${H_2}{O_2}$/$Fe^0시스템을 이용한 유류오염 미세토양의 화학적 산화처리

지원현,김지형,강정우,김성용,장윤영 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001 지하수토양환경 Vol.6 No.3

본 연구에서는 고농도 유류오염토양 처리를 위해 ${H_2}{O_2}$/$Fe^0 시스템을 이용한 Fenton-like oxidation을 제시하였다. 주요 반응조건인 초기 PH, $Fe^0 및 ${H_2}{O_2}$ 주입량과 초기 오염농도를 변화시켜가며 본 산화처리 시스템의 반응특성을 회분식 실험을 통하여 알아보았다. 유류 오염물은 디젤을 사용하였으며 오염농도는 가스 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon)로 나타내었다. 제거효율을 보면 적정 ${H_2}{O_2}$/$Fe^0 주입조건인 10% ${H_2}{O_2}$+ 20% Fe$^{0}$ 에서 반응시간 24이내에 약 65% 이상의 제거율(초기 TPH 농도 : 10,000mg/kg)을 나타내었으며, 초기 pH조건은 높은 제거효과를 얻기 위해서 3~4범위이내가 적정함을 알 수 있었다. 기존의 과산화수소의 분해촉매로 사용하는 철 염($FeSO_4)과의 비교실험에서는 $Fe^0를 촉매로 사용하였을 때 유류오염토양의 화학적 산화 처리가 처리효율과 경제성에서 더 효과적임을 알 수 있었고, 특히 고농도 오염토양 처리에서 더 유리한 것으로 나타났다. In this Study, application of ${H_2}{O_2}$/$Fe^0 oxidation System (Fenton-like oxidation) for the oxidative treatment of high-level soil contamination with hydrocarbon was suggested. The characteristics of Fenton-like oxidation of diesel-contaminated fine soil was experimentally probed in a batch system varying initial pH, zero valent iron and hydrogen peroxide levels, and initial diesel concentration. Contaminant degradation was identified by total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) concentration with gas chromatography. The batch experiments showed that the optimal ${H_2}{O_2}$and $Fe^0 dosage, 10% ${H_2}{O_2}$+ 20% $Fe^0 removed 65% of initial TPH concentration (10,000mg/kg) at a retention time of 24h. And the TPH removal in the ${H_2}{O_2}$/$Fe^0 system effectively proceeded only within a limited pH range of 3-4. The zero valent iron-catalyzed Fenton-like oxidation of diesel-contaminated soil was more competitive to the $FeSO_4-catalyzed system (Fenton oxidation) in removal efficiency and cost especially for the treatment of high level contamination.

광산지역 토양정밀조사 정도관리(QA/QC) 사례 연구

지원현,김종근,Ji, Won Hyun,Kim, Jong Keun 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.3

A testing inspection is one of the important in the industry, owing to determine the reliability and directivity of testing inspection results. Therefore, the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) work which performed by personnel not directly in the inventory compilation development, in testing inspection must be thoroughly considered. Some agencies for environmental test inspection, they sometimes misunderstood that the QA/QC was ended with proficiency testing performance and on-site assessment by a director. Thus, results were often calculated without QA/QC work by self manual when conducting test. The objective of this study was to improve reliability of testing and inspection agency through the QA/QC case study which basically performed to raising reliability of testing and inspection agency. In this study, it increased reliability of result by verifying calibration curve (IC, ICV, CCV), blank, accuracy (LCS, MS) and precision as QA/QC performance, while performing investigation of soil contamination in mining areas. This study suggests that reliability establishing method of test result and management method of analysis process, through the QA/QC instance of testing agency.

손마사지가 허혈성 심질환 환자의 불안에 미치는 효과

현경선,이향련,공송심,윤경자,김현섭,김효남,최지원,김운정 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hand massage program on anxiety, vital sign and pain in clients with ischemic heart disease. The design utilized for this stuffy was quail-experimental with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design The subjects were fifty-four patients, twenty-eight for the experimental and twenty-six for the control group, who were admitted with ischemic heart diease at a cardiac intensive care unfit in K medical center of K university. This study was carried out from May, 1999 to March, 2000. The level of anxiety and pain measured by Visual Analogue Scale, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after hand massage, the state of Anxiety was measured by the Spielberger (1970) scale at admission and after hand massage for three days. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS PC program and analyzed using χ2-test and t-test. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The scores of VAS anxiety and State of anxiety of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group. 2. The degree of systolic blond pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group. 3. The score of VAS pain of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. The results suggested that hand massage can decrease VAS anxiety, State of anxiety, vital signs and VAS pain of patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at cardiac intensive care unit Therefore, It Is proposed that hand massage is an appropriate nursing intervention to relieve anxiety of the patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at a cardiac intensive care unit.

손마사지가 허혈성 심질환 환자의 수면에 미치는 효과

현경선 ( Kyung Sun Hyun ),이향련 ( Hyang Yeon Lee ),백승남 ( Seung Nam Paik ),공송심 ( Song Cim Kong ),윤경자 ( Kyung Ja Yoon ),김현섭 ( Hyun Sub Kim ),김효남 ( Hoy Nam Kim ),최지원 ( Ji Won Choi ),김운정 ( Woon Jong Kim ) 경희대학교 동서간호학연구소 2002 동서간호학연구지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hand massage program on total sleep hours at night and satisfaction of sleep in clients with ischemic heart disease. The design utilized for this study was quasi-experimental with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The subjects were fifty-four patients, twenty-eight for the experimental and twenty-six for the control group, who were admitted with ischemic heart diease at cardiac intensive care unit in K medical center of K university. This study was carried out from May, 1999 to March, 2000. Hand massage was carried out at 8∼9 PM, once a day for 3 days. Total sleep hours at night were measured from 9 PM through 6AM next morning. Sleep hours of subjects were observed 30 minutes interval. Satisfaction of sleep was measured by Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) at 7 AM next morning. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS PC program and analyzed using χ2-test and repeated measures of ANOVA. The result of this study are as follows: 1. The total sleep hours at night of the experimental group were not higher than those of the control group. 2. The satisfaction of sleep of the experimental group was not higher than that of the control group. In conclusion, hand massage did not promoted sleep in ICU clients with ischemic heart disease.

제강슬래그 복합매질체를 이용한 철 유입에 따른 광산배수내 망간 제거효율 평가

김동관,지원현,김덕민,박현성,오연수,Kim, Dong-Kwan,Ji, Won Hyun,Kim, Duk-Min,Park, Hyun-Sung,Oh, Youn Soo 대한자원환경지질학회 2018 자원환경지질 Vol.51 No.5

폐광산에서 유출되는 광산배수 내 중금속을 처리하기 위해 자연정화법 및 물리화학처리 등 다양한 방법이 사용되고 있다. 특히 광산배수 내 중금속 중 망간은 처리되기 위해 pH 9 이상의 조건이 필요하기 때문에 처리하기 어려운 원소 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 광산배수 내 망간의 효율적인 제거방법을 연구하기 위해 다양한 제강슬래그 복합매질체 반응조(제강슬래그(S), 제강슬래그+석회석(S+L), 제강슬래그+망간코팅자갈(S+G))를 사용하여 경쟁원소인 철 유입에 따른 망간의 제거효율을 평가하였다. 철 유입이 없는 358일간의 실험에서는 평균 pH 6.7의 고농도 망간(30~50 mg/L)이 포함된 원수를 사용했으며 제강슬래그 반응조 유출수는 pH 8.9~11.4에서 평균 99.9%의 지속적으로 높은 망간제거효율을 보였다. 철 유입 없이 망간제거실험을 진행한 반응조를 이용하여 망간농도 40~60 mg/L의 원수에 철을 추가로 유입하여 237일간의 실험을 진행하였다. 망간 제거 이후 pH는 6.1~10.0 범위로 증가하였으며 철 유입 전에 비해 낮은 범위를 보였다. S반응조가 pH 7.1~9.9로 가장 높았으며 S+L 반응조, S+G 반응조가 그 뒤를 이었다. 하지만 망간제거효율은 비교적 낮은 pH 범위임에도 불구하고 S+L 반응조가 94~100%로 가장 높았으며 S반응조와 S+G 반응조는 약 68~100%의 범위의 효율을 보였다. S+L반응조가 철 유입에 가장 높은 저항성을 나타냈으며 이는 pH 이외에도 석회석에 의해 공급된 탄산염에 의한 $MnCO_3$의 형성 또는 자가촉매반응이 망간제거에 기여했다고 판단할 수 있다. X선 회절 분석을 통해 S+L 반응조 침전물에서 로도크로사이트(rhodochrosite, $MnCO_3$)를 확인할 수 있었다. 광산배수 내 망간을 처리하는데 가장 효율적인 반응조는 제강슬래그+석회석 반응조로 나타났으며, 본 연구결과는 철의 유입에 따른 비교적 낮은 pH(9 이하) 범위에서도 망간이 효율적으로 제거될 수 있는 공법을 선정하는데 기여 할 수 있다. For the treatment of heavy metals in the mine drainage from the closed mine area, various methods such as passive, active and semi-active treatments are considered. Among contaminated elements in the mine drainage, Mn is one of the difficult elements for the treatment because it needs high pH over 9.0 for its concentration to be reduced. In this study, the efficiency of various slag complex reactors (slag (S), slag+limestone (SL) and slag+Mn coated gravel (SG)) on Mn removal in the presence of Fe, which is a competitive element with Mn, was evaluated to investigate effective methods for the treatment of Mn in mine drainage. As a result of experiments on Mn removal without Fe during 358 days, using influent with $30{\sim}50Mn{\cdot}mg/L$ and pH 6.7 on the average, S reactor showed continuously high Mn removal efficiency with the average of 99.9% with pH 8.9~11.4. Using the same reactors, Mn removal experiments with Fe during 237 days were conducted with the influent with $40{\sim}60Mn{\cdot}mg/L$. The pH range of effluent reached to 6.1~10.0, which is slightly lower than that of effluent without Fe. S reactor showed the highest range of pH with 7.1~9.9, followed by S+L and S+G reactor. However, the efficiency of Mn removal showed S+L>S>S+G with the range of 94~100%, 68~100% and 68~100%, respectively in spite of relatively low pH range. S+L reactor showed the most resistance on Fe input, which means other mechanisms such as $MnCO_3$ formation by the carbonate prouced from the limestone or autocatalysis reaction of Mn contributed to Mn removal rather than pH related mechanisms. The evidence of reactions between carbonates and Mn, rhodochrosite ($MnCO_3$), was found from the X-ray diffraction analysis of precipitates sample from S+L reactor. From this study, the most effective reactors on Mn removal in the presence of Fe was S+L reactor. The results are expected to be applied for the Mn containing mine water treatment in the presence of Fe within the relatively low range of pH.

광산슬러지 펠렛을 이용한 폐석탄광 주변 토양 내 비소 안정화 연구

고명수,지원현,김영광,박현성 대한자원환경지질학회 2019 자원환경지질 Vol.52 No.1

이 연구는 폐석탄광 주변 토양을 대상으로 토양 내 비소 안정화를 위한 광산슬러지 펠렛의 적용성을 확인하고 효과적인 안정화 효율평가 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 함태, 동원, 동해, 옥동탄광 주변 경작지에서 토양을 채취하여 비소 농도를 확인한 결과 함태탄광을 제외한 나머지 폐석탄광 주변 토양에서 토양오염우려기준을 초과하는 비소농도를 보였다. 광산슬러지 펠렛은 미강과 광산슬러지를 혼합하여 제조하다. 분말형태의 광산슬러지에 비해 광산슬러지 펠렛은 운반과안정화 시공과정에서 분진의 발생이 발생하지 않아 적용성이 높고 광산슬러지가 갖는 비소 안정화 효율을 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 칼럼실험을 통해 폐석탄광 주변 토양 내 비소 안정화에 광산슬러지 펠렛의 활용 가능성을 평가한 결과 기존의 토양 안정화제로 주로 사용한 석회석과 제강슬래그 보다 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 토양 내 비소 안정화 효율 평가방법으로는 0.43 M HNO3또는 1 M NaH2PO4용액을 이용한 용출법이 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

토양 시료조제 방법이 총중금속 농도에 미치는 영향

김정은,지원현 한국지하수토양환경학회 2022 지하수토양환경 Vol.27 No.4

In analyzing heavy metals in soil samples, the standard protocol established by Korean Minstry of Environment (KSTM)requires two different pretreatments (A and B) based on soil particle size. Soil particles < 0.15 mm in diameter aftersieving are directly processed into acid extraction (method A). However, if the quantity of soil particles < 0.15 mm are notenough, grinding of the particles within 0.15 mm ~ 2 mm is required (method B). Grinding is often needed for some fieldsamples, especially for the soil samples retrieved from soil washing process that contain relatively large-sized soil grains. In this study, two soil samples with different particle size distribution were prepared and analyzed for heavy metalsconcentrations using two different pretreatment to investigate the effect of grinding. The results showed that heavy metalconcentrations tend to increase with the increase of the fraction of small-sized particles. In comparison of the twopretreatments, pretreatment A yielded higher heavy metal concentration than pretreatment B, indicating significantinfluence of grinding on analytical results. This results suggest that the analytical values of heavy metals in soil samplesobtained by KSTM should be taken with caution and carefully reviewed.

담수토양 내 비소 및 중금속의 존재형태(산추출형, 환원형)에 따른 식물체(벼) 전이특성

고일하,지원현,김정은 한국환경영향평가학회 2022 환경영향평가 Vol.31 No.5

This study investigated the mobility of inorganic elements (As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) that existed as acid extractable and reducible forms in flooded soils with a pot experiment involving rice cultivation. In general, it is known that soil inorganic elements that existed as an acid extractable form which includes exchangeable, carbonates, non-specifically sorbed, and specifically sorbed have mobility. However, the result of the experiment revealed that each inorganic elements of rice roots grown from flooded soils had different characteristics. The concentrations of Arsenic existed as both forms and the concentrations of cadmium and lead existed as a reducible form in the soils showed a high causal relationship with the concentrations of those elements in the roots of rice plants. The concentrations of zinc, an essential plant element, didn’t show a causal relationship. Therefore it is necessary to consider the soil’s environmental characteristics such as drained/flooded condition, oxidation/reduction condition, etc. for the mobility assessment of inorganic elements. The concentrations of the reducible form of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in flooded environment such as a paddy field should be also considered because the mobility of these elements combined with Fe/Mn increases in the reduction condition. 본 연구에서는 논 토양이나 하천 퇴적토와 같이 환원조건의 담수 토양환경에서 식물체 전이특성을가지는 토양 무기원소(As, Cd, Pb, Zn)의 존재형태를 벼 재배를 포함하는 포트실험을 통해 확인하였다. 일반적으로 산 추출형(교환가능형, 탄산염결합형, 특이적/비특이적 흡착형태)으로 존재하는 무기원소가이동성을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 담수상태의 토양에서 성장한 벼 뿌리의 무기원소 농도는 원소별 다른 인과관계를 보였는데, 비소는 토양 내 산 추출형과 환원성 형태, 카드뮴과 납은 토양 내 환원성 형태의 농도와 높은 선형의 관계를 보였다. 식물체 생장의 필수원소인 아연은 존재형태별 토양농도와 식물체전이농도간 인과관계를 나타내지 않았다. 그러므로 토양 무기원소의 이동성 평가 시 담수여부와 같은 부지특성(산화환원 환경)을 우선적으로 확인할 필요가 있을 것이다. 아울러, 철·망간에 결합된 비소, 카드뮴, 납의 경우 담수된 논 토양과 같은 환원환경에서 이동성이 증가할 수 있으므로, 환원형 형태의 농도 역시 추가적으로 검토할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

폐금속광산 중금속오염토양에서 억새를 이용한 식물안정화공법을 위한 토양개량제 선정

정문호,지원현,이진수,양인재,Jung, Mun Ho,Ji, Won Hyun,Lee, Jin Soo,Yang, In Jae 대한자원환경지질학회 2020 자원환경지질 Vol.53 No.5

본 연구는 폐금속광산의 중금속 오염 토양에서 억새를 이용한 식물안정화공법을 적용하기 위해 토양개량제 처리에 따른 토양내 중금속 이동성과 억새내 중금속 축적형태 등을 분석하여 적정 토양개량제를 선발하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위해 중금속 오염토양을 바닥재 1, 2%, 비산재 1, 2%, 폐석회+굴패각 1, 2%, AMDS 10, 20%, 퇴비 3.4% 등으로 처리하고, 비교를 위해 아무 처리를 하지 않은 대조구에 억새를 식재한 후 6개월을 재배하였다. Mehlich-3에 의한 토양내 중금속 함량, 억새 체내 중금속 이동형태 등을 분석한 결과 AMDS 20%가 식물안정화공법에 가장 효과적인 개량제로 선정되었으며, 2순위는 AMDS 10%가 선정되었다. 폐석회+굴패각, 바닥재와 비산재도 식물안정화공법적용 효과가 대조구에 비해 개선된 것으로 나타났다. 개량제 처리에 따라 일부 중금속의 토양내 유동성이 증가하는 결과를 보여, 실제 사업 적용을 위해 사전에 대상지역의 토양오염 특성을 분석하여 현장특성에 적합하게 토양개량제를 선정해야 할 것으로 사료된다. The objectives of this study were to select optimal soil amendments through analysis of heavy metal availability in soil and uptake to Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. for phytostablization in heavy metal contaminated soil of abandoned metal mine. M. sinensis was cultivated for 6 months at contaminated soil with several soil treatments (bottom ash 1 and 2%, fly ash 1 and 2%, waste lime+oyster 1 and 2%, acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS) 10 and 20%, compost 3.4%, and control). The analysis results of heavy metal concentrations in the soil by Mehlich-3 mehthod, growth and heavy metal concentrations of M. sinensis showed that AMDS 20% was more effective than other amendments for phytostablization, and AMDS 10% showed second effectiveness. Waste lime+oyster, bottom ash and fly ash were also improved compared to control. Mobility of some heavy metal was increased by treatments. Therefore, it is necessary of preparatory investigation of soil condition to select soil amendment to apply on-site phytostablization.

유기산을 이용한 물질속의 인용출에 관한 연구

황안나,지원현,김지형 대한환경공학회 2007 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2007 No.12