
http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
The purpose of thesis is to examine aspects and meanings of dream in the works written by Hwang, Soon Won. This study derives from 2 academic motives: one is to interpret the internal consciousness of characters in Hwang's works by analysing their dream, the other is to grasp the changing aspect of the main themes in Hwang's literary world. After applying psychoanlaytic theory of Sigmund Freud to Hwang's novels, the resulting accomplishment is as following. First, dreams about water in Staying with Stars(1947), Descendant of Cain(1953), Human Graft(1955) mean 'return to mother's womb', which embodies the hero's unconscious desire to be held in mother's arm. For example, the hero's obsession with the image of 'blazing eye' in Descendant of Cain, which represent motherhood appears repeatedly. And dreams about 'peach' and 'breast' in Human Graft is substitutions of yearning mother. 'Return to the womb' represented in these dreams is one of the main motifs in Hwang's early literary world. Secondly, dreams about 'hill', 'cave' in Trees Stand at the Slopes(1960) and The Sun and the Moon(1962) which are main works consisting Hwang's middle stage represent central character's anxious interiority. In the middle stage, Hwang deals with deepened internal conflict of characters, unlike the tendency toward psychic integration in the early stage. Dreams about 'hill' in Trees Stand at the Slope symbolize hero's ontological solitude caused by war symptom, and dreams about 'a house only with stages', 'letter T', 'cave' in The Sun and the Moon embody repeatedly the ontological solitude of the hero caused by status conflict of butchery class. Thirdly, rehabilitating process from destructed humanity through conflict between self and reality with maternal vitality appears in dream imageries in Moving Castle(1968), God's dice(1978) in the last stage. Apparently, Hwang's novels in the last stage show characteristically that the characters perceive motherhood and vitality equally. Therefore, dreams in Hwang's novels are used as important apparatus showing hero's interior consciousness and novel's thematic consciousness. The significance of dreams has been dealt broadly form the starting point in Head(1942), and becomes more and more intensified in his later works. Dreams in Hwang's novels let the story proceed and mediate connotations. They are also used as a method to foretell character's internal consciousness or story development, and to reveal the general comprehension of symbolic meaning of Hwang's works. So, interpretation of dreams is one of the most essential tasks studying Hwang's novels.
Structural and Electrical Properties of Nickel Oxide for Resistance Memory Devices
Nickel oxide (NiO) has recently been receiving a great deal of attentions as a material for the Resistance Random Access Memory (RRAM) as a substitutional device of the conventional Si memory devices. Therefore the characterization of NiO material properties is crucial for the progress of NiO-based RRAM. The DC bias analysis and ellipsometry measurements were applied to the NiO thin films to understand electrical, topological, and optical phenomena and the origin of bistable resistive switching. The crystallinity of a deposited NiO thin film was polycrystalline according to TEM, XRD patterns and AFM images. After the electric field was applied to NiO thin film, conducting filaments formed under and around the top Pt electrode. The three electronic states, such as forming, “on”, and “off” were monitored using current-voltage measurement. These NiO thin films deposited at 500~600℃, oxygen partial pressure of 5~7%, and deposition power of 200W have better switching characteristics. The endurance of NiO RRAM device is 10^(6) times of writing cycles and 10^(12) times of reading cycles with sensing margin (R_(reset)/R_(set)) of 1 order of magnitude. The switching speed is also measured by programmed pulse cycle, thus this NiO RRAM has less than 10 ns “set” speed and less than 5 μs “reset” speed. We also measured temperature dependence for NiO thin film. NiO thin film was deposited on silicon substrates at room temperature and at 500℃ using a nickel and a nickel oxide target by DC and RF magnetron sputtering. We annealed the NiO thin films which were deposited at room temperature. By using transmission electron microscopy, we found that the thin film grew in nano-columns. Furthermore, ellipsometric analysis showed that oxygen rate during the deposition process would affect considerably to the electrical switching phenomena. We conclude that oxygen vacancy could be detrimental to the resistance switching phenomenon. Although stoichiometric NiO is an insulator, its resistivity can be lowered by an increase of Ni^(3+) ions resulting from the addition of monovalent atoms or by the introduction of nickel vacancies and/or interstitial oxygen in NiO crystals. However these mechanisms may be valid just for the bipolar resistance change memory. Positive charges (i.e. such as Ni^(2+) or Ni^(3+) in the NiO thin film) do not show the same behavior in the negative bias. From the XPS result we suggest that, the conduction through the nonstoichiometric polycrystalline NiO thin film is result of metallic Ni content plays an important role in bistable resistance switching.
XML 엘리먼트 가중치 기반의 연구개발보고서 유사도 분석시스템
Korea’s total R&D costs in 2014 were as high as KRW 63.7 trillion with 7.5% increase compared to those of previous year. In terms of R&D investments of the gross domestic product (GDP), Korea is the highest among OECD states with 4.29%. In addition, Korean government plans to increase the budget for government-led R&D programs from KRW 18.9 trillion in 2015 to KRW 20.2 trillion by 2019. Due to the continued expansion of the R&D budget, the improvement of investment efficiency in government-led R&D programs and utilization of their outcome have become more important. For this,「ACT ON PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, ETC.」 has been enacted and executed since 2006. For the 9 research outcomes resulting from national R&D programs, professional agencies have been designated and operated by research outcome to improve their management efficiency and utilization. The national R&D report, one of the designated research outcomes, is particularly important in that it handles the latest research information and is available as gray literature among researchers. In terms of utilization, however, most domestic and foreign services just provide keyword search services only. Therefore, there is a necessity of service advancement. To increase the utilization of research reports fundamentally, furthermore, it is also needed to accomplish qualitative perfection. There have long been a lot of efforts to emphasize research ethics and improve the quality of the works such as academic papers and college reports, using a plagiarism detection system. However, the national R&D reports which have been developed with a lot of money have been mostly published without particular procedures, causing several problems. Therefore, this study proposed a plan to develop an XML DTD by referring to the reports of diverse national R&D programs which were performed by 17 government departments and officers to improve the utilization of national R&D reports and provide services by combing it with a search engine. For the improvement of qualitative performance, furthermore, this study suggested a method to upgrade the quality of research reports by providing national R&D report database and XML element weight-based similarity analysis services when a result report is submitted at the end of a project. After analyzing about 83,000 national R&D reports in a PDF format in the research outcome management institute ‘KISTI,’ their structure was upgraded according to the National Library of Medicine(NLM) Standard DTD. Then, database was developed by indexing by element, using a search engine. Then, a method to find a wanted sentence in a phrase or chapter more easily than the conventional page-based full-text search service was proposed. Using non-text (tables, figures) information in a research report, moreover, non-texts were automatically extracted. Then, a method to provide a search service on these non-texts was suggested as well. The accuracy of similarity research was improved by dividing the XML research reports by an XML element and imposing weights. Since research reports are as large as 150 pages in average, their similarity was measured in two steps in order: fingerprinting and term appearance pattern analysis. First, the fingerprinting method is advantageous in its fast process without any influence by the length of documents such as research reports by calculating similarity using statistical numbers such as vocabulary, special character, blank and token. However, accuracy tends to decline when many same words appear. To make up for this problem, the term appearance pattern-based method was used to measure the similarity of the research reports in which a group of similar candidates was derived using the fingerprinting method. After extracting the metadata of the collected national R&D report, sentences were classified according to the sentence segmentation algorithm. Using the fingerprinting function, then, indexing database for the fixed integer was constructed in an inverted index file. Then, the similarity of each sentence was calculated, using the term appearance pattern method. After that, similarity of all research reports was estimated. The differences between the research report similarity check service and conventional service suggested in this study are as follows: In sentence similarity analysis which has been used in previous studies using a search engine, similarity is analyzed by calculating the number of similar sentences against the total number of sentences in comparison to previous documents after classifying the document into several sentences. However, this study proposes a method to check the similarity of large documents efficiently by covering research reports into XML documents using the e-document XML converter and imposing weights by element. The similarity search service proposed in this study was recognized as a significant similarity analysis service which differs from the conventional services. It appears that this method would enhance researchers’ satisfaction by providing fast and convenient search environment. It is anticipated that the method mentioned in this study would make a contribution the improvement of the quality of research outcome after being easily applied to the document management system in diverse fields, used by research management institutes and research outcome management agencies which manage large documents such as national R&D reports and provide related services. To increase the efficiency of national R&D programs, furthermore, it would be able to suggest better results than conventional systems through comparison with other results (e.g., technical summary information and software information resulting from the projects, etc.) when similar and redundant projects are searched. To make this method easily applicable to top 9 research outcomes, then, there should be further studies in a continued and systematic manner. 2014년도 우리나라의 총 연구개발비는 63.7조원으로 전년대비 7.5% 증가하였으며, 국내총생산(GDP) 대비 연구개발비 투자비중은 4.29%로 OECD 국가 중 가장 높은 수준이다. 또한 정부 연구개발예산도 2015년 18.9조원에서 2019년까지 20.2조원으로 지출규모를 확대할 계획이다. 이러한 정부 연구개발예산의 지속적인 지출규모 확대에 따라 국가연구개발사업의 투자 효율성 제고와 성과 활용에 대한 중요성이 증대되고 있으며, 이를 위해 2006년부터 「국가연구개발사업 등의 성과평가 및 성과관리에 관한 법률」이 제정되어 시행되고 있다. 이를 근거로 국가연구개발사업을 통해 발생한 9개의 연구 성과물의 관리 효율성과 활용도를 높이기 위하여 연구 성과물 별로 전담기관을 지정하여 운영하고 있다. 지정된 연구 성과물 중의 하나인 보고서원문 성과물은 최신 연구정보를 다루고 있고, 연구자들이 회색문헌 중에서 대표적으로 활용하는 학술정보원으로서 중요성을 갖고 있다. 그러나 활용 측면에서는 국내․외 대부분의 서비스는 단순한 키워드 검색서비스를 제공하는 수준에 머물고 있어 서비스 고도화가 필요하다. 더 나아가 연구개발보고서의 활용성을 근본적으로 높이기 위해서는 질적인 완성도를 높이는 방안도 요구되고 있다. 현재 학술논문, 대학의 리포트를 포함한 많은 저작물들에 대해서는 표절 검사시스템을 이용하여 연구윤리 강조 및 저작물의 질적 제고를 오래전부터 강화하여 실행하고 있지만, 많은 비용이 들어간 연구개발보고서에 대해서는 대부분 별도의 절차나 장치 없이 발간되고 관리됨으로써 질적인 측면에서 여러 가지 문제점들을 갖고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 연구개발보고서의 활용성을 높이기 위해 17개 부처․청에서 수행한 다양한 국가연구개발사업의 보고서원문을 참고하여 NLM 표준 DTD에 맞게 구조를 개선하였고, 이를 검색엔진과 결합하여 서비스하는 방안을 제안하였다. 연구개발보고서는 평균 150 페이지가 넘는 대용량 문서이기 때문에 연구개발보고서의 유사도를 검사할 때 지문법(fingerprint)과 단어 출현패턴 방식을 차례로 적용하는 2단계로 유사도를 측정하였다. 첫 단계에 사용한 지문법은 단어 혹은 특수문자, 공백, 토큰 등의 통계적 수치를 이용하여 유사도를 계산하므로 연구개발보고서와 같이 커다란 문서의 길이에 영향을 받지 않고 수행속도가 빠르다는 장점이 있지만 동일한 단어들이 많이 등장했을 때 유사도의 정확성이 떨어지는 문제가 있다. 이의 보완을 위해 두 번째는 지문법을 이용하여 유사 후보군을 도출한 연구개발보고서에 대하여 단어 출현패턴 기반 방법으로 유사도를 측정하였다. 또한 연구개발보고서의 질적인 완성도를 높이기 위한 방안으로 과제 종료 후 연구결과 보고서를 제출할 때 선행 국가연구개발과제의 연구개발보고서 DB와 비교하여 XML 엘리먼트 가중치 기반 유사도 분석서비스를 제공함으로써 연구개발보고서의 질적 수준을 제고할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 우선 수집된 연구개발보고서에서 메타데이터를 추출하고, 문장 분리 알고리즘에 따라 문장들로 구분하고 지문법 함수를 이용하여 고정된 정수 값의 색인 DB를 구성하고, 이를 역색인 파일로 구성하였다. 이 후 각각의 문장은 단어 출현패턴 방법에 따라 유사도를 계산하여 모든 연구개발보고서간의 유사도를 계산하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 연구개발보고서 유사도 검사서비스와 기존 서비스와의 차이점을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 표절 검색엔진을 비롯한 기존 연구에서 사용하는 문장단위 유사도 분석은 단순히 문서 전체를 일정크기의 문장으로 구분하여 기존의 문서와 비교하여 전체문장 개수 대비 유사한 문장의 개수를 계산하여 유사도를 분석하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 연구개발보고서를 전자문서 XML변환기를 이용하여 XML 문서로 변환하고, 장(Chapter) 유형별로 가중치를 부여할 수 있게 함으로써 대용량 문서를 대상으로 효율적으로 유사도 검사를 할 수 있도록 개선하여 실험하였다. 실험 결과 연구개발보고서를 대표할 수 있는 장 유형은 본문임을 확인하였고, 가중치를 부여하거나 타 유형의 장의 가중치를 낮추는 방법으로 유사도 정확도를 높일 수 있는 방법을 증명하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 방법을 연구개발보고서를 비롯한 학술정보 등 대용량의 문서를 대상으로 관리 및 서비스를 수행하는 과제관리전문기관, 성과물 전담기관 등에서 사용하는 다양한 분야의 문서관리시스템에 쉽게 적용함으로써 연구 성과물의 질적 제고에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 또한 국가연구개발사업의 효율성을 높이기 위하여 유사․중복과제를 검색할 때 기존의 과제명, 키워드, 요약 등 메타항목 이외에 과제로부터 발생한 연구개발보고서와도 비교함으로써 기존 시스템보다 정확한 유사도를 제시할 수 있을 것이다. 향후에도 지속적이고 체계적인 연구를 수행하여 9대 연구 성과물을 대상으로 쉽게 적용할 수 있도록 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.
시판 한식 반찬류의 품질 개선 방안을 마련하고자 반찬가게 29곳에서 구입한 총 126개의 반찬의 염도와 당도를 측정하였고, 각 메뉴별 나트륨 함량을 산출하여 저나트륨 반찬류와 비교 평가하고 미생물학적 품질을 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 분석 시료는 서울시에서 56개(44.4%), 대구시에서 49개(38.9%), 경산시에서 21개(16.7%) 등 총 126개를 구입하였고, 반찬류의 조리공정별 분류는 가열조리공정이 70개(58.8%), 복합조리공정이 39개(32.8%), 비가열조리공정이 10개(8.4%)였다. 시료의 염도 측정 결과 국류의 염도 평균은 0.58%, 찌개류는 1.11%, 주메뉴가 1.83%, 부메뉴 중 나물류가 1.56%, 나물류를 제외한 부메뉴는 1.12%, 밑반찬류는 4.17%였다. 각 반찬류의 적정 1인분량을 기준으로 나트륨 함량을 산출한 결과 국·찌개류 중에서는 된장찌개가 1,370.8 mg으로 나트륨 함량이 가장 많았고 주찬류는 돼지고기볶음(816.0 mg), 불고기(796.8 mg), 쇠고기장조림(766.8 mg), 떡갈비(734.4 mg) 순으로 나트륨 함량이 많았다. 부찬류의 나트륨 함량은 육원전(425.6 mg)이 가장 많았고, 시금치나물(260.8 mg)이 가장 적었다. 그리고 시판 한식 반찬류 17종으로 식단을 구성했을 때 한 끼 나트륨 제공량은 1,870.8∼3,011.4 mg 정도였다. 한편 메뉴그룹별 당도(°Brix)는 국류가 3.24, 찌개류가 6.59, 주메뉴가 18.06, 나물류가 10.89, 나물류를 제외한 부메뉴는 10.60, 밑반찬류는 23.51이었다. 시판 한식 반찬류의 미생물학적 품질 평가 결과 일반세균수와 대장균군수의 검출량이 모두 부적합한 경우는 쇠고기장조림이 2건, 취나물, 시금치나물, 잡채에서 각 1건 등 전체 시료 중 총 5건(4.0%)이었다. 대장균은 시금치나물에서 총 1건(4.0%)이 검출되었고, 황색포도상구균은 소고기무국, 육개장, 취나물, 육원전, 잡채에서 각 1건씩 총 5건(4.0%)이 검출되었다. 그러나 전체 시료에서 장출혈성 대장균과 살모넬라균은 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 연구 결과를 종합해볼 때 시판 반찬류의 품질 개선을 위해서는 반찬의 염도와 당도를 모두 저감화해야 할 필요가 있다고 판단되며, 반찬류의 미생물학적 품질 개선을 위해서는 반찬류 조리·제조업체에서 적용해야 할 세부적인 위생관리기준을 마련해야 할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. This study was conducted to evaluate the sodium contents and microbiological quality of Korean dishes sold in grocery stores in South Korea. A total of 126 samples were collected from 29 grocery stores in Seoul, Daegu, and Gyeongsan-si, and the corresponding salinity, sweetness, pH, and Aw levels were measured to perform an analysis of the aerobic plate counts, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus arueus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS program (ver. 23.0). The salinity rates of the Korean dishes are 0.58%, 1.11%, 1.83%, 1.56%, 1.12%, and 4.17% for a soup, stew, main dish, namul, side dishes except for namul, and salted side dish, respectively. The sodium content per one portion size of a soybean paste stew (1,370.8 mg) is the highest among the soups and stews. Moreover, among the main dishes, the sodium level of the stir-fried pork (816.0 mg) is the highest, followed by bulgogi (796.8 mg), simmered beef in soy sauce (766.8 mg), and grilled short rib meat patties (734.4 mg). Regarding the side dishes, the sodium level of Korean meatball (425.6 mg) is the highest, whereas the blanched and seasoned spinach (260.8 mg) contains the lowest amount. The salinity is significantly different according to the menu group (p<0.001), while the sweetness is significantly different according to the menu group (p<0.001) as well as the food-preparation process (p< 0.001). Further, the sodium levels of the meals for which grocery-store ingredients were used are from 1870.8~3011.4 mg. The sweetness levels (°Brix) of the Korean dishes are 3.24, 6.59, 18.06, 10.89, 10.60, and 23.51 for the soup, stew, main dish, namul, side dishes except for namul, and salted side dish, respectively. According to the microbiological-quality evaluation of the Korean dishes, two cases of the simmered beef in soy sauce and one case from each of the chwi-namul dishes, the blanched and seasoned spinach and japchae, showed unsatisfactory levels of the aerobic plate count and the coliforms. Additionally, S. aureus was detected in the clear beef soup, spicy beef and leek soup, chwi-namul, Korean meatballs, and japchae, and E. coli was detected in the blanched and seasoned spinach. The E. coli O157:H7 and the Salmonella spp., however, were not detected in any of the samples. In conclusion, Korean-dish manufacturers should reduce the salinity and sweetness of their dishes and adopt detailed sanitary-management standards to improve the microbiological quality.
본 논문은 ATKINSON[1]이 제안한 Double-ended priority queue(MinMaxHeap)를 확장하여 modified minmaxheap(MMM-Heap)라는 자료 구조와 MMM-Heap에 대한 유지·관리를 할 수 있는 알고리즘들을 제안한다. MMM-Heap 자료 구조는 배열을 중위수(Median)중심으로 왼쪽에는 중위수보다 작은 원소들로 MaxMinHeap을 구성하고, 오른쪽에는 중위수보다 큰 원소들로 MinMaxHeap을 구성한다. MMM-Heap자료 구조를 사용하면 최대값, 최소값, 중위값을 갖는 노드를 0(1)에 검색할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 최대값, 최소값, 중위값 제거를 0(log n)에 할 수 있고, 임의 노드 삽입을 0(log n), 임의노드 제거를 0(n)에 할 수 있다.
Fusidic acid와 몇가지 항생제의 Methicillin내성 포도상구균에 대한 병용효과
Methicillin에 내성을 나타내는 포도상구균의 출현과 그 분리 빈도의 증가는 임상에서 각종 포도상구균 감염증의 치료에 심각한 문제점으로 대두되고 있다. 저자는 이에 대한 효과적 치료방안을 수립하고자 1988년 광주 및 전남지방 종합병원들의 각종 임상 가검물에서 분리된 포도상구균들 중에서 methicillin에 내성을 나타내는 Staphylococcus aureus 28주, Staphylococcus epidermidis 10주 및 Staphylococcus saprophyticus 13주를 분리하여 본 실험에 공시하였다. 일차로 이 공시균주들을 cefazolin등 cephalosporin 제제 7종, netilmicin 등 aminoglycoside 제제 4종, 기타 erythromycin, fosfomycin, pefloxacin, norfloxacin, doxycycline, vancomycin, rifampin 및 fusidate 등 총 19종의 항균제들에 대한 감수성검사를 실시하였다. 이들 공시 항균제들 중 norfloxacin, vancomycin, fusidate등이 가장 우수한 항균효과를 나타냈으며 이들 약제에 내성을 나타낸 균주들은 거의 전부가 S. saprophyticus였던 점이 흥미로웠다. 그외 doxycycline, cefamandole, pefloxacin, rifampin 및 cefazolin 등이 비교적 양호한 항균효과를 나바냈으며 다른 약제들은 거의 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 중 항포도상구균 활성이 높지만 내성 돌연변이 균주가 용이하게 유도되어 타약제와의 병합투여가 권장되는 fusidate를 중심으로 cefamandole, doxytyclie, norfloxacin, rifampin 및 vancomycin 등의 병용효과를 checkerboard agar dilution method에 의하여 검사하였다. 그 결과 fusidate와 cefamandole의 병용에서 상승효과 72.6%, 부가효과 23.5%, 길항효과 3.9%로 가장 우수한 효과를 나타냈다. 그 외 rifampin과의 병용에서 상승효과 9.8%, 부가효과 70.6%, 길항효과 19.6%를, doxycycline과의 병용에서 각자 9.8%, 47.1%, 43.1%를, norfloxacin과의 병용에서 각각 17.6%, 15.7%, 66.7%의 병용효과를 관찰할 수 있었다. Vancomycin과의 병용에서는 상승효과 3.9%, 부가효과 39.2%, 길항효과 56.9%로서 상승작용의 빈도가 가장 낮게 나타났다. This study was carried out, in order to establish effective therapeutic regimens for infections caused by methicillin-resistant (M(R) staphylococci, which become one of the most troublesome nosocomial microorganisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents of 28 strains of MR Staphylococcus aureus (SA), 10 strains of MR Staphylococcus epedermidis (SE), and 13 strains of MR Staphytococcus saprophyticus isolated from various clinical specisens was evaluated by agar dilution method. Nineteen agents tested were as follow : 7 cephalosporins of all generations, 4 aminoglycosides, erythromycin, fosfomycin, pefloxacin, norfloxacin, doxycycline, vancomycin, rifampin, and fusidate. Among these agents, norfioxacin, vancomycin, and fusidate showed excellent antistaphylococcal activity with resistance less than 20%, and most of the strains reistant to these agents was proved to belong to MRSS. Doxycycline, cefamandole, pefloxacin, rifampin, and cefazolin showed relatively good antimicrobial activity, while the other agents wers scarcely effective. Combined effect of fusidate (FA) with cefasanclole (CMD), doxycycline (CDC), norfloxacin (NX), rifampin (RP), and vancoaycin (VM) was evaluated by checkerboard agar dilution method. FA-CMD combination showed best result with 54.9% synergy, 42.2% additivity and only 3.9% antagonism. FA-RP combination resulted in the effect with 9.8% synergy, 70.6% additivity, and 19.6% antagonism. FA-DX combination resulted in the effect with 9.8% synergy, 47.1% additivity, and 43.2% antagonism. FA-NX combination resuted in the effect with 17.6%, 15.7%, and 66.7% antaganism. FA-VM combination resulted in the worst effeet with 3.9% synergy, 39.2% additivity, and 56.9% antagonism.