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FIDIC Red Book의 Engineer가 합의 또는 결정해야할 핵심 리스크 세부조항 도출 -FIDIC Red Book 2017년 개정판 기준으로-
제재용,홍성열,서성철,박형근 대한토목학회 2023 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.43 No.2
The FIDIC Red Book is an international standard contract condition in which the Employer designs and the Contractor performs the construction. The Engineer of FIDIC Red Book shall agree or determine any matter or Claim in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.7 neutrally, not as an agent of the Employer. This study aimed to derive Key Risk Sub-Clauses out of 49 Sub-Clauses that the Engineer of FIDIC Red Book recently revised in 18 years shall agree or determine according to Sub-Clause 3.7 using the Delphi method. A panel of 35 experts with more than 10 years of experience and expertise in international construction contracts was formed, and through total three Delphi surveys, errors and biases were prevented in the judgment process to improve reliability. As for the research method, 49 Sub-Clauses that engineers shall agree on or determine according to Sub-Clause 3.7 of the FIDIC Red Book were investigated through the analysis of contract conditions. In order to evaluate the probability and impact of contractual risk for each 49 Sub-Clause, the Delphi survey conducted repeatedly a closed-type survey three times on a Likert 10-point scale. The results of the first Delphi survey were delivered during the second survey, and the results of the second survey were delivered to the third survey, which was re-evaluated in the direction of increasing the consensus of experts' opinions. The reliability of the Delphi 3rd survey results was verified with the COV value of the coefficient of variation. The PI Risk Matrix was applied to the average value of risk probability and impact of each of the 49 Sub-Clauses and finally, 9 Key Risk Sub-Clauses that fell within the extreme risk range were derived. FIDIC Red Book은 발주자가 설계를 하고 시공자가 시공을 하는 국제표준계약조건이다. FIDIC Red Book의 Engineer는 발주자의 대리인으로서가 아닌, 중립적으로 3.7조에 따라 클레임 또는 모든 사안에 대하여 합의하거나 결정하여야 한다. 본 연구는 델파이 기법을 이용하여 18년 만에 최근 개정된 FIDIC Red Book의 Engineer가 3.7조에 따라 합의하거나 결정해야할 49개의 세부조항들 중 핵심 리스크 세부조항 도출을 목표로 하였다. 국제건설계약에 대한 10년 이상의 경험과 전문지식을 보유한 35명의 전문가 패널을 구성하여 총 3회의 델파이 설문조사 과정을 통해 판단과정에서의 오류 및 편향을 방지하여 신뢰성을 향상시켰다. 연구 수행 방법은 계약조건 분석을 통해 FIDIC Red Book 3.7조에 따라 Engineer가 합의하거나 결정해야 하는 세부조항들을 49개로 조사하였다. 49개의 세부조항들별 계약적 리스크 발생도와 영향도를 평가하기 위해 델파이 조사는 리커트 10점 척도로 폐쇄형 설문조사를 3회 반복 수행하였다. 델파이 1차 설문조사 결과를 2차 설문조사 시 전달하고 2차 설문조사 결과를 3차 설문조사에 전달하여 전문가 의견의 일치성을 높이는 방향으로 재평가하였다. 델파이 3차 조사 결과의 신뢰성은 변이계수 COV 값으로 검증하였다. 49개의 세부조항들 각각의 리스크 발생도와 영향도 평균값을 PI Risk Matrix를 적용하여 최종적으로 Extreme Risk 범위에 속하는 9개의 핵심 리스크 세부조항들을 도출하였다.
관전압 증가에 따른 GdOS:Tb3+ 증감지의 형광특성
제재용 한국방사선학회 2014 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.8 No.5
본 연구에서 사용한 증감지 구성 물질은 GdOS:Tb3+이고 Spectrometer를 이용하여 관전압 증가에 따른 형광특성을 분석하였다. 관전압에 증가에 따른 방출 형광을 측정한 결과 청색, 녹색, 적색에 해당하는 형광을 확인하였고, 그 중에서 녹색 형광에 해당하는 5D4 - 7F5의 형광이 가장 강하게 나타났다. 또한 50 kVp와 120 kVp의 형광량을 비교한 결과 50 kVp의 형광량은 120 kVp의 9.56%에 해당하는 형광만 방출하는 것으로 나타났다. GdOS:Tb3+ 증감지를 이용한 X-선 촬영에서 100 kVp 이상의 높은 관전압을 사용 할 경우 필름에 도달하는 형광량과 강도가 급격히 증가하므로 적정농도의 영상을 획득하기위한 주의가 요구되어진다. In this study, GdOS:Tb3+ was used as the component of the intensifying screen, and this study aims at analysis of fluorescent feature depending on the increase of tube voltage using spectrometer. When the released fluorescence was measured according to the increase of tube voltage, blue, green and red was observed, among which, 5D4 - 7F5 which is applicable to green, was strongest. In addition, when the fluorescent of 50 kVp and 120 kVp were compared, 50 kVp was proved to release only 9.56% fluorescence of 120 kVp. In case when tube voltage which is higher than 100 kVp is used for the X-ray using GdOS:Tb3+ intensifying screen, the amount and strength of the fluorescence reaching the film increase drastically, so attention is demanded to get images of proper concentration.
FIDIC White Book 일반조건 핵심 리스크 세부조항 도출 - 피딕 클라이언트/컨설턴트 모델 서비스 계약, 2017년 5판 기준으로 -
제재용,홍성열,서성철,박형근 한국건설관리학회 2023 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.24 No.2
FIDIC White Book is a Model Services Agreement between the Client and the Consultant. This study aimed to derive the Key Risk Sub-Clauses out of 63 Sub-Clauses of General Conditions of the FIDIC White Book by using the Delphi technique. A panel of 40 experts with more than 10 years of experience and expertise in overseas construction services agreements and FIDIC White Book was formed, and the reliability was improved in the direction of increasing the consensus of experts through a total of three Delphi survey processes. In the first Delphi survey, a closed-type survey was conducted on the impact of risk among 63 Sub-Clauses of General Conditions on a Likert 5-point scale, and 26 main risk Sub-Clauses were derived. The Content Validity of the results of the first Delphi survey was verified with the CVR value. In the 2nd and 3rd Delphi surveys, a closed-type survey was conducted on a Likert 10-point scale for 26 main risk Sub-Clauses and the risk possibility and impact of each main risk Sub-Clause were evaluated. The reliability of the 3rd Delphi survey result was verified with the COV value. Total 14 Key Risk Sub-Clauses were derived by applying the average risk possibility and impact of each of the 26 main risk Sub-Clauses to the PI Risk Matrix. The results of deriving Key Risk Sub-Clauses showed that agreement on specific scope of service, delay management, and change management were the most important. As a result of this study, from a practical point of view, consultants of consulting companies provide guidelines that should be reviewed to minimize contractual risks when signing service contracts with clients. From an academic point of view, the direction of research on deriving key risks related to service contracts for consultants participating in overseas construction is presented.
제재용,박철우,노경석 대한방사선과학회 2009 방사선기술과학 Vol.32 No.1
본 연구는 인체 팬텀(alderson rando phantom)의 등쪽에 원통형 전리함을 부착하여 방사선 치료 조사야 내 환자와의 접촉 물질과 조사 야의 크기, 방사선 입사각도에 따른 피부 후 방향 선량 변화를 조사하였다. 연구 결과 테니스 라켓 줄(tennis racket)의 마일러(mylar)를 기준으로 첫째 : 조사야 10×10㎠ 기준으로 면(cotton)은 약 2%, breast board는 약 8%, 15×15㎠에서는 약 6%, 20×20㎠는 약 10% 증가하였으며, 5×5㎠에서는 약 13% 정도 감소하였다. 둘째 : 방사선 입사각도가 0°로 기준으로 하여 5°에서는 breast board 0.4%, tennis racket 0.5%, cotton 1.1%, 10°에서는 breast board 1.5%, tennis racket 1.9%, cotton 2.6%, 15°에서는 breast board 3.9%, tennis racket 2.6%, cotton 3.86% 감소하였다. 결과적으로 carbon 재질의 치료보조기구는 피부표면선량의 크게 증가하므로 치료조사야 내에서는 피부와의 접촉을 피해야 한다.
관전압 증가에 따른 Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S:Tb<sup>3+</sup> 증감지의 형광특성
제재용,Je, Jaeyong 한국방사선학회 2014 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.8 No.5
본 연구에서 사용한 증감지 구성 물질은 $Gd_2O_2S:Tb^{3+}$이고 Spectrometer를 이용하여 관전압 증가에 따른 형광특성을 분석하였다. 관전압에 증가에 따른 방출 형광을 측정한 결과 청색, 녹색, 적색에 해당하는 형광을 확인하였고, 그 중에서 녹색 형광에 해당하는 $^5D_4-^7F_5$의 형광이 가장 강하게 나타났다. 또한 50 kVp와 120 kVp의 형광량을 비교한 결과 50 kVp의 형광량은 120 kVp의 9.56%에 해당하는 형광만 방출하는 것으로 나타났다. $Gd_2O_2S:Tb^{3+}$ 증감지를 이용한 X-선 촬영에서 100 kVp 이상의 높은 관전압을 사용 할 경우 필름에 도달하는 형광량과 강도가 급격히 증가하므로 적정농도의 영상을 획득하기위한 주의가 요구되어진다. In this study, $Gd_2O_2S:Tb^{3+}$ was used as the component of the intensifying screen, and this study aims at analysis of fluorescent feature depending on the increase of tube voltage using spectrometer. When the released fluorescence was measured according to the increase of tube voltage, blue, green and red was observed, among which, $^5D_4-^7F_5$ which is applicable to green, was strongest. In addition, when the fluorescent of 50 kVp and 120 kVp were compared, 50 kVp was proved to release only 9.56% fluorescence of 120 kVp. In case when tube voltage which is higher than 100 kVp is used for the X-ray using $Gd_2O_2S:Tb^{3+}$ intensifying screen, the amount and strength of the fluorescence reaching the film increase drastically, so attention is demanded to get images of proper concentration.
제재용 한국방사선학회 2019 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.5
골다공증은 골절의 위험도가 증가하는 질환으로, 본 연구에서는 이중에너지 엑스선 흡수계측법(DXA)을 이용하여 허리뼈의 회전과 기울기에 따른 골밀도를 비교 분석하였다. 실험 결과 허리뼈의 회전에 따른 골밀도는 감소하지만 허리뼈의 기울기 변화에서는 그 결과는 예측할 수 없었다. 이러한 이유는 허리뼈의 기울기 변화가 허리뼈 1번과 4번사이 일부분에서 겹침으로 인하여 뼈의 전체 면적과 골밀도가 변화한 결과로 판단되어진다. 즉, 방사선사는 정확한 골밀도 결과 값을 얻기 위하여 허리뼈의 회전방지와 기울기에 따른 겹침을 방지하기 위한 노력이 필요할 것으로 판단되어진다. Osteoporosis is a disease that increases the risk of fracture. In this study, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to compare bone density according to the lumbar spine rotation and inclination. The results of the showed that the bone density decreases with the rotation of the lumbar spine, but the result was not predicted in the inclination of the lumbar spine. This is due to the change of the inclusion of lumbar spine in the area of the bone and the bone density due to the overlap between the lumbar spine 1 and 4. In other words, the Radiogical technologists needs to make efforts to prevent the rotation of lumbar spine and the overlap according to the inclusion to obtain the accurate bone density results.
제재용,노경석,신운재,박철우,Je, Jae-Yong,Noh, Kyung-Suk,Shin, Oon-Jae,Park, Cheol-Woo 대한방사선치료학회 2008 대한방사선치료학회지 Vol.20 No.2
Purpose: This paper describes a electron field presence of magnetic field, intensity and shape surface dose variation to clinical application possibility. Materials and Methods: The using 6 MeV electron and $10{\times}10\;cm^2$ field size, 9 hole to shielding block make the by measure the film, when the magnetic field position inside and outside of the X-Omat film and parallel plate ionization chamber using the surface dose measured. Results: Present of 4 cm to the side at angle about 3 degree from beam center, use of ring type magnetic is 0.9% increase the surface dose, lens block located in the magnetic field the surface dose 1.58% increase, half magnetic field's position on the side of them at the field center of the 3.6% increase of the surface dose. Conclusion: Surface dose variation is with magnetic field about the mean electron beam of progress direction change, orbit region patient's is inconvenient without surface dose increase percentage case goodness will be used as a useful way.
제재용 한국방사선학회 2020 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.14 No.4
Principles of Radiation Detection and measurement include luminescence, ionization and chemical reactions. In this study, thermoluminescent properties were analyzed by exposure radiation on the glass for protective glass of smart phone. In order to analyze the thermoluminescent characteristics by radiation, 6 MV X-ray 100 cGy was irradiated to the powder annealing at 300 ℃ by grinding the tempered glass and original tempered glass. As a result of measuring the amount of thermoluminescent respectively irradiated material, the thermoluminescent increased by 3 times in the tempered glass, and when the tempered glass was grinding by powder the thermoluminescent was 2.4 times increased. Based on these results, the liquid crystal protective glass of the smart phone is evaluated as a tracer material to evaluate the radiation exposure and dose of the personal radiation monitoring. 방사선 검출 원리에는 형광, 전리, 화학작용 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 스마트폰 액정 보호용 강화 유리에 방사선을 조사하여 열형광특성을 분석하였다. 방사선에 의한 열형광특성을 분석하기 위하여 6 MV X-선 100 cGy를 강화유리와 강화유리를 분쇄하여 300 ℃ 열처리한 파우더에 조사하였다. 방사선이 조사된 각각의 재료에 대한 열형광량을 측정한 결과 강화유리에서 방사선 노출에 따른 열형광은 약 3배 정도 증가하였고, 강화유리를 분말로 만들어 방사선 노출에 따른 열형광은 약 2.4배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 스마트폰의 액정 보호 유리는 개인과 집단의 방사선 피폭과 선량을 평가하는 추적물질로 평가되어진다.
6 MeV Electron Therapy에서의 Electron Dose Distribution에 관한 연구
제재용,박철우,진성진,박은태,Je Jae-Yong,Park Chul-Woo,Jin Sung-Jin,Park Eun-Tae 대한방사선치료학회 2005 대한방사선치료학회지 Vol.17 No.2
Purpose : Electron is used for the treatment of skin cancer, breast cancer, and head and neck cancer in clinic. Our study is performed to check the isodose distribution in source surface distance(SSD)and source bolus distance(SBD)setup, nipple influence to isodose distribution of electron, junctional area isodose variation of photon and electron field. Materials and Methods : The electron dose distribution measures the diameter for 20 cm hemisphere paraffin phantom 2 made. It inserted the film between 2 paraffin phantom and it investigated it got radiation and dose distribution curve. Results : The 8% of isodose difference is with the surface distance(SSD)and source bolus distance(SBD)setup. The electon when the nipple exists inside the field, as nipple size it cuts the bolus and when it puts out and there is a possibility of getting the dose distribution which is homogeneous. When in the junction of electron and photon it uses the bolus it uses in the electron field whole, there is a possibility of getting the dose distribution which is homogeneous. Conclusion : The dose distribution decrease from the SBD setup. To reduce the influence of nipple, corresponding volume of bolus should be removed. And bolus covering all the electron field reduced hot and cold spot of junctional area of photon. In the future becomes the research which sees an effective electron therapy.
제재용(Jae yong Je),장호원(Ho won Jang) 한국방사선학회 2016 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.10 No.7
본 연구는 진단용 X선 발생장치에서 조사야 외부의 산란선량을 감소시켜 환자의 피폭 선량을 감소시키기 위한 방법이다. 자체 제작한 150 × 190 mm2 납판을 콜리메이터 하단에 부착함으로써 조사야 이외의 부위에 도달하는 산란선량을 감소시키고자 하였다. 납판을 추가로 삽입 후 X선 관축방향인 X-축의 산란선량을 측정한 결과 26 ~ 36% 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 관축의 수직 방향인 Y-축 방향에서는 납판의 사용유무에 따른 산란선량은 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 콜리메이터 Shutter에 의해서 발생하는 산란선 보다는 초점 근방에서 발생하는 초점외 X선에 의한 산란선 영향이 크다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 기존의 콜리메이터 하단에 추가로 납판을 설치하는 것이 조사야 외부의 X-축 산란선량을 감소시키는 방법으로 판단되어진다. In this research, The way to decrease a patient s exposure dose by reducing the scattered radiation dosage outside a radiation field with an diagnosis X-ray was examined. The scattered radiation dosage reaching other parts outside the radiation field was to be reduced by attaching a self-produced 150 × 190 mm2 lead plate to the lower part of a collimator. When a lead plate was inserted additionally and the scattered radiation dosage of the X axis was measured in the direction of the central X-ray axis, It was found out to have been decreased by 26 to 36%, and in the direction of Y axis, which was vertical direction from the central axis, The scattered radiation dosage depending on whether a lead plate was used or not displayed no large differences. These results shows that the impact of the scattered radiation by the off focus X-ray that was generated around the focus was bigger than that generated by the shutter of the collimator. Therefore it has been concluded that installing an additional lead plate in the lower part of the existing collimator can decrease the scattered radiation dosage outside a radiation field.