Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor가 저산소성-허혈성 뇌손상이 유도된 신생쥐에 미치는 영향

최대호,오연균,박승택,Choi, Dae-Ho,Oh, Yeon-Kyun,Park, Seung-Tak 대한소아청소년과학회 2002 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.45 No.6

목 적: 저산소-허혈에 대한 신경독성의 규명 및 xanthine oxidase inhibitor인 allopurinol의 저산소성-허혈 유도에 미치는 방어효과를 조사하기 위하여 본 연구를 시도하였다. 방 법: 신생쥐에 우측 총경동맥을 결찰 및 8% O2의 노출로 허혈 및 저산소 상태를 만든 후 저산소성-허혈이 12-72시간 동안 대뇌의 neuron과 astrocyte에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 신경독성을 규명하고, 또한 xanthine oxidase inhibitor인 allopurinol이 저산소성-허혈 유도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 저산소성-허혈 유도 15분 전에 150 mg/kg의 allopurinol을 복강 투여한 다음 투여 후 14일 후에 신생쥐를 희생하여 이의 뇌 조직으로부터 순수분리 배양한 신경 세포에 대하여 세포의 수적 변화와 생존율을 비롯하여 LDH와 단백질합성 및 PKC를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 1) 저산소성-허혈은 저산소-허혈 유도 직후부터 72시간 동안 시간경과에 비례하여 신생쥐의 대뇌 neurons의 수와 세포생존율을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 2) 저산소성-허혈은 저산소-허혈 유도 직후부터 72시간 동안 시간경과에 비례하여 신생쥐의 대뇌 astrocyte의수와 세포생존율을 다소 감소시켰다. 3) 저산소-허혈 유도 14일 후 neuron의 수와 세포 생존율 및 단백질합성은 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였으나 LDH는 매우 증가하였다. 4) 저산소-허혈 유도 직전 allopurinol 처리에 의하여 neuron의 수와 세포생존율 및 단백질합성은 유의하게 증가하였고 LDH치는 현저히 감소하였다. 5) 배양된 neuron에 대한 PKC 조사에 있어서 허혈 유도 10분에 현저한 PKC치의 증가를 보였으며, allopurinol의 전 처리는 허혈 유도에 의한 PKC치의 증가를 유의하게 감소시켰다. 결 론 : 저산소성-허혈은 신생쥐의 대뇌 신경세포에 독성효과를 나타냈으며 활성산소 제거제인 allopurinol은 세포수 및 세포생존률의 증가에 의한 신경세포의 손상보호를 나타내었고, 단백질합성 증가, LDH치 및 PKC치의 감소로 세포손상에 대한 효과적 방어도 관찰할 수 있었다. Purpose : In order to evaluate the hypoxia-ischemia(H-I) induced neurotoxicity and the protective effect of xanthine oxidase(XO) inhibitor(allopurinol), cell number, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), protein synthesis(PS) and protein kinase C(PKC) activity were measured in cerebral neurons and astrocytes. Methods : Cytotoxic effect was measured by in vitro assay at 12-72 hours after H-I on cerebral neurons and astrocytes derived from 7-day old neonatal rats which were subjected to unilateral common carotid artery occlusion and exposed to hypoxic condition for 3 hours. The protective effect of XO inhibitor was examined by the cell number, cell viability, LDH and PS on 14 days after H-I with allopurinol intraperitoneal injection 15 minutes prior to H-I. In addition, the effect of allopurinol on PKC activity in hypoxic conditions was examined in neurons. Results : 72 hours from H-I, the cell numbers and viability were decreased significantly in time-dependent manner on neurons and those of astrocytes also decreased slightly, compared with control. In neonatal rats treated with H-I, the cell number, cell viability, and PS in neurons were decreased, but LDH was increased significantly compared with control. In neonatal rats pretreated with allopurinol, the cell number and viability, and PS in neurons were increased and LDH was decreased significantly compared with H-I. PKC was increased remarkably after hypoxic condition. But PKC was decreased significantly against hypoxic condition after allopurinol pretreatment. Conclusion : From these results, it is suggested that H-I is more toxic in neurons than astrocytes and allopurinol is very protective with increasing of PS, and decreasing of LDH and PKC in neurons from hypoxic-ischemic condition.

완전자율주행 중 ‘딜레마 상황’에서의 교통사고와 프로그래머의 형사책임에 대한 배제법리 고찰

최대호(Choi, Dae-Ho) 중앙법학회 2021 中央法學 Vol.23 No.3

자율주행 중 교통사고는 자율주행자동차에 시스템의 오류나 기계적 결함이 존재하지 않는다고 하더라도 언제든지 발생할 수 있다. 그 대표적인 사례로서 AV가 자율주행 중 이른바 ‘딜레마’ 상황에 직면한 경우에 이용자 혹은 보행자의 생명법익을 침해할 수밖에 없는 경우를 들 수 있다. 이 경우 자율주행프로그램을 설계한 프로그래머는 발생한 법익 침해에 대하여 형사책임을 지게 될 수밖에 없는데 그렇다고 해서 자율주행 중 생명을 침해하는 교통사고가 발생할 때마다 프로그래머를 형사처벌한다면 이는 AV의 개발・보급 및 연구 자체를 금지하거나 지연시키는 결과를 초래하게 될 것이다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 본 논문에서는 레벨4 이상의 완전자율주행과 그에 따른 딜레마 상황을 전제로 하여, AV의 이용자를 보호할 것인가 아니면 자율주행과 전혀 관계가 없는 제3자를 보호할 것인가 라는 윤리적 선택과 관련하여 프로그래머의 형사책임을 고찰하였다. 그 주된 논지와 결론은 다음과 같다. 우선 AV가 자율주행 중 딜레마 상황에 직면한 경우 그에 대한 프로그래머의 회피동작 설정행위를 고의로 볼 것인지 아니면 과실로 볼 것인지가 문제된다. AV의 교통사고는 인간 운전자의 운전과 달리, 프로그래머가 설계한 자율주행프로그램에 따라 주행하는 과정에서 법익침해를 야기한 것이며 그 주행과정은 이용자가 아닌 프로그래머가 지배한다. 또한 AV는 딜레마 상황에 직면한다면 갑작스럽게 회피동작을 선택하는 인간 운전자와는 달리, 자율주행 중 외부환경을 인간 운전자보다 더 완벽하게 인식하면서 사전에 설정된 프로그램에 따라 회피동작을 선택하게 된다. 결국 그 프로그램을 설계한 프로그래머는 사전에 딜레마 상황에 따른 AV의 회피동작과 그에 따른 법익침해를 충분히 인용하고 있는 것으로 평가할 수 있고 이에 프로그래머의 프로그램 설정행위는 고의로 보는 것이 타당하다. 다음으로 AV 산업의 발전이라는 측면에서 볼 때 AV가 딜레마 상황에 직면하여 법익침해의 결과를 발생시키더라도 프로그래머에게 형사책임을 부담시키는 것은 부당하다. 그렇다면 이 경우 적용될 수 있는 배제법리는 어떤 유형들이 있으며 그 가운데 어떤 법리를 적용하여 배제하는 것이 가장 합리적인지가 문제된다. 프로그래머에 대한 형사책임의 배제법리로서 우연발생기 탑재, 긴급피난 및 의무의 충돌, 허용된 위험 등이 고려되고 있다. 그런데 프로그래머의 프로그램 설계행위 자체를 형사처벌의 대상으로 삼는 것이 회의적이라고 한다면 긴급피난의 법리적용에 따른 위법성조각 또는 책임조각을 고려하기보다는 구성요건단계에서 배제시키는 허용된 위험의 법리를 적용하는 것이 바람직하다. 마지막으로 허용된 위험의 법리적용을 위해서는 그 핵심 요건인 ‘안전배려의무’와 관련된 특별규정으로서 국토교통부의 「자율주행자동차 윤리가이드라인」이 존재한다. 그런데 동 윤리가이드라인이 딜레마 상황에 따른 윤리적 선택 문제를 해결하는 데 기여할 수 있는지 여부가 문제된다. 동 윤리가이드라인에서는 “부득이하게 사고가 발생한 경우 탑승자를 비롯한 관련 당사자의 피해를 최소화하도록 설계하여야 한다”고 규정하고 있는데 이는 일반적・추상적인 규정으로서 이용자 혹은 제3자의 생명침해가 불가피한 이른바 딜레마 상황의 문제를 직접적으로 해결할 수 없다. 결론적으로 AV의 안전성에 대한 사회적 합의가 아직 수용된 것은 아니며 또 현행법상 그 근거규범이 마련되어 있지 않은 이상, 위의 윤리가이드라인만으로는 딜레마 상황에서의 AV의 행동선택과 이와 관련된 프로그래머의 설정행위에 대한 적법성을 평가할 수 없을 것이다. Even if there are no system errors or mechanical defects in autonomous vehicles, accidents can occur at any time during autonomous driving. A typical example of this is the case where AV faces a so-called "dilemma" during autonomous driving and then inevitably infringes on the life and interests of users or pedestrians. this paper, on the premise of the level 4 or higher fully autonomous driving and dilemma situation, was considered the programmer"s criminal responsibility in relation to the ethical choice of whether to protect the AV user or a third party that has nothing to do with autonomous driving. AV traffic accidents, unlike human drivers" driving, infringe on legal interests in the process of driving according to the autonomous driving program designed by the programmer, and the driving process is controlled by not the user but the programmer. Also, unlike a human driver who suddenly selects an avoidance action when faced with a dilemma, AV recognizes the external environment more perfectly than a human driver during autonomous driving and selects an avoidance action according to a preset program. In the end, it can be evaluated that the programmer who designed the program is sufficiently citing AV"s avoidance action according to the dilemma situation in advance and the infringement of legal interests. As the exclusion’principle of criminal responsibility for programmers-accidental generator loading, emergency evacuation and conflict of obligations, permitted risks-are considered. however, if it is skeptical that the programmer"s program design act itself is subject to criminal punishment, it is desirable to apply rather the legal principle of permitted risk that is excluded from the component stage than considering the fragmentation of illegality or the fragmentation of responsibility according to the application of the legal principle of emergency evacuation. For the legal application of permitted risks, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport’s 「Ethical Guidelines for Self-Driving Vehicles」 exists as a special regulation related to the duty to consider safety. however, It is questionable whether that guideline can contribute to solving the problem of ethical choice. that guideline only stipulates that “in case of an unavoidable accident, must be programmed to minimize damage to the passengers and related parties”. However, since this regulation is a general and abstract regulation, it cannot directly solve the so-called dilemma situation in which the life of users or third parties is unavoidable. Unless a social consensus on AV safety has been accepted and there is no basis for it under the current law, the above ethical guidelines alone cannot evaluate the legality of AV behavior choices and that related programmers" setting behaviors in dilemma situations.

일반아파트와 고령자 공동주택의 공간요소 비교분석에 관한 연구

최대호(Choi, Dae-Ho),김태훈(Kim, Tae-Hun) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.36 No.2

고령자 공동주택 부대복리시설의 프로그램에 따른 공간구성 분석 연구

최대호(Choi, Dae-Ho),배시화(Bae, Si-Hwa),황정현(Hwang, Jung-Hyun) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.32 No.8

As the world entered the aging society, the interest in reducing the social burden of supporting the elderly as well as measures to increase the quality of life after retirement is increasing. Currently, Korea is the speed of population aging fast, compared to a foreign country, is also rapidly increasing demand for elderly housing accordingly. South Korea is expected that the population aged 65 and over to enter the super-aged society, which accounts for more than 20% of the total population in 2026. Korea than the rate of population aging in Europe and Japan are aging faster progress. South Korea was also active study housing for the elderly. As a result of the design for the elderly but to achieve barrier-free by detailed guidelines, the situation is about the properties it reflects insufficient public housing program in the elderly. It is therefore intended to proceed with the study on the relationship of the space associated with the program for the senior apartment houses.

전류 조절로 파장 튜닝 가능한 편광상이 배치구조 기반 광섬유 빗살 필터

최대호(Dae-Ho Choi),이용욱(Yong-Wook Lee) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2010 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.24 No.12

In this paper, we have demonstrated absolute wavelength tuning in an optical fiber comb filter based on a polarization-diversity loop configuration by controlling the current injected into enameled wires wound on polarization-maintaining fibers (PMF's), that is, adjusting Joule heat generated from enameled wires. The proposed fiber comb filter consists of a polarization beam splitter, a half-wave plate, a quarter-wave plate, and PMF's. And we observed wavelength change of spectral dips in transmission spectra of the fabricated filter by varying an input current applied to enameled wires. The absolute wavelength of the filter could be controlled in proportional to the square of the input current with good linearity, and the rate of the wavelength shift with respect to the input current was measured as 36.79[㎚/A²].

미국에서의 법인에 대한 형사책임귀속 모델과 그 시사점

최대호(Dae Ho Choi) 중앙법학회 2015 中央法學 Vol.17 No.2

This Article examines corporate criminal liability in the United States. Under the common law, corporations could not commit crimes. Since the U.S. Supreme Court``s New York Central decision, however, it has been recognized that corporations may be held liable even for crimes requiring criminal intent. There have been two corporate criminal liability standards under which corporations may be held criminally liable for the actions of their officers, agents, or employees: the doctrine of respondent superior and the Model Penal Code standard. First of all, under the doctrine of respondent superior, a corporation may be held liable for the crime of its officer, agent, or employee provided that the officer, agent, or employee acted within the scope of his or her employment and acted with the intent to benefit the corporation. Here, the agents and the employees for whose conduct the corporation may be held criminally liable are not limited to high-level agents or employees. Additionally, it is irrelevant whether the corporation has designed and implemented compliance policies in determining corporate criminal liability. Secondly, the Model Penal Code standard treats corporate criminal liability differently based on whether the offense is defined by the Criminal Code or not. According to the Model Penal Code §2.07(1)(a), a corporation may be held criminally liable for a regulatory offense that is defined by a statute other than the Criminal Code only when legislative purposes to impose criminal liability on corporations plainly appears in the statute, and its officer, agent, or employee committed the offense on behalf of the corporation within the scope of his or her employment. The Model Penal Code §2.07(5), however, allows a due diligence defense against corporate criminal liability for regulatory offenses. When it comes to crimes defined by the Criminal Code, the Model Penal Code §2.07(1)(c) provides that a corporation may be held criminally responsible only when its board of directors or high managerial agent got involved in such crimes in the form of authorization, request, command, performance, or tolerance. These two standards, however, have not been free from criticism. Especially, the doctrine of respondeat superior has been criticized in that it does not consider whether a corporation has designed and implemented effective compliance policies when determining the criminal liability of such corporation. It could be problematic with regard to deterrence that is a central justification for criminal liability in general. As a result, many legal scholars and practitioners have argued that corporate criminal jurisprudence should be improved, and thereby the existence of corporate compliance policies should be considered in determining corporate criminal liability.

일죄일부에 대한 공소제기의 적법성

최대호 ( Dae Ho Choi ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2011 고려법학 Vol.0 No.61

This paper has clarified the theoretical base of the legality of indictment for a part of a crime and reviewed limitations of the indictment. In addition, the legality on the indictment for a part of a crime as a crime requiring a complaint from the victim for indictment has been reviewed. As a result, the following conclusion has been obtained: First, because adversarial system, indictable discretion and a public prosecutor`s monopolization of indictment are applied under current criminal law, it is reasonable to say that the indictment for a part of a crime should be permitted. However, the object of lawsuit needs to be set regardless of the adversarial system. Second, in terms of the limitation of partial indictment of a crime, whether or not the crime can be separated as a minimum unit unlike the general and discretional issues such as right abuse arraignment matters. Therefore, whether or not the partial indictment of a crime could be permitted is a matter of the theories of counting crime. Third, even though it is just a part of a crime under substantial law, a partial crime is still admitted as a crime. Therefore, a partial crime is seen as an independent crime. Hence, the logical limitation in compositing arraignment lies in ``one crime`` under substantial law. At the same time, ``one crime`` is just ``a crime in consciousness.`` A crime in assessment is not applied here. After all, provided that a crime can be separated as ``minimum unit`` which cannot be divided anymore, it could be admitted as an independent indictment. If it is assumed that an independent indictment cannot be composed when a crime cannot be separated as a minimum unit, it can be said that the entire of one crime as well as a part of it was indicted.

도시고속도로의 IC 분류부의 속도예측모형 구축에 관한 연구

최대호(Choi Dae Ho),권인영(Kwon In Yeong),김태곤(Kim Tae Gon) 대한토목학회 2002 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2002 No.11

법인에 대한 형사책임 귀속의 요건

崔大鎬(Choi, Dae-Ho) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2009 法學論文集 Vol.33 No.1

This paper has investigated and specifically suggested the requirements to impose criminal responsibility against corporation. For this, the followings have been conducted: The objective (actus reus) and subjective (mens rea) factors under criminal law have been analyzed from the perspective of corporation. They have been reviewed under the title of 'Penal Justification.' Based on the penal justification, identification theory and organization model that have been suggested as a way of imposing liability have been reviewed. Through this review, criminal acts have been sorted out among various corporate activities. Based on the discussion above, the specific requirements to impose criminal responsibility against corporations are as follows: First, there should be acts associated with corporate employees' duties, and it should be assessable that the potential risk of the corporation has been implemented. Second, even under the case that corporation would not be punished because individuals have merely involved in criminal act, the corporate act could be reassessed by considering all individuals' criminal act. Third, individuals should have no intention to harm corporation. Fourth, corporate intention could be accepted if corporate activities are to blame, or special deterrence is necessary. Fifth, the possibility of other acts by corporation would be admitted when the possibility of other acts by individuals who have involved in risk creation is accepted. In addition, the possibility of other acts by corporation could also be admitted based on the assessment on whether or not multiple individuals could avoid risk creation and realization.

가석방 없는 종신형의 입법과 그 정당성 고찰

최대호(Dae-Ho Choi) 경희법학연구소 2023 경희법학 Vol.58 No.3