只是用以鼓吹戰爭, 後方支援的戰時動員意識形態而已, 更重要的是, 它給殖民地民眾提供了一個融入帝國, 成為國民的機會。因此, 在戰爭時期此超強硬殖民主義的經驗, 與國民主體的形成, 國家認同的建立等現代性問題, 都有著密切 的關聯, 而且還對殖民地民眾造成更為根本性的影響。 此種經驗同樣適用於女性:隨著戰爭的擴大和戰事的緊張, 後方的重要性逐漸被強調, 殖民地女性也被編入戰時體制, 在精神和物質層面上同樣被全面動員, 其中賦予女性的皇國婦女, 銃後夫人, 產業戰士, 軍國之母, 軍國之妻的身分地位和角色, 讓殖民地女性有一次超越家庭範圍, 進而參與社會, 國家事務的機會, 且透過此機會更有獲得國民認同的可能性。 有鑑於此, 本文想了解的是, 戰時日本為動員女性所提出的論述, 是如何影響女性國民認同的建構。為此, 本文首先將針對戰爭時期日本在台灣和韓國所建立的女性動員體制及運作方式, 進行了解之後, 再於此基礎上, 加以分析女性論述體系和國家主義的相關性問題。 The synchronization and homogeneity between the colonizer, Japan, and the colonized, Taiwan and Korea, became most intense during the wartime between 1937 and 1945. After the Sino-Japanese War broke out, the Japanese junta which promoted and reinforced militarism gradually dominated politics in Japan. Consequently, the discourse on a new system and new order as the future trends and directions was proposed. The new system and order refer to the progress toward modernity, in an attempt to de-center Europe and to build a Japan-centered Asian community, or the so-called “Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere.” The attempt to create the “Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” and to make it work, however, means the necessity of war with the United States and Britain, in order to achieve the goal. This also means the necessity of national mobilization, including civilian mobilization in its colonies. Hence, for the colonized people, the concept of the “Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” was not merely an ideology of war and mobilization that advocates war and requires logistics support; more important, it offered the colonized people an opportunity to become a member of the empire. Japan’s rigid commitment to colonialism during the wartime was closely related to the issues of modernity, such as the formation of a national body and establishment of national identity; moreover, it exerted a fundamental influence on the colonized people. Such colonial experience could also be applied to women. With the expanded battlefields and intensifying war, the important role that the home front played was gradually emphasized. As a result, colonized women were also incorporated into the wartime system, being both physically and mentally mobilized. The roles and statuses bestowed on women, such as patriotic housewives of the Japanese empire, soldiers’ wives waiting for their husbands’ return at home, industrial labor force, and mothers and wives of the militaristic country, allowed the colonized women the opportunity to go beyond the domestic confinement and take part in social and national affairs, thus increasing their possibility to gain national recognition. Based on this background, this study aims to explore how the discourse proposed by the Japanese militaristic government for mobilizing women during the wartime affected the establishment of national identity for women. In order to achieve this aim, this study first investigates the system for mobilizing women in wartime Taiwan and Korea by Japan and the operating method thereof, and then analyzes the issues related to the female discourse system and nationalism based on the investigation findings.

‘本土’와 ‘海洋’: 대만 ‘네이션’의 안과 밖

최말순(CHOI Mal Soon) 한국외국어대학교 대만연구센터 2020 대만연구 Vol.- No.17

Taiwan is a place with a diverse population distribution consisting of several ethnic groups and a hybrid of history and culture. Due to these characteristics, it is also a place with a continuous phenomenon that is quite heterogeneous and confrontational with the formation of national and national identity. The main text first attempts to find out the social structure and types, conflict and conflict patterns through the diverse population composition and their historical trajectory in Taiwan, and focus on the issue of “nation” related to the imperfections as a nation-state. It was around 1990 that interest and intensive discussions about Nation began in Taiwan. At that time, I would like to examine how the private sector and government offices attempted to find Taiwans identity through separation from China, and through what kind of discussions they formed Nation. “Native” and “Ocean” in the titles can summarize discussions related to the formation and establishment of the concept of Taiwan literature, which represents Taiwans internal cohesion, and the Southbound policy, which symbolizes external responsiveness. It is a word that has been used to look inside and outside Taiwan Nation through consideration of these two layers.

아주기김회(亞洲基金會)와 냉전시기 대만문학의 경향

최말순 ( Choi Mal-soon ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2017 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.47

본문은 미국의 문화냉전이란 시각에서 亞洲基金會(아시아재단)의 대만문단에 대한 원조의 내용과 방식을 살펴보고 이러한 원조가 냉전시기 대만문학에 어떠한 변화를 초래했는지를 고찰한 것이다. 아주기금회는 냉전시기 소련을 위시한 공산진영으로부터 신흥국가들을 보호하기 위해 국제원조활동을 진행한 미국의 여러 민간기구 중 하나로 1950년대부터 교육, 언론, 사회공동체건설, 농촌사업 등 여러 부문에 걸쳐 대만사회를 지원했다. 그중 문학부문은 대부분 홍콩에서 출자하거나 지원하여 성립한 亞洲出版社, 友聯出版社, 人人出版社 등을 통해 이루어졌는데, 이들 출판사를 통해 대만작가들의 반공소설이 대량 출판되었고, 이들 출판사가 간행한 잡지 『亞洲畫報』, 『中國學生周報』 등의 소설 공모전에 많은 대만작가들이 참여했다. 이런 과정을 통해 홍콩의 우익문단과 반공문학의 공유현상이 나타났다. 아주기금회는 또한 대만작가들의 미국연수를 지원하고 관방기구인 美國新聞處와 더불어 1950년대 중반 이후 대만의 주요 문학잡지인 『自由中國』, 『文學雜誌』, 『現代文學』 등의 창간에 직, 간접적으로 지원하는 방식으로 대만문단에 영향을 미쳤고 미국을 중심으로 한 서방문학의 소개와 전파로 대만문단의 경향을 반공문학의 민족의제에서 개성과 일상, 인간 내면의 심리와 감각을 다루는 개인의제로 바꾸는데 일정한 역할을 했다. 즉 냉전시기 대만문학의 반공, 자유주의, 모더니즘의 세 가지 주류적 경향의 중첩과 교체라는 변화에 아주기금회와 관방기구인 미국신문처의 대공산정권 심리전과 문화원조가 직접적인 역할을 했다고 하겠다. The goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between the Asia Foundation and Taiwanese literature from the perspective of the US cultural Cold War. The paper is divided into three parts. First, the Asia Foundation, a Taiwanese support enterprise, is explored through its depiction in the media. Although a private organization, the foundation operated under the goal of anticommunism in close collaboration with the US government, being actively involved in areas in which it was difficult for the US to directly intervene without drawing the criticisms of neocolonialism and imperialism in addition to inspiring antipathy among intellectuals of aid-recipient nations. According to twenty-years of reports from the United Daily News starting from 1950, the foundation focused on manpower resources and the development of education in order to lay down the basic structure of modern Taiwanese society. This initiative took the form of support for Taiwanese universities and academic institutions, the establishment and solidification of worldwide anticommunist organizations, backing for the overseas community in education and business, exchange programs for rural youth including 4-H clubs, aid for science education and industrial research, assistance for exchange in culture and academia, and a support enterprise, lead by the UN, for city and community development planning. These kinds of activities and aid measures had a broad influence in Taiwanese society including a trend in favor of the US in academia, the cultivation of pro-US public figures, the fostering of pro-US leaders in Southeast Asia through overseas education, education in science and technology, the translation and publication of anticommunist literature, and the exchange of individuals and culture between the US and China in the political and academic world. The second section examines the exchange that took place between Hong Kong and the Taiwanese literary establishment through the Asia Foundation by investigating the foundation’s aid in Hong Kong, the relationship between Taiwanese authors and the character of magazines published by the Asia Press, the Union Press, and the Everyone Press such as Asia Pictorial, College Life, Fatherland Weekly, and Literature for Everyone, and the representation of Taiwanese authors in literary contests held by the abovementioned magazines. This research has uncovered deep links between anticommunist, naturalist, and modernist writers. In the twenty years that followed 1950, the trends of Taiwanese literature and the literary establishment have typically been understood to be anticommunist literature, naturalist literature, and modernist literature. Under the absolute influence of the Asia Foundation, the rightest literary establishment of Hong Kong and the Taiwanese literary establishment both put forth writing premised upon anticommunism. From this basis and the fact that Taiwanese writers participated in the Hong Kong literary establishment, that both literary establishments valued China’s traditions and culture as a cultural tactic in relation to communist China, that the introduction of US-style education and knowledge comprised a large portion of magazines related to the Asia Foundation, and that Taiwanese writers were actively involved in the translation and introduction of American literature demonstrates that the main trend of Cold War era Taiwanese literature was deeply related to changes in Kuomintang literary policy in addition to the Asia Foundation and US cultural aid.