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주원덕 동국대학교 대학원 1991 大學院硏究論集-東國大學校 大學院 Vol.21 No.-
The problem of Stalinism has been ever-present in all althusser's theoretical work. In order fully to settle accounts with Stalinism and produce a positive alternative to it, it was not enough to free Maxism from the grip of Stalinist dogmatism. The task then was to construct Marxist philosophy of which Marx had left only the foundations. Althusser's ambition was to renovate Marxism, constitute Marxist philosophy, resolve the Marx-Hegel relationship, clarify the vase-superstructure connection, etc. His peculiarity consists in its rupture with the orthodox dialectical and historical materialism and the second and third Internationals, and with the heterodox Western Marxism. For in the name of restoring Maxism to its original purity, and then developing it, he intervened simultaneously political and theoretical conjunctures. Politically, it was dominated by two great events; the Twentieth Congress and Khrushchev's critique of Stalinism and the Sino-Soviet split in the international communist movement. Theoretically, that era was characterized by a return to the Young Marx among Marxist intellectuals during the late 1950s and early 1960s. If the Communist movement was in political peril, Marxist theory was ostensibly experiencing a renaissance, But it was a humanist revival. Rather than welcoming these developments. Althusser adduced them as evidence of deleterious effects of Khrushchev's critique. Surveying the field of Marxist theory in the early 1960s. Althusser delineated two main paradigms : What he called 'economism' and 'humanism/historicism,' The former represented a Marxist version of technologial determinism, the latter a species of Hegelianism. His convictin was that they were alike pseudo-, and ultimately anti-Marxist. Neglecting the potentially critical effects of humanist marxism on Stalinism, he regarded Stalinism as an abandonment of revolutionary theoretical and political heritage of Marx and Lenin, and Khrushchev's 'secret Speech' as a right wing critique of it conducive to a rightwards evolution of the Communist movement. Humanism was a teleological philosophical anthropology wherein the ineluctable travails of the human essence in alienation presaged its reappropriation and realization under communism. Countering the prevalent 'recourse to humanist ideology', Althusser's enterprise proclaimed a 'return to Marx' aimed at a restoration/renewal of Marxist theory. His singularity was a revindication of scientific Marxism from its positivist parody or misrepresentation by both orthodoxy and heterodoxy. What was needed was a revaluation of the theoretical bases of Stalinism. The absence of a left-wing critique is said to provide the most violent bourgeois anti-Communism and Trotskyist anti-Stalinism. These are preferred as laying the foundations of a left-wing critique of Stalinism. It was connected to stalin's and the Bolshevik Party's deflection from Leninist orthodoxy and their introdjection of Menshevik tradition. As a return to Menshevism, Stalinism represented a re-Hegelianization of Marxism. If Stalinism represented the 'posthumous revenge of the Second International', then Khrushchevism, Brexzhnevism and post-Stalinist Communism represented the posthumous retribution of Stalinism. If a 'deviation is required to explain the Stalin period, then a likely candidate is the doctrine of 'socialism in one country'. a notion foreign to classical Marxism and Bolshevism alike. For Althusser Mao's china was the incarnation of the democratic communism negated in the USSR. The ossified Marxism begueathed by Stalin to the inter national Communist movement found it's doughtiest defender in Chinese Communism. Whilst the official doctrine of the Cultural Revolution did not restrict class struggle to the ideological sphere, it did pronounce it of paramount importance in a socialist society. But the delirious cult of Mao symbolized the repitition of history as tragedy and this was no concrete critique of Stalinism. The collapse of Althusser's elected alternative had an influence on him so strong as its emergence. Althusser was right to consider khrushchev's initiative a right-wing destalinization; correct, too, in regarding the consequent humanist renaissance within the CPs as theoretically and politicallly inadeguate, but quite wrong to tar all Marxist humanism and historicisms with a bourgeois brush. But with a great scope and originality, his enterprise of recasting of Marxism has a relevance with analysis of today's conjunctures.
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주원덕,이지영,김종혁,노현진,박정열,김대연,김영탁,남주현,유항조,김용만 대한부인종양학회 2009 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.20 No.2
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of taxane and platinum-based chemotherapy guided by extreme drug resistance assay (EDRA) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: Thirty-nine patients were enrolled, who were diagnosed as epithelial ovarian cancer, tubal cancer or primary peritoneal carcinoma and received both debulking surgery and EDRA in Asan Medical Center between August 2004 and August 2006. Another thirty-nine patients were enrolled, who did not receive EDRA as control. Paclitaxel 175 mg/㎡ and carboplatin AUC 5 were administered as primary combination chemotherapy to both EDRA group and the control group. In the EDRA group, paclitaxel was replaced by docetaxel 75 mg/㎡ if a patient showed extreme drug resistance (EDR) to paclitaxel and not to docetaxel. Carboplatin was replaced by cisplatin 75 mg/㎡ if a patient showed EDR to carboplatin and not to cisplatin. If only one drug showed low drug resistance (LDR), it was allowed to add another drug which showed LDR such as gemcitabine 1,000 mg/㎡. CT scan was performed every three cycles and CA-125 was checked at each cycle. Results: There was no significant difference in overall response rate between EDRA group and the control group (84.5% vs. 71.8%, p=0.107). However, 93.8% of patients in EDRA group did not show EDR to at least one drug and its response rate was significantly higher than that of the control group (93.3% vs. 71.8%, p=0.023). Conclusion: we could choose a combination of taxane and platinum which did not show EDR and could obtain a good response in the patients with ovarian cancer. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of taxane and platinum-based chemotherapy guided by extreme drug resistance assay (EDRA) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: Thirty-nine patients were enrolled, who were diagnosed as epithelial ovarian cancer, tubal cancer or primary peritoneal carcinoma and received both debulking surgery and EDRA in Asan Medical Center between August 2004 and August 2006. Another thirty-nine patients were enrolled, who did not receive EDRA as control. Paclitaxel 175 mg/㎡ and carboplatin AUC 5 were administered as primary combination chemotherapy to both EDRA group and the control group. In the EDRA group, paclitaxel was replaced by docetaxel 75 mg/㎡ if a patient showed extreme drug resistance (EDR) to paclitaxel and not to docetaxel. Carboplatin was replaced by cisplatin 75 mg/㎡ if a patient showed EDR to carboplatin and not to cisplatin. If only one drug showed low drug resistance (LDR), it was allowed to add another drug which showed LDR such as gemcitabine 1,000 mg/㎡. CT scan was performed every three cycles and CA-125 was checked at each cycle. Results: There was no significant difference in overall response rate between EDRA group and the control group (84.5% vs. 71.8%, p=0.107). However, 93.8% of patients in EDRA group did not show EDR to at least one drug and its response rate was significantly higher than that of the control group (93.3% vs. 71.8%, p=0.023). Conclusion: we could choose a combination of taxane and platinum which did not show EDR and could obtain a good response in the patients with ovarian cancer.
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