여성과 차이

조희원(Hee-Won Cho) 한국정치학회 2006 한국정치학회보 Vol.40 No.3

이 논문은 여성들 간에 존재하는 차이를 극복하고 연대를 모색할 수 있는 대안으로써 '여성개념의 다원화'를 주장한다. 다양한 차이집단이 존재하는 현대사회에서 여성은 다른 차이집단과는 달리 전체인구의 절반을 차지함에도 불구하고 오랫동안 자신의 권리와 의견을 제대로 표현할 수 없었던 사회적 약자이다. 따라서 페미니즘은 여성과 남성이 동등한 존재로 공존하는 성 억압이 없는 사회를 목표로 태동하게 되었다. 초기 페미니즘은 여성도 남성과 같은 동일한 존재라는 것을 강조했지만 이것은 현실적으로 불가능하다는 것을 인식하고 여성과 남성간의 차이를 강조하게 되었다. 이러한 여성과 남성 간 차이의 강조는 여성을 남성과는 다른 특징을 갖는 단일한 집단으로 규정하여 여성을 일반화?보편화 하는 결과를 가져왔고 이에 다시 여성이라는 범주를 해체하고 다양한 여성들 간의 차이를 강조하게 되었다. 그러나 여성들 간의 차이를 강조해 여성 범주를 해체할 경우 여성이 억압된 성이라는 가정도 불가능해지므로 페미니즘의 존립 기반이 흔들리게 된다. 따라서 여성개념의 다원화는 여성 범주를 해체하는 것이 아니라 여성 주체를 다원화하여 다원화된 여성 개념을 토대로 여성들 간의 차이를 극복하고 연대를 모색할 수 있는 대안이 될 수 있다. This paper insists 'The Pluralism of Women Concept' as the alternative that can grope the association and overcome the difference exists among women. In the present society where various difference group exists, women were the socially weak existences that couldn't express their rights and opinion for a long time although they account for the half of the whole population which is different from other different group. So, feminism came to be born while setting the society that has no sexual oppression that women and men coexist as the equal existence as the objective. Early feminism emphasized women are the same existence with men but we perceived that this is impossible in reality and came to emphasize the difference between women and men. But the difference between women and men stipulates women as the single group that has one feature and brings the results that generalizes and universalizes women, so it came to emphasize the difference among various women while dissolving the category of women. But, in case we dissolve the women category while emphasizing the difference among women, the assumption that women are oppressed sex becomes impossible, so the subsistence basis of feminism is shaken. So, the pluralism of woman concept can be the alternative that can overcome the difference among women and grope the association based on the pluralized women concept while pluralizing women subjects, not dissolving the women category.

존 스튜어트 밀의 페미니즘 철학과 현대적 의미

조희원(Hee-Won Cho) 한양대학교 수행인문학연구소 2006 수행인문학 Vol.36 No.-

J. S. Mill was a liberal feminist master and he insists, through The Subjection of Women, that the dependent phenomena of women which have continued too naturally and too long is due to the social oppression and wrong education. He thought that as men and women grow in different environments, so there are some gaps in ability. Therefore, if women are given the equal opportunity with men, he thought they can develop their potentials and display them. Also, Mill was the thinker who didn’t show any conflicts between words and action, and is the first politician who unfolded the efforts for the improvement of status of women through literatures and real politics. Mill has supported “Married Women’s Property Bill” actively when he was an assemblyman for the way to improve the position of the women in family. Also, he insisted that all women must be permitted to access to all jobs that men can approach by the solution for women to choose other jobs than marriage. Like this, Mill’s insisting to endow much more freedom of choice to women is for the progress of the society as the whole humankind as well as elongating the happiness of women themselves. Because the happiness of women affects men. The insistence of Mill also is criticized as elitism as he insisted to expand the education toward a few women who were selected, and to give voting rights to the constrained women. But, the view of womanhood about women problem was very radical considering the periodic situation of the West in the 19th century, and affected a lot to the discussion of present women emancipation.

결혼이주여성의 사회적 수용성 강화와 사회통합

조희원 ( Cho Hee Won ) 단국대학교 분쟁해결연구센터 2016 분쟁해결연구 Vol.14 No.3

Due to fast-growing immigrants, multiculturalism of all the countries of the world is facing crisis. But multiculturalism in Korean society is a big trend of globalization and at the same time it is being discussed as an alternative plan that we should pursue. However, marriage immigrant women are experiencing both discrimination as women and discrimination as immigrants, and due to the family structure based on paternal line, there is an increase in hierarchy of power between marriage immigrant women and their spouses. Although the index of gender equality in Korean society is rising, muticultural families still form the family structures based on paternal line, which makes home life more difficult. Currently, racial conflict, national conflict and religious conflict are still trivial in Korean society, but problems of discrimination and prejudice against marriage immigrant women who appeared as new citizens are emerging as a factor of a new social conflict. Before these conflicts increase, we should prepare a policy for reinforcement of social acceptability and social integration for marriage immigrant women. To realize this, we should push a policy to reflect the difference between marriage immigrant women and Koreans, and provide an interactive multicultural education for immigrants and Koreans. Also, there should be an education for domestic politics and an election system as well as an education for the importance as political existences of Korean society so that marriage immigrant women can grow to be independent citizens and exercise their proper right to suffrage.

한국의 다문화주의와 단일민족주의: 공존과 사회적 통합을 중심으로

조희원 ( Hee Won Cho ) 단국대학교 분쟁해결연구센터 2014 분쟁해결연구 Vol.12 No.2

The purpose of this study is to seek measures for coexistence and social integration in Korea without conflicts between homogenous nationalism that has been the basis of Korean society and multiculturalism that appeared as foreign immigrants increased. Although many western countries are announcing abolition or failure of multiculturalism, in Korean society, multiculturalism is being considered as a huge flow of globalization and an alternative that we should pursue. It is said that because in the global flow of the multicultural age, an emphasis on ethnic identity could lead to closed nationalism, the idea of nationalism is a target to be eliminated. However, multiculturalism in Korea, not like western countries, should reflect the distinctiveness, that is, a divided nation, and multicultural policies should be established in a large frame, social integration, after unification. For this, multiculturalism and homogenous nationalism should not be considered contradicting or incompatible, and efforts to actively reflect and apply them in conceiving measures to overcome the state of division should be made.

지구시민사회와 여성주의 정치리더십의 발전을 위한 방안 모색

조희원(Cho Hee-Won) 한국정치정보학회 2008 정치정보연구 Vol.11 No.2

본 논문의 목적은 지구화 과정 속에서 등장한 지구시민사회를 살고 있는 우리에게 보다 더 효율적인 대안적 정치리더십은 무엇인지를 분석해 보는 것이다. 최근 들어 어느 한 지역이 아닌 세계 곳곳에서 여성정치지도자들이 등장하게 된 것은 고등교육을 받은 여성들의 증가, 국제기구의 역할, 시민단체의 활동, 여성할당제의 실시, 정보사회로의 변화 등이 여성정치지도자를 탄생시키는 유리한 조건으로 작용했기 때문이다. 이러한 변화 속에서 등장한 여성정치지도자는 기존의 전통적인 지도자와는 다른 새로운 정치지도자의 모습을 보여준다. 또한 여성지도자의 등장은 언론매체의 발달로 인해 시ㆍ공간을 초월해 쉽게 실시간으로 알려지게 되면서 여성대통령ㆍ여성총리가 가능하다는 인식이 전지구적으로 파급되는 효과를 가져온다. 비록 여성의 정치리더십이 현실 속에서 다양한 모습을 보일지라도 이는 상호연결 되고 중첩되어 나타나며 여성주의적인 정치적 효과를 가져온다. 따라서 여성의 정치리더십은 성별화된 여성성에 도전하고 여성을 종속시키는 가부장적 질서를 변화시키는 효과를 가져 오기 때문에 여성주의 정치리더십의 발전을 위한 첫걸음이 된다고 볼 수 있다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze what is an alternative political leadership, more efficient tothe global citizens who live in global citizen society in the course of globalization. Recently, everywhere in the world, not at one place, the reason why feminist political leaders emerged is that the women who received higher grade of education, the role of international institutes, activity of the citizen group, practice of female allocation, change into the information society acted as an advantageous condition that gives birth to female political leaders. In this course of change, a female leader who has emerged shows new aspect of political leader different from the existing traditional leader. Also, due to the development of media and press came to be acknowledged in real time transcending time and space, it brings the effect that female president and female prime minister can be elected. Although the female political leadership shows various figure in the reality, this appears interactively and is overlapped than being separated and observed by concept, and brings feministic political effect. Therefore, the display of female political leadership breaks down the typical nature of feminine feature, and brings the effect that changes the order of patriarchal system by which women are subjected, so it can be seen to be the first step toward feminist political leadership.

여성의 몸과 낙태

조희원(Hee-Won Cho) 성신여자대학교 한국여성연구소 2011 여성연구논총 Vol.9 No.2

Abortion has been used as an important means for birth control for a long time, and even today when the forms of birth control are developed, it is an alternative for unwanted pregnancies. In Korea, though abortion is illegal in the criminal law, it has been tolerated only for the permissible reason in Mother and Child Health Act. Therefore, illegal abortion has been performed without limit, and the government also has shown little concern over it rather than watched whether or not it is in violation of the Act. However, recently, as a way of solving the ongoing low birth rate issue, the government is strongly cracking down on illegal abortion. However, our society has only made women responsible for giving birth to and raising children, but hasn’t taken an interest in the right of women who are in charge of nurturing their fetuses. The current law strictly prohibiting abortion is not only in accord with the reality but also ineffective for reducing abortion. In order to decrease abortion, understanding the reality that there is no choice but to choose abortion must take precedence. Also, abortion must be discussed by women as the main agents, and their right to choice must be respected so that fetuses and pregnant women can live a little more worthwhile life.

지구화시대의 정치리더십에 관한 연구 -여성의 정치리더십을 중심으로-

조희원 ( Hee Won Cho ) 한국사회역사학회 2008 담론 201 Vol.11 No.1

Recently, in political area, women are challenging the position of top political leader which was known as the area of men in the past. So we can see women presidents or women prime ministers leading the national politics in the global dimension. The reason of women`s positions as political leaders is the social change resulting from globalization. Globalization is making people to exchange information beyond the boundary of local society and nation by the development of transportation and communication. Also it is bringing many changes in the social structure as well as the inside world of the individual. With globalization, as for the political leaders, a different leader is demanded that will substitute the traditional masculine political leader. In this sense, the upcoming of female gender-perceptive democratic political leader not only becomes a role model to the women, but also has its potential to change the frame of the existing politics.

새로운 시민의 등장과 한국의 다문화현상: 결혼이주여성을 중심으로

조희원 ( Hee Won Cho ) 한국세계지역학회 2015 세계지역연구논총 Vol.33 No.3

이제 초국적 이주는 특정한 지역에만 한정된 특수한 현상이 아니다. 지구화가 가속화되어감에 따라 인간의 초국적 이주 현상은 보편적인 현상이 되어가고 있다. 이주민들은 국가의 영토적 경계를 벗어나 새롭게 이주한 국가에 거주하면서 본래의 국적을 유지하는 경우도 있고 이주한 국가에 귀화를 하는 경우도 있다. 한국사회도 1990년대 이후 급증하기 시작한 이주 현상으로 인해 다문화적 변화를 겪고 있다. 다양한 형태의 이주민들이 지속적으로 유입되면서 국적이나 시민권의 문제가 중요한 쟁점으로 부각되고 있다. 특히 임시체류자로 분류되는 이주민들과는 달리 결혼이주여성은 한국사회의 기본 단위인 가족을 구성하고 재생산을 담당하며 영주가 가능한 이주민이다. 그러나 결혼이주여성은 이주민인 동시에 여성이라는 이중적인소수자의 위치에서 이중적으로 배제의 대상이 되고 있다. 결혼이주여성은 한국사회의 중요한 구성원으로서의 역할을 하고 있으나 뿌리 깊은 편견과 제도적인 불평등으로 인해 매우 불안전한 위치에 머물러 있다. 따라서 결혼이주여성의 시민권에 대한 고찰은 이주민에 대한 인식과 사회통합방식에 대한 반성적 성찰을 가능하게 한다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 가진다고 볼수 있다. Now, transnational migration is not a special phenomenon limited only to particular areas. As globalization accelerates, human transnational migration has become a universal phenomenon. Some migrants retain their original nationality living in their new countries they migrated to out of the territorial boundary, or some become naturalized citizens of the new country. Since 1990, Korean society has suffered multicultural transformation through a fast growing migration. As various types of foreign migrants continue to come in, the issue of nationality or citizenship is being magnified as an important controversy. In particular, unlike migrant workers who are classed as temporary migrants, marriage immigrant women organizing a family which is a standard unit of Korean society and taking charge of reproduction are able to settle permanently. But marriage immigrant women are immigrants, and they lie concurrently in a position of minority. So they are doubly an object of exclusion. Although they are an important member of Korean society, they still stay in an unstable and dependent position. Therefore, a review on the citizenship of marriage immigrant women is significant in that it makes reflective introspection on awareness about foreign immigrants and a social integration method possible.

『에밀』에 나타난 루소의 여성관에 대한 재조명

조희원(Cho, Hee-Won) 한국여성연구소 2012 페미니즘 연구 Vol.12 No.2

이 논문은 일반적으로 가부장적 가족제도의 옹호자이며 남성우월주의자라고 평가되고 있는 루소의 여성관을 재조명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 18세기 여성의 위상에 대한 재검토를 하고 ??에밀??에 나타난 루소의 여성관을 성별 영역 분리와 남성과는 다른 여성 교육이라는 주장을 중심으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 루소의 여성관은 여성에 대한 서양의 전통적인 가치관을 극복하지 못하였으며 여성을 남성에게 종속시키고 공적영역의 참여를 인정하지 않는 편파적인 주장이라고 보는 시각이 지배적임을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 루소는 여성을 이성이 결핍된 부차적인 존재로 보던 계몽시대의 패러다임 속에서 성(sex)에 있어서만 남자와 다를 뿐 종(species)에 있어서는 같은 인간이라고 규정하고 여성성의 강조와 여성교육의 필요성을 주장하였다. 또한 루소는 여성과 남성은 상호보완적인 존재임을 강조하였으며 여성교육에 관한 논쟁의 불씨를 제공함으로써 페미니즘의 발달에 상당부분 영향을 미쳤다고 볼 수 있다. This paper aims at recounting Rousseau’s view of women, which has been evaluated as being generally male chauvinistic and a defender of the patriarchal family system. The status of 18th century women was reviewed and, analysis was centered on Rousseau’s view of women appearing in Emile, from an argument of gender domain separation and women’s education different from that of men’s. The results revealed that Rousseau’s views were not able to overcome the traditional values of the west toward women, and that prejudicial claims which subordinate women to men and do not recognize women’s participation in the public domain were predominant. However, unlike the paradigm of the enlightenment which viewed women as secondary beings lacking reason, Rousseau stipulates that women are only different from men by sex and are the same human beings by species and argues for the emphasis of femininity and the necessity of women’s education. Also Rousseau stresses that men and women are complementary beings and, by providing a spark for the debate on women’s education, it can be said that he considerably influenced the development of feminism.

출소자를 고용한 경험에 관한 연구 : Van Manen의 해석학적 현상학을 중심으로

조희원(Cho, Hee-won),도광조(Do, Gwang-jo) 한국교정복지학회 2020 교정복지연구 Vol.0 No.64

본 연구는 출소자 신분을 알고도 직원으로 고용하여 생활지도를 하며 사업장을 경영한 고용주의 경험을 연구대상으로 하였다. 연구의 목적은 출소자를 고용한 고용주의 경험에 대하여 탐구하고, 이를 바탕으로 교정 복지적 관점에서 출소자의 고용에 대한 인식변화 및 사회복지 차원에서의 실천적 의미를 찾는 것이다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위하여 연구 질문으로 “출소자를 고용한 고용주의 경험은 어떠한가?”를 상정하였다. 연구자는 밴 매넌의 네 가지 실존체를 준거로 출소자를 고용한 고용주 경험을 분석한 결과 본질적 주제(4개), 체험분류(12개), 체험내용(30개)을 도출하였다. 좀더 구체적으로 살펴보면, 네 가지 실존체를 통하여 드러난 체험적 신체(어색함과 불안함 교차, 받아들임, 강인함으로 포장)에서 ‘새로운 것에 대한 도전의 기회’를, 체험적 타자(특별한 당신, 차별이 아닌 차이, 협력적 동반자)에서 ‘내가 아닌 또다른 주체’를, 체험적 공간(제도적 공간, 무질서, 공동생활 구역)에서 ‘지평의 변화’를, 체험적 시간(깨달음과 기다림, 인고의 시간, 준비 없는 이별)에서 ‘익숙하지 않은 것에 대한 호의’라는 본질적 주제를 도출하였다. 연구의 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 질문으로 상정하였던 출소자를 고용한 경험의 본질은 다음과 같다. ‘출소자 고용’은 고용주가 현실적 어려움을 극복하기 위한 노력의 일환이기도 하였지만 또 다른 기회의 선택이며, 미묘한 갈등, 무질서, 어색함, 불안, 준비 없는 이별 등 이색적 경험이었다. 고용주는 그런 과정을 통하여 출소자와 관련된 다양한 정부 제도를 알고 활용하게 되었다. 그리고 출소자 직원들의 차이를 인정하고 협력적 동행으로 변화된 환경을 온전히 받아들이기 위해 ‘기다림’과 ‘인고의 시간’이 필요함을 깨닫게 되었다. This study explored the experience of employers who guided their lives by employing them as employees and managed the workplace even when they recognized the status of released prisoners. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of employers employing released prisoners, and based on this, to find out the changes in the perception of employment of released prisoners and their practical meanings in terms of correctional social welfare. And based on interviews as to the released prisoners employment and guidance experiences of the employers who know the status of released prisoners and employ them, this study attempted to explore the meaning of correction (矯正) and the nature of the experience that they perceive. In this regard, the researcher proposed a research question, What is the experience of an employer employing a released prisoner? As a result of this study analyzing experiences of employers employing released prisoners based on Van Mannan s four entities, the researcher derived essential subjects (4), experience classifications (12), and experience contents (30). With a more specific investigation, the essential subjects derived in this study are ‘a opportunity to challenge new things’ from experiential bodies (crossing awkwardness and anxiety, acceptance, packing with strength), revealed through four entities, ‘other subjects not me’ from experiential others (special you, difference other than discrimination, cooperative companions), ‘a change in horizon’ from experiential spaces (institutional spaces, chaos, shared living zones), and ‘a favor for things unfamiliar from experiential time (enlightenment and waiting, time of endurance, parting without preparation). Based on the results of the study, the nature of the experience of hiring released prisoners, which was suggested as the question of this study, is as follows. ‘Released prisoner employment’ was also part of the employer s efforts to overcome difficulties in reality, but it was another choice of opportunity, and exotic experiences such as subtle conflict, chaos, awkwardness, anxiety, and unprepared parting. Through this process, employers were made aware of and utilized various schemes related to released prisoners, and recognized the differences among employees. And to fully accept the changed environment through cooperative walks, they came to realize that ‘waiting’ and ‘time of endurance’ were needed.