몇몇 지피식물의 비탈면녹화공사 활용성 연구 -억새, 톨훼스큐, 수크령, 한국잔디-

조성록 ( Seong Rok Cho ),김재환 ( Jae Hwan Kim ),심상렬 ( Sang Ryul Shim ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2015 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Research was initiated to investigate a vegetation characteristics of the species of ground cover plants mixed with herbeceous and woody plants on a cut slope. 4 different ground cover plants (Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Festuca arundinacea and Zoysia japonica) were seeded at the same rate of 10.0g/m2 with herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena, Chrysanthemum zawadskii and Coreopsis drummondii L) at the total seeding rate of 7.5g/m2 and native woody plants (Lespedeza bicolor Turcz, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria and Albizzia julibrissin) at the total seeding rate of 7.5g/m2, respectively. This experiment was treated with 3 replications on a randomized block design. Data such as surface coverage rate(%), the germinating number, plant height and visual quality were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rate and the germinating number.The surface coverage rate and the germinating number were significantly high in the Pennisetum alopecuroides plot when compared with the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens plot, the Festuca arundinacea plot and the Zoysia japonica plot, respectively from the viewpoint of ground covers. Especially, the surface coverage rate was considerably low in the Festuca arundinacea plot. However, the surface coverage rate and the germinating number were no statistic differences observed in this treatment from the viewpoint of herbaceous and woody plants. Also, both of the plant height and visual quality were high in the Pennisetum alopecuroides plot when compared with the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens plot, the Festuca arundinacea plot and the Zoysia japonica plot, respectively. We concluded that Pennisetum alopecuroides was the optimum plant from the treated ground covers mixed with native woody and herbaceous plants for the balanced emergence from the viewpoint of the ecological slope vegetation.

시화호 및 주변 하천 표층 퇴적물의 중금속 분포 변화

김경태,김은수,조성록,박준건,박청길,Kim, Kyung-Tae,Kim, Eun-Soo,Cho, Sung-Rok,Park, Jun-Kun,Park, Chung-Kil 한국해양과학기술원 2003 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.25 No.4

In order to understand the distribution of changes of geochemical characteristics in surface sediments according to various environmental changes around the artificial Lake Shihwa, surface sediments were sampled at $13{\sim}15$ sites form 1997 to 1999 and analyzed by C/S analyzer, ICP/MS and AAS. The average $S/C_{org}$ ratio was 0.35 in the surface sediments, which is similar to 0.36, the characteristic ratio of marine sediments. Heavy metal contents and enrichment factors in the surface sediments tended to be decreasing from the head to the mouth of the Lake Shihwa. With the deposition of fine-grained sediments in the central part of lake, anoxic water column induced the sulfides compounds with Cu, Cd and Zn. Metals such as Al, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd except for Mn and Pb showed relatively high correlation coefficients among them. The contents of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd in the surface sediments of the lake were two to five times higher than those in the lake before dike construction and also in outer part of the dike. These are mainly due to the Input of untreated industrial and municipal waste-waters into the lake, and the accumulation of heavy metals by limitation of physical mixing. Although metal contents of the surface sediments at the sites near the water-gate due to outer seawater inflow tended to be lower than those during the desalination, heavy metals were deposited in areas around the new industrial complex in the evidence of spatial distribution of heavy metals in the sediments. This is mainly due to the input of untreated waste-waters from tributaries.

진해만의 가덕수도 표층수와 표층 퇴적물 중의 중금속 분포

김경태,김은수,조성록,강성현,김종근,박준건,Kim, Kyung-Tae,Kim, Eun-Soo,Cho, Sung-Rok,Kahng, Sung-Hyun,Kim, Jong-Kun,Park, Jun-Kun 해양환경안전학회 2008 海洋環境安全學會誌 Vol.14 No.2

진해만의 가덕수도 표층 해수 중의 증금속은 육지에 가까운 정점에서 높은 분포를 나타내었으며, 이들의 븐포에는 조사 해역의 염분에 근거한 물리적 혼합은 크게 작용하지 않았다. 그리고 Pb를 제외한 다른 중금속은 과거와 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 표층 퇴적물의 중금속 함량은 거제도 혹은 가덕도에 인접한 정점에서 높게 나타났으며, 이들 해역의 Zn, Eu와 Pb 함량은 과거에 비해 약간 상승하여 인위적인 영향이 있는 것으로 판단된다. Hg과 Pb을 제외한 중금속은 상호간에 양호한 상관성을 보였으면, Eo, Ni, Zn, Eu, As와 Ed는 IL 및 COD와도 좋은 상관성을 보였다. 평균지각을 기준으로 한 농축계수는 As>Cd>Pb>Zn>Co>Cu>Hg>Ni의 순이 었으며, As, Ed, Ni, Pb, Zn은 전 정점에서 1 이상이었다. 한반도 연안 퇴적물의 중금속 배경 농도에 근거한 Ni과 Rn의 농축계수는 지각평균에 의한 농축계수보다 낮았고, Cu는 높게 나타났다. Heavy metals in the surface seawaters and sediments were measured in Gaduk channel of jinhae Bay. The high concentrations of heavy metals in the seawaters were found at the stations near the islands. In the seawaters, the mean concentrations of dissolved heavy metals except for Pb were not higher than previous data in this bay. Higher heavy metal contents in the surface sediments were observed at the stations adjacent to the Geojedo or Gadukdo of the Gaduk channel. The contents of Co,Ni,Zn,Cu,As and Cd in the surface sediments showed relatively high correlation coefficients with IL and COD. The order of enrichment factors(EFs) of heavy metals in the sediments on the basis of average shale values was As>Cd>Pb>Zn>Co>Cu>Hg>Ni, and the EFs of As,Cd,Pb and Zn at whole stations were higher than 1. EFs of Ni and Zn on the basis of natural background concentration in Korean coastal sediments were lower than EFs by average shale.

시화호 비점오염원의 오염부하 특성연구

윤민상(Min-Sang Yun),나공태(Kongtae Ra),김경태(Kyung-Tae Kim),김은수(Eun-Soo Kim),조성록(Sung-Rok Cho),김종근(Joung-Keun Kim),이정무(Jung-Moo Lee) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2010 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.11

시화호 수질의 연변화 양상에 대한 연구

박준건,김은수,조성록,김경태,박용철,Park, Jun-Kun,Kim, Eun-Soo,Cho, Sung-Rok,Kim, Kyung-Tae,Park, Yong-Chul 한국해양과학기술원 2003 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.25 No.4

Annual variation of water qualities in the Shihwa Lake were observed 18 times from June 1996 to October 2001. We studied at the station of the upper streams and near the water gate of lake. After the flow of the outer seawater through the water gate, the surface salinity in Shihwa Lake increased to the range of 25-30 psu in both stations after October 1998. Due to the declination of the salinity differences between the surface and the bottom water, the pycnocline in which had existed until 1997 has weakened, and made the water column mix vertically. This led to the improvement of anoxic/hypoxic environment at bottom waters after April 1998. However, despite the continuous flow of the outer seawater, the concentrations of chlorophyll-a at surface layer were varied from $2{\mu}g/l\;to\;60{\mu}g/l$, and these values indicated the eutrophication. The following organic matter load was greatly influencing the surface layer's COD concentration. During the rainy season, the salinity at the surface layer to the below 15 psu resulting in stratification between the surface and bottom layer. Organic matters that were provided from the surface layer to the bottom layer due to active primary production in the year exhausted dissolved oxygen at the bottom layer, and the bulks of organic matters at bottom gave rise to hypoxic or anoxic environment. It was observed that the enrichment of ammonia and phosphate were main factors to worsen the water quality of the Shihwa Lake. The results of examining the annual variations in Shiwha Lake through principal component analysis shown that water characteristics in the rainy season were similar with those before input of outer sea water.

시화호 퇴적물에서 인의 지화학적 특성

심무준(Moo-Joon Shim),조성록(Sung-Rok Cho),나공태(Kong-Tae Na),신진선(Jin-Sun Shin),김은수(Eun-Soo Kim) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2001 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.4 No.3

동해심층수 개발해역의 용존 미량금속 분포

김경태,장시훈,김은수,조성록,박준건,문덕수,김현주,Kim, Kyung-Tae,Jang, Si-Hun,Kim, Eun-Soo,Cho, Sung-Rok,Park, Jun-Kun,Moon, Deok-Soo,Kim, Hyeon-Ju 해양환경안전학회 2007 海洋環境安全學會誌 Vol.13 No.1

동해의 해양 심층수 자원 기반 환경 연구의 일부로 청결기술을 적용하여 해수 중의 용존 미량금속(Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) 농도 분포와 변화를 조사하였다. 강원과 경북 지역에 총 6개 정점을 선정하고, 각 지역마다 최대 채수 수심 각각 200-300m와 500m까지 시료를 채취하였다. 본 연구의 미량금속을 위한 연안해수 표준물질(CASS-4)의 분석 결과 각 원소 평균 회수율은 Co의 89.4%에서 Cd의 99.8%의 범위였다. 용존 미량원소의 분포는 해역 및 시기적인 변화가 다양하게 나타났다. Cd, Ni, Zn의 경우는 영양염 의존형으로 표층에서 낮고 저층으로 갈수록 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 그러나 Co, Cu, Pb은 수직적으로 불규칙적인 분포를 나타내었다. 본 연구의 동해 심층수 원수의 중금속 농도는 해역별 수질 기준과 먹는 물 기준을 만족하였다. In order to develop the deep ocean water, the characteristics of vertical distribution of dissolved trace metals(Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were investigated from Apr. to Oct., 2005 in the East Sea. Total six sampling sites were selected in Gangwon-Do and Gyeongsangbuk-Do. Accuracy of the analytical procedures was assessed by the SRM(CASS-4) for dissolved metals in seawater. The mean recoveries cf CASS-4 ranged from 89.4% for Co to 99.8% for Cd. In this study, the dissolved metal concentrations varied with space, time and element. The metal concentrations showed wide range in the surface. Cd, Ni and Zn showed a nutrient-type profile with surface depletion and enrichment at depths. However, Co, Cu and Pb were irregular in the vertical distribution. All metal concentrations studied in this study are lower than the criteria cf Korean drinking water.

시화호 퇴적물에서 인의 지화학적 특성

심무준(Moo Joon Shim),조성록(Sung Rok Cho),나공태(Kong Tae Na),김은수(Eun Soo Kim) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2001 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2001 No.-

자연해수를 이용한 해수 중 영양염 분석용 표준물질 개발

노태근,강동진,김은수,강성현,조성록,이정무,박은주,문초롱,Rho, Taekeun,Kang, Dong-Jin,Kim, Eun-Soo,Kahng, Sung-Hyun,Cho, Sung Rok,Lee, Jung Moo,Park, Eun Ju,Moon, Cho-Rong 한국해양학회 2015 바다 Vol.20 No.1

해수 중 용존 영양염은 해양 내 물질순환을 이해하는 가장 기초적인 자료로 전 지구적 환경변화를 감지하는데 필수 생지화학 성분으로 그 중요성이 인식되고 있다. 분석능력이 다양한 연구자들에 의해서 상이한 시공간에서 측정된 용존 영양염 자료의 상호 비교를 위해 영양염 표준물질의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 경기도 시화호 내측연안, 울진의 인근 연안 표층수와 동해 울릉분지 표층과 1500m에서 채취된 해수를 여과, 멸균하여 제조한 영양염 표준물질의 균질성과 안정성에 대하여 다루었다. 본 연구에서 제작된 영양염 표준물질은 해외에서 제조되는 영양염 표준물질과 유사한 균질성을 가지고 있다. 제조 후 3-13개월 동안 영양염 농도가 일정한 방향으로 감소하거나 증가하는 경향이 관측되지 않았으며 이 보다 더 긴 기간 동안의 안정성은 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. Dissolved nutrients in seawater are recognized as an essential biogeochemical factor for detecting global environmental changes. The importance of nutrient reference material for seawater has been increased greatly for the comparison of nutrient data, measured in different time and space in global ocean by various researchers with different levels in nutrient analysis skill. In this study, we described the homogeneity and stability of nutrient reference material for seawater using natural seawater, collected at a station of Shihwa Lake, at a coastal station near Uljin (surface water), and at a station over the Ulleung Basin (surface water and 1500 m depth water) and sterilized. Based on the homogeneity data, the nutrient reference materials has similar homogeneity compared to other nutrient reference materials. During 3-13 month period, there was no unidirectional trend of increase or decrease in nutrient concentration of newly developed nutrient reference material for seawater. However, a sustained measurement is required to check stability for longer period.

2010년 국내 해수 중 영양염 분석 실험실간 상호비교실험 연구

문초롱,노태근,강동진,강성현,조성록,김은수,이정무,박은주,신진선,Moon, Cho-Rong,Rho, Taekeun,Kang, Dong-Jin,Kahng, Sung-Hyun,Cho, Sung Rok,Kim, Eun-Soo,Lee, Jung Moo,Park, Eun Ju,Shin, Jin-Sun 한국해양학회 2015 바다 Vol.20 No.1

2010년에 국내 10개 영양염 분석 실험실을 대상으로 실험실간 상호비교실험이 실시되었다. 균질성과 안정성이 확보된 영양염 농도가 각기 다른 3종의 멸균해수(Bottle 130, 131, 132)가 이용되었으며, 각 실험실은 아질산염(Nitrite), 질산염(Nitrate), 인산염(Phosphate), 규산염(Silicate)의 항목을 5회이상 반복 분석하여 결과를 회신하였다. 각 실험실의 측정정밀도와 실험실간 차이를 평가하기 위해서 분석결과를 통계처리 하였다. 대부분의 실험실이 모든 분석항목에서 10%이내의 측정정밀도를 보였고, 이상치를 제거한 실험실 간 차이는 모든 분석항목에서 4~63%의 상대표준편차를 보였다. 상대백분율차이는 0.04~2217%였다. 각 실험실에서 분석한 영양염 농도의 차이는 우연오차(random error)보다는 계통오차(systematic error)에 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 균질성과 안정성이 확보된 시료 131을 이용하여 각 실험실의 분석결과를 보정한 결과, 보정 후 실험실 간 차이는 모든 분석항목에서 상대표준편차와 상대백분율차이가 현저히 향상되었다. 본 상호비교실험결과를 종합하면, 본 실험에 참가한 국내 영양염 분석 실험실 내 측정정밀도는 양호한 편이므로 적절한 기준물질을 사용하여 분석자료를 보정할 경우 실험실 간 차이가 줄어들어 다른 실험실에서 생산된 자료와의 자료 공유에 대한 수월성이 높아진다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 영양염 시료 분석 시 균질성과 안정성이 확보된 표준물질을 사용하여 다른 실험실과의 비교가능성과 소급성을 확립할 것을 제안한다. An inter-laboratory comparison campaign on nutrient analysis in seawater was carried out in 2010. Sets of three sterilized seawater samples (Bottle 130, 131, 132) which have enough homogeneity and stability were distributed to 10 laboratories. Participants analyzed the nutrients in their own laboratories (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) at least 5 times and reported the results. Statistical treatments were applied to the results to assess the precision for each laboratory and the discrepancy among laboratories. Most laboratories show within 10% of precision in all nutrient results. Degrees of scattering described as discrepancy among laboratories and relative percent difference values were 4~63% and 0.04~2217%, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the difference among the laboratories may due to the systematic error rather than random error. When the results were corrected by the results of bottle 130 as a reference material, the degrees of scattering and the relative percent difference were improved significantly. As a result, since most participants show satisfactory precision for nutrient analyses, a use of reference materials which have homogeneity and stability was strongly recommended to improve the comparability of nutrient data.