8주 케톤체 투여가 마우스 지구성 운동수행능력과 골격근의 자가포식에 미치는 영향

주정선,박민주,이달우,이동원 한국생명과학회 2023 생명과학회지 Vol.33 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) administration with and without endurance exercise training on endurance exercise performance and skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation using a mouse model. Forty-eight male wild-type ICR mice (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary control (Sed+Con), sedentary β-HB (Sed+β-HB), exercise control (Exe+Con), and exercise β-HB (Exe+β-HB). β-HB was dissolved in PBS (150 mg/ml) and injected subcutaneously daily (250 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Mice performed 5 days/week of a 20 min treadmill running exercise for 8 weeks. The running exercise was carried out at a speed of 10 m/min at a 10° incline for 5 min, and then the speed was increased by 1 m/min for every 1 min of the remaining 15 min. Following 8 weeks of treatments, visceral fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, blood parameters, and the markers for autophagy and protein synthesis were analyzed. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) using the SPSS 21 program. Eight weeks of Exe+β-HB treatment significantly lowered blood lactate levels compared with the other three groups (Sed+Con, Sed+β-HB, and Exe+β-HB) (p<0.05). Eight weeks of Exe+β-HB significantly increased maximal running time (time to exhaustion) compared with the Sed+Con and Exe+Con groups (p<0.05). Eight weeks of β-HB administration significantly decreased autophagy flux and autophagy-related proteins in the skeletal muscle of mice (p<0.05). Conversely, the combined treatment of β-HB and endurance exercise training increased protein synthesis (mTOR signaling and translation) (p<0.05). The 8-week β-HB treatment and endurance exercise training had synergistic effects on the increase in endurance performance, increase in protein synthesis, and decrease in protein degradation in the skeletal muscle of mice.

Quantification of autophagy flux using LC3 ELISA

주정선 ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE 2017 ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Vol.530 No.-

Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Response to Endurance Exercise Training in Skeletal Muscle

주정선 Journal of Life Science 2017 Journal of Life Science Vol.27 No.3

Comparisons of ELISA and Western blot assays for detection of autophagy flux

주정선 ELSEVIER 2017 Data in Brief Vol.13 No.2017

농산물 그린워싱이 소비자 구매행동에 미치는 영향

주정선,한장희 한국비즈니스학회 2022 비즈니스융복합연구 Vol.7 No.1

The effect of green marketing through environmentally friendly agricultural product certification has been confirmed, and the release of certified products and greenwashing is progressing. This study found that eco-friendly certifications influence consumers' agricultural buying behavior through improved information and reliability. Information is an effect of improving consumers' beliefs toward a positive direction. Reliability refers to the degree of confidence in a belief. The eco-friendly certification is expected to simplify consumers' buying decision, to increase the likelihood of purchasing the produce of carrying it, and to heighten the willingness to pay premium prices. The disguise information of greenwashing was divided into fake certification and excessive certification. Fake certification provides misleading or incorrect agricultural information to consumers. Excessive certification combines company-created certifications with authorized certifications to exaggerate eco-friendly, healthiness, and safety of the produce. Fake certification impairs the effect of environmental authentication on improving the performance and reliability of information. But excessive certification is inferred to improve the positive effects of the authorized eco-friendly certification. After examining the data collected through a field experiment, the impact of the fake certification was confirmed, but the positive effects of excessive certification was not verified. The use of information disclosures that undermines the effectiveness of environmentally friendly certifications and thus adversely affects consumer purchasing behavior should be prohibited. Excessive information does not impair the impact of eco-friendly authentication nor distort consumer purchase behavior. However, we doubt that it does not harm the effectiveness of environmentally friendly authentication and recommend that you do not use it. 농산물에 대한 친환경인증을 통한 그린마케팅의 효과가 확인되면서, 인증위장상품 또는 그린워싱의 출시가 증가하고 있다. 인증이 취소된 농산물을 친환경농산물로 둔갑시키거나, 일반농산물을 친환경농산물로 허위·과장 표시하는 등 다양한 유형의 그린워싱 제품들이 발견되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 친환경인증이 정보성과 신뢰성의 개선을 통해 소비자의 농산물 구매행동에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 정보성은 편익항목들에 대한 소비자의 신념을 긍정적인 방향으로 개선하는 효과이다. 신뢰성은 신념에 대한 확신의 정도 또는 지각하는 구매위험의 정도를 의미한다. 인증은 부착 농산물에 대한 구매확률과 프리미엄가격 지불의사를 높이는 동시에 구매의사결정을 단순화하는 것을 밝혔다. 그린워싱의 위장정보를 허위인증과 과다인증으로 구분하였다. 허위인증은 공인받은 인증의 정보와 유사하게 조작한 정보이다. 소비자들의 오해를 불러일으키거나 거짓된 농산물 정보를 제공한다. 과다인증은 기업이 자체적으로 만든 인증을 공인된 인증과 혼합하여 사용함으로써 친환경성, 건강성, 안전성을 과장한 것이다. 허위인증은 친환경인증이 정보성과 신뢰성을 개선하는 효과를 훼손하지만, 과다인증은 이를 더욱 강화할 것으로 추론하였다. 현장실험을 통해 수집한 자료를 가지고 검증한 결과, 허위인증의 훼손효과는 확인하였지만 과다인증의 상승작용은 실증하지 못했다. 친환경인증의 효과를 훼손하고 소비자 구매행동에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 허위인증의 사용은 금지되어야 마땅하다. 과다인증은 허위인증만큼 친환경인증의 효과를 훼손하거나 구매행동을 왜곡하지는 않았지만, 친환경인증의 효과를 감소시킬 수 있으므로 사용하지 말 것을 권고한다.

17-DMAG이 마우스 골격근에서 autophagy flux에 미치는 영향

주정선(Jeong-sun Ju),이유현(Yoo-Hyun Lee) 한국생명과학회 2016 생명과학회지 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구는 17-DMAG이 골격근에서 autophagy에 관여하는 가를 조사하기 위해, C2C12세포와 마우스 골격근에서 17-DMAG (Hsp90 억제제/Hsp72 활성제)을 처치하는 그룹과 autophagy 억제제(Bafilomycin 또는 colchicine)를 처치하는 그룹과 처치하지 않는 그룹을 동시에 두고 autophagy flux를 측정하였다. C2C12 배양세포에서 17-DMAG이 Hsp90 억제/hsp72 활성화시켰으며 Akt-mTOR 신호체계를 유의하게 감소시켰지만(p<0.05) autophagy marker 단백질인 LC3 II와 p62를 증가시키지 않았다. In vivo 모델의 경우 17-DMAG 처치가 배양세포에서 발견된 것처럼 Hsp90억제/hsp72를 활성화시켰고 Akt-mTOR 신호체계를 유의하게 감소시켰다(p<0.05). 반면 LC3 II와 p62 단백질 수준은 autophagy 억제제(colchicine) 처치 수준보다 더 높게 증가되었다. 이는 17-DMAG이 골격근에서 autophagy를 증가시키지만 C2C12 배양세포에서는 autophagy의 활성화가 제한적임을 암시한다. 현재 이러한 in vitro와 in vivo 모델에서의 차이는 불분명하다. The purpose of this study was to determine if heat shock proteins are involved in autophagy in skeletal muscle. We used the autophagy flux strategy, which is an LC3 II/p62 turnover assay conducted with and without an autophagy inhibitor, to determine whether 17-DMAG (an Hsp90 inhibitor/Hsp72 activator) stimulates autophagy in skeletal muscle. We treated C2C12 cells with 17-DMAG (500 nM) for 24 hr with and without the autophagy inhibitor (Bafilomycin A1, 200 ng/ml), and we injected C57BL/6 mice i.p. with 17-DMAG (10 mg/kg) daily for 7 days with and without colchicine as an autophagy inhibitor (0.4 mg/kg/day, administered on the last 2 days). C2C12 myotubes and tibialis anterior muscles were harvested for analysis of mTOR-dependent autophagy signaling pathway proteins and autophagic marker proteins (p62 and LC3 II) by Western blot analysis. The blots showed that 17-DMAG upregulated hsp72 and decreased Akt protein levels and S6 phosphorylation in C2C12 cells. However, an in vitro autophagic flux assay demonstrated that 17-DMAG did not increase LC3 II and p62 protein concentrations to a greater extent than Bafilomycin A1 treatment alone. Similarly, 17- DMAG increased Hsp72 protein levels and decreased the expression of Akt and the phosphorylation of S6 in mouse skeletal muscle. However, unlike the response seen in C2C12 myotubes, the p62 protein levels were significantly decreased in 17-DMAG-treated mouse skeletal muscle (~50%; p<0.05). The LC3 II protein levels in 17-DMAG-treated mice were increased ~2-fold more when degradation was inhibited by colchicine (p<0.01). This suggests that 17-DMAG stimulates basal autophagy in skeletal muscle but is not found in C2C12 myotubes.

케톤 보충제가 운동수행능력, 운동 후 회복, 및 근육 단백질 대사에 미치는 영향

주정선(Jeong-sun Ju),곽이섭(Yi Sub Kwak) 한국생명과학회 2023 생명과학회지 Vol.33 No.5

스포츠과학에서 좋은 기록을 달성하기 위해 과학적 훈련, 식단 및 운동수행증진 보조제가 널리 사용되어 왔다. 운동선수가 최고 수준의 경기력을 발휘하기 위해서는 영양학적 전략이 중요하며, 그 중 지구력 운동수행력을 결정하는 주요 요인 중 하나는 지방대사의 증가라고 할 수 있다. 장기간 운동하는 동안 지방산대사를 최대화하기 위한 방법으로 케톤 생성 식단(고지방, 저탄수화물)이 제안되었다. 현재까지의 연구들은 케톤 생성 식단의 에너지 생성 가치에 대해 상반된 결과를 보여주었다. 이러한 이유로 탄수화물 섭취를 제한하지 않고 영양적 케톤증(아세토아세테이트와 베타-하이드록시뷰티레이트의 급성/일시적 혈중 농도증가)을 얻기 위해 케톤 보충제(케톤 에스테르 및 케톤염)를 사용하는 것이 제안되었다. 일부 연구에서는 심장 및 골격근과 같은 말초 조직에 추가적인 연료 기질 제공, 탄수화물 절약/지방 산화 증가, 간/근육에서 글리코겐 재합성을 증가시켜 운동 후 회복에 케톤 보충제가 지구력 운동 수행에 유익한 효과를 보여주었다. 그러나 많은 연구에서 케톤 보충제가 운동수행능력 보조제로서의 유익한 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재까지의 운동 수행 및 회복 그리고 골격근 단백질 대사와 관련된 선행연구들의 케톤보충제의 증명된 효과와 운동수행능력 증진 보조제로서의 가능성을 분석하고자 하였다. Scientific training, diet, and ergogenic aids are widely used to overcome the limits of humans’ physical abilities and to achieve excellent sports records. The adoption of nutritional strategies is important for athletes to perform at their highest level, and one of the main factors determining endurance ability is increased fat metabolism. A ketogenic diet (high fat, low carbohydrates) has thus been proposed as an alternative strategy to maximize fatty acid oxidation during prolonged periods of exercise. However, studies have shown mixed results regarding the ergogenic value of a ketogenic diet. For this reason, exogenous ketone supplements (EKS, ingestible forms of ketone bodies, ketone esters, and/or salts) have been suggested to obtain nutritional ketosis, an acute transient increase in circulating acetoacetate (AcAc) and b-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) concentrations, without limiting carbohydrate intake. Some studies have suggested the beneficial effects of EKS on the performance of endurance exercises by providing an additional fuel substrate for peripheral tissues, such as cardiac and skeletal muscles, sparing carbohydrates/increasing fat oxidation and post-exercise recovery by increasing glycogen resynthesis in the liver/muscle, attenuating protein degradation, stimulating protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle, etc. However, many studies have failed to observe the beneficial effects of EKS as an ergogenic aid. As such, this review summarizes the theoretical basis of, as well as the proposed and proven effects of EKS on exercise performance and recovery to date.

지구성 훈련에 반응한 골격근의 미토콘드리아 항상성 조절

주정선(Jeong-sun Ju) 한국생명과학회 2017 생명과학회지 Vol.27 No.3

미토콘드리아의 항상성은 미토콘드리아 생합성과 마이토파지(자가포식에 의한 미토콘드리아 분해)로 불리는 2가지 주요 과정들에 의해 정교하게 조절되고 있다. 지구성 운동 훈련에 반응하여 골격근에서 미토콘드리아 생합성에 관한 기전들은 잘 정립되어 있는 반면 지구성 운동 훈련 후 골격근의 마이토파지 조절 기전과 마이토파지와 미토콘드리아 생합성의 협응을 조절하는 기전은 아직 명확히 밝혀져 있지 않다. 최근 연구들에 의하면 지구성 운동 훈련은 골격근에서 미토콘드리아 생합성, 미토콘드리아 역동성, 미토콘드리아 분해와 관련된 유전인자들의 발현을 증가시킨다고 하였다. 하지만 골격근에서 자가포식이 억제되었을 경우, 지구성 운동 훈련에 의한 미토콘드리아 생합성과 관련된 지표들인 Cox IV와 citrate synthase의 증가는 상쇄되었다. 따라서 자가포식과 마이토파지는 골격근의 미토콘드리아 생합성에 중요한 역할을 하며 정반대되는 이 두 과정(이화 또는 동화작용)의 협응 과정이 지구성 운동 훈련에 반응하여 대사적 기능과 지구력 운동 수행능력을 향상시키는 것과 같은 골격근의 적응에 중요한 듯하다. 지구성 운동은 미토콘드리아의 일정한 숫자를 유지시키기 위해 미토콘드리아 생합성, 미토콘드리아의 융합과 분열, 자가포식/마이토 파지들의 각각의 과정들을 조절하는 것으로 여겨진다. 지구성 운동 훈련은 골격근에서 마이토파지를 활성화시켜 미토콘드리아 양과 질을 조절하여 늙고 건강하지 않은 미토콘드리아를 젊고 건강한 미토콘드리아로 교체시킬 수 있다. 이 총론에서 미토콘드리아 생합성과 마이토파지의 분자학적 기전과 서로 상반되는 이 두 과정간의 협응이 골격근의 지구성 훈련에 대한 세포적 적응에 관련한다는 내용이 논의될 것이다. Mitochondrial homeostasis is tightly regulated by two major processes: mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial degradation by autophagy (mitophagy). Research in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercise training has been well established, while the mechanisms regulating mitophagy and the relationship between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation following endurance exercise training are not yet well defined. Studies have demonstrated that endurance exercise training increases the expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-, dynamics-, mitophagy-related genes in skeletal muscle. However, the increased levels of mitochondrial biogenesis marker proteins such as Cox IV and citrate synthase, by endurance exercise training were abolished when autophagy/mitophagy was inhibited in skeletal muscle. This suggests that both autophagy/mitophagy plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis/homeostasis and the coordination between the opposing processes may be important for skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance exercise training to improve metabolic function and endurance exercise performance. It is considered that endurance exercise training regulates each of these processes, mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission events and autophagy/mitophagy, ensuring a relatively constant mitochondrial population. Exercise training may also have contributed to mitochondrial quality control which replaces old and/or unhealthy mitochondria with new and/or healthy ones in skeletal muscle. In this review paper, the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy and the coordination between the opposing processes is involved in the cellular adaptation to endurance exercise training in skeletal muscle will be discussed.

생강(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) 에탄올 추출물의 전립선비대 억제 효과

김수정,이정윤,주정선,이유현 한국식품영양과학회 2020 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.49 No.5

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by the nonmalignant hypertrophy of epithelial and stromal cells. Although the pathogenesis of BPH is not completely elucidated, it is associated with androgens, and includes increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of cells in the prostate gland. This study investigates the effects of a 99.9% ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ZOET) on the BPH-1 cell line and the testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model. Z. officinale Roscoe was extracted with 99.9% ethanol, giving a final yield of 5%. The amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids in ZOET were determined to be 161.58±6.00 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 71.47±1.85 mg catechin equivalent/g, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (57.15±0.62%) and the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl assay (58.46±1.60%). Exposure to ZOET significantly inhibited proliferation of the benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cell line, BPH-1. In vivo studies were performed with seven weeks male SD rats divided into four groups: Control, BPH, ZOET 50 mg/kg, and ZOET 150 mg/kg. BPH was induced via subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (TP) (3 mg/kg), daily for 4 weeks after castration. ZOET was administered daily by oral gavage, simultaneously with the TP injections. Administration of ZOET 150 mg/kg in the BPH rat model significantly reduced the prostate ratio and 5α-reductase 2 levels of prostate by 16.77% and 24.59%, respectively. DHT levels in serum were also reduced by 30.97%. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in prostate was increased 1.6-fold. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of ZOET on BPH are exerted by regulation of androgens and apoptosis. 본 연구는 생강 추출물의 전립선비대증에 대한 억제 효과를 in vitro와 in vivo에서 확인하였다. 본 실험에서 사용된 생강 에탄올 추출물(ZOET)은 99.9% 에탄올을 사용하여 추출하였고, 수율은 5%로 나타났다. In vitro에서 ZOET의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량이 161.58±6.00 mg GAE/g, 71.47±1.85 mg CE/g으로 측정되었으며, ABTS 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 ZOET 1 mg/mL의 농도에서 약 57.15%, 58.46%의 활성을 나타내었다. ZOET의 전립선비대세포증식 억제 효과를 평가하기 위하여 전립선비대 세포주인 BPH- 1을 대상으로 ZOET를 다양한 농도로 처리하였고, 그 결과 유의적으로 세포증식이 감소하였다(P<0.05). In vivo에서 Control군, 음성대조군인 BPH군, ZOET를 50 mg/kg과 150 mg/kg을 급여한 군 총 4군으로 나누어 실험하였다. ZOET-High군은 음성대조군에 비하여 체중당 전립선 비율이 약 16.77%, 혈청의 DHT 수준 30.97%, 전립선 조직의 5αR2 수준이 24.59% 감소하였다. 또한 ZOET의 세포고사에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 Bax/Bcl-2 비율을 확인하였으며, ZOET-High군의 Bax/Bcl-2 비율이 음성대조군인 BPH군에 비하여 약 1.6배 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에 사용된 생강 에탄올 추출물의 급여는 전립선 무게, 혈청의 DHT, 전립선 조직의 5αR2 수준 감소와 Bcl-2의 mRNA 발현 억제 및 Bax/Bcl-2 비율 증가 효과를 보였으며, 이러한 결과로 보아 다양한 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드가 포함된 생강은 전립선비대증 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

운동과 전립선 비대증/하부요로증상의 연관성

이유현,김동희,윤진환,주정선 한국운동생리학회 2019 운동과학 Vol.28 No.1

PURPOSE: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a very common urological disease in older men, and it typically leads to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The exact cause of BPH is not known. Physical activity is increasingly recognized as an important modifiable lifestyle factor and several studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship of exercise with development of BPH/LUTS. In this review paper, the evidence for the impact of exercise on the occurrence and development of BPH/LUTS in the context of the other known risk factors for BPH will be discussed. METHODS: A systematic search on PubMed and RISS was performed to obtain previous studies examining the relationship between exercise and BPH/LUTS. RESULTS: Studies have demonstrated that physical activity/exercise ranging from light housework to sports are inversely associated with the development of BPH/LUTS. Several mechanisms for this association have been proposed, including sympathetic tone, hormonal changes, inflammation, and autophagy. There are some points to be implemented regarding the inverse relationship between exercise and development of BPH: Prevention is likely to be more effective than treatment of BPH/LUTS through exercise, and it is more effective to exercise at a young age than at an old age. The effects of exercise on preventing BPH/LUTS are dosage-dependent, such as exercise intensity and volume. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that there is a protective role for exercise in reducing the risk of developing BPH/LUTS. However, it is still necessary to obtain the precise mechanisms for the relationship between exercise and BPH/LUTS in the future.