http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
조성산 (사)한국인물사연구회 2008 한국인물사연구 Vol.10 No.-
In the history of social thought in the latter half of Chosŏn Dynasty, Lee, Kwang-Sah(李匡師) had been placed in the core position of Soron(Young doctrines; 少論) Gang-Hwa school(江華學派). He had proposed a new prototype in the field of Li-gi-shim-seong(principle-material-mind-nature; 理氣心性) theory, physica, classical study, and literature. He had brought us up characteristics of Li as being soiyeon(factural principle; 所以然), asserting universality and all-inclusiveness of Li and emphasizing good sides of Gi. With these, he tried to prove that Shim(心) was a conclusive existence. He made an effort to establish a unique system of shimhak(心學; learning of the mind-and-heart) of his own based upon this kind of Li-gi-shim-seong theory. Lee, Kwang-Sah had paid attention to Li as being soiyeon. That became a crucial theoretical ground for his research on nature. It is because the Li that he recognized was more likely soiyeon rather than sodang-yeon(所當然; moral principle) that he had accepted outcome of western learning(西學) without any prejudices. As a result, Lee, Kwang-Sah questioned the physica of Chu Hsi(朱熹). Lee, Kwang-Sah had doubts about the teachings of Chu Hsi in the categories of li-gi-shim-seong theory, physica, classical study, etc, to search for a new system of academic learning in 18th century. 조선후기 사상사 속에서 이광사는 소론 강화학파의 핵심적인 위치에 있었다. 그는 이기심성론과 자연학 인식, 고전학, 문학 부분에서 중요한 전형을 제시하였다. 그는 理의 所以然으로서의 특징을 부각하면서 理의 보편성과 포괄성을 주장하였고 氣의 善한 측면을 강조하였다. 이를 통하여 心이 완결적인 존재임을 보여주었다. 이러한 이기심성론을 바탕으로 그는 心을 번잡하게 하지 않고자 했으며 心을 직접 언급하기보다는 實事를 중시하였다. 이광사는 所以然으로서의 理에 주목하였는데, 이것은 그의 자연학 연구에 중요한 이론적 바탕이 되었다. 그가 편견 없이 서학의 성과들을 수용할 수 있었던 것은 그가 인식한 理가 所當然의 측면보다는 所以然에 있었기 때문이었다. 소이연으로서의 理를 강조하였기에 그것이 주자학적인 것이든 서학에서 얻어진 것이든 사물의 실상에 더욱 부합하면 되는 것이었다. 그 결과 이광사는 朱熹의 自然學에 대하여 회의할 수 있었다. 주요비판의 대상은 渾天說이었고 그것에 주요 근거는 地球說이었다. 지구설을 통하여 그는 인간 중심의 천문학 이해에서 벗어나 새롭게 세계를 인식할 수 있었고, 더 나아가 중국 중심의 세계이해에서도 벗어날 수 있었다. 이광사는 고전학 분야에서도 주희의 학설을 회의하였다. 이는 「呂刑辨」(『斗南集』 卷3), 「洛誥辨」(『斗南集』 卷3) 등에 잘 나타나 있다. 이처럼 이광사는 주자학적 학문체계를 이기심성론, 자연학, 고전학 부분 등에서 회의하며 새로운 학문체계를 모색하고자 하였다.
조성산 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2011 International Journal of Korean History Vol.16 No.1
The origins of the awareness of a common cultural identity, which essentially referred to the common use of Chinese characters, originated from the ‘using the same script for writing (書同文)’ found in The Doctrine of the Mean (中庸, Zhongyong). This was used to denote not only a unified world, but also the presence of a unified empire. This can be regarded as the main reason why the notion of ‘using the same script for writing (書同文)’ emerged alongside the rise of the Chinese empire. The awareness of a common cultural identity was closely linked with the notion of sadae (事大, literally ‘serving the great’) in the wider East Asian region. Meanwhile, the growing importance of Chinese characters in the communication process with Japan and Vietnam resulted in the gradual emergence of the awareness of a Sinocultural sphere rooted in Chinese characters. This awareness is important in the point that it was a sign of the awareness of a common cultural identity that emerged in a full-scale manner from the late 18th century onwards. The compilation of the Siku quanshu (四庫全書, Complete Library of the Four Treasures of Knowledge) at the end of the 18th century provided a great impetus for the formation of the awareness of a common cultural identity. The move from the Ming to the Qing dynasty in China set off a process that saw the notion of Zhonghua (中華) be transformed into one rooted in a sense of culturalism that revolved around the notions of civilization and culture rather than those of geography and ethnicity. This also influenced the perception of Chinese characters as the symbol of Zhonghua civilization. As part of the process of collecting and summarizing outstanding works from the world over, the Siku quanshu included works from Chosŏn, Japan, and Vietnam. This particular work as such made it possible to create ties between the intellectuals of Chosŏn, China and Japan based on their common use of Chinese characters. The growing encroachment of the Western powers in the 19th century pushed East Asian intellectuals to imagine a Chinese-character cultural sphere that could be regarded as a counterpart to the Western world. The perception of a Confucian-cultural sphere took on different features during the late 19th –early 20th centuries. It was during this period that the concept of a Confucian-cultural sphere that could act as a counterpart to Western civilization became an important element of the rationale for Japanese imperialism. The development of a Confucian-cultural sphere was rooted in the belief that Chinese characters and Confucianism represented the main implements through which universal civilization could be brought about, and that Chosŏn, Japan and Vietnam were civilized countries that all boasted these implements of universal civilization. The Sinocentric order, or Zhonghua, which had heretofore been monopolized by China, was as such dismantled and transferred to each individual country. In this regard, Chosŏn, Japan, and Vietnam all came to take great pride in their status as the possessors of Zhonghua. Under these circumstances, the rise of Japan was accepted as a sign of its status as a new center of Zhonghua. More to the point, the belief emerged that Japan’s actualization of Zhonghua meant that it could no longer be regarded as a barbarian country (夷狄, Yidi), but rather had to be perceived as a civilized one (中華, Zhonghua). It was in keeping with this logic that many of the members of Korea’s Taedong hakhoe (大東學會, The Society of Great East Asian Learning) who advocated the theory of Tongdo sŏgi (東道西器, Eastern Way- Western Technology) began to push for closer cooperation with Japan. The awareness of a common cultural identity greatly contributed to the transformation of this logic. Chinese characters were no longer regarded merely as Chinese writing, but rather as Asian writing (亞文). By hailing Chinese characters as a writing system s...
趙星山 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 2002 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.13 No.-
Friction characteristics of elastic hemispherical bumps adhesively contacting the plane surface of a semi-infinite rigid body are analyzed using the finite element technique. Analyses focus on the effect of bump radii and affinity between contact bodies on the friction resistance of adhesive contact. The friction resistance of adhesive contact is estimated with the analysis results regarding the pull-off force and the adhesive contact area. Dependence of the maximum equivalent stress at the bump surface on both the bump radius and the affinity is also examined to investigate the possibility of plastic deformation of asperity surface that is associated with adhesive wear of bump. Analysis results in the absence of adhesive force are also included to examine the effect of adhesive force. It is demonstrated that the surface possessing the larger bump experiences higher friction with lower possibility of adhesive wear.
조성산,유수영 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 2000 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.11 No.-
Thermo-elasto-plastic behavior of half-space due to a sliding rounded cutting edge tool is analysed using finite element technique in order to investigate the relation between the minimum cutting depth and the cutting conditions. Variations of the horizontal force for tool sliding, and the maximum surface temperature and surface layer deformation pattern of the half-space at several indentation depths are examined for various sliding speed and tool/half-space friction coefficient. It is found that there exist a critical indentation depth at which the tool horizontal force and the maximum surface temperature increase rapidly and continuously without any bound and thus sliding instability occurs. The critical indentation depth is affirmatively believed to be the minimum cutting depth since the rapid increase is associated with the material pile-up occurring in front of the moving tool. In addition, the minimum cutting depth decreases with the increase in the cutting speed and tool/work friction coefficient.
17세기 후반~18세기 초 김창협(金昌協)·김창흡(金昌翕)의 학풍과 현실관
조성산 한국역사연구회 2004 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.51
1. Kim Chang Hyeob and Km Chang Heub brothers are historical figures who suggested the political and philosophical direction for the Noron/老論 faction's Nak-ron/洛論 theories during the 18th century. Their academical achievements are very important subjects in current historical studies examining the political and philosophical status of the time. 2. They supported the Euiri/義理 theory devised by Song Shi Yeil, and tried to politically promote and strengthen the Noron faction's Euiri theories. They were also passionately engaged in studies of Juja theories. Yet their academical approach to the subject showed some different aspects from that of Song Shi Yeol. In major characteristics they shared Song's approach, but in details there were differences, due to the influences from Lee Dan Sang and Jo Seong Gi, who represented the academical color of the scholars' society or the Seoul and Gyeonggi region in the 17th century. 3. Compared with the Horon members' position, the Kim brothers demonstrated a rather flexible approach to the Hwaih/華夷 theories and in their expressions of their own sense of reality. In example, while Song Shi Yeol maintained a highly critical opinion about Heo Hyeong who served the supposedly barbaric Yuan dynasty, Kim Chang Hyeob thought rather positively of Heo Hyeong. The Kim brothers also revealed some different perspectives regarding the Legitimacy theory, and did not consider the matter of Legitimacy to be a moral issue at all. Hence their perception of the Ching dynasty, which was still presumably barbaric in origin in the Chinese public's view, as another form of legitimacy. They also demonstrated some flexible view of Jin Ryang and upon the Buddhism matte. And they also maintained some objectivity in honoring Song Shi Yeol, unlike the Noron faction members of the Hoseo/湖西 area who practically worshipped Song. 4. As we can see, Kin Chang Hyeob and Chang Heub brothers honored the Noron Euiri theories of the Hoseo region at least in political term, but in academical terms they were significantly influenced by the characteristics of the 17th century Seoul Gyeonggl Seoin/西人 members. So while they were passionately supporting the Noron faction's Euiri theory, they maintained a rather different attitude from that or the Hoseo region Noron members who were blindly following Song Shi Yeol's approaches. The following Ho-Rak/湖洛 debate was literally on outbreak of these differences that have been accumulated for years.
Discursive Structures and Cultural Features of Nak-ron Thought in Late Joseon Korea
조성산 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2011 Korea Journal Vol.51 No.1
In the eighteenth century, classic revivalism (bokgojuui 復古主義) emerged as a scholarly method for East Asian intellectuals in search of a new self-identity after the dynastic shift from Ming to Qing. Amidst this trend of the East Asian intellectual world, the Horak debate that arose among Joseon scholars was a peculiar phenomenon. Its basis was on the Noron’s political and scholarly positions founded upon Zhu Xi Confucianism (Jujahak 朱子學), which was incompatible with classic revivalism. Noron labeled classic revivalism negatively as classic imitationalism (uigojuui 擬古主義), and, in that context, the Nak-ron group of the Noron emphasized presentness and universality by arguing the equalness of past and present, the mind-hearts of sages and commoners,and natures of humans and animals. However, the Horak debate and the ideas that it represented began to decline in the nineteenth century in various ways, caused by, for example, Nak-ron’s overemphasis on presentness, its assimilation into Ho-ron, and the emergence of classic revivalism in Joseon Korea.
趙成山,朴福萬 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 2003 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.22 No.-
Abstract -It bas been performed in three different methods which are 3D, 2D modeling analysis and the categorizing analysis to find the rational structure analysis of the Korean traditional wood building with selecting Buseoksa Muryangsujeon. As a result of this study, the 3D modeling analysis is more accurate analysis method. But, in complex construction, it is very difficult in the process of modeling, and may be seen different behavior from the 3D analysis in the case of earthquake. Therefore the main girder, especially Daeryang, needs to be checked by the categorized analysis. Every member stress except Chobang came out below allowable stress.
에너지 손실을 고려한 2차원절삭의 음향방출 모델 개발의 예비연구
趙星山 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1996 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.1
A preliminary study is performed to examine the possibility of improving the existing models for root mean square of acoustic emission(AERMS) generated during orthogonal cutting. The existing AERMS models are critically reviewed to point out their limitations. Improvement of the existing model is accomplished by introducing into the existing model the energy loss that occurs during the propagation of AE generated in the shear plane to the tool/chip contact area. It is demonstrated that the new model, although incomplete, predicts the variations of AERMS with cutting conditions that are qualitatively in good agreement with the experimental observations that have not been explained with the existing models.