19세기 후반 산신도에 표현된 호랑이 연구

정효심(Cheong, Hyo Shim) 명지대학교 문화유산연구소 2013 미술사와 문화유산 Vol.2 No.-

본 논문에서는 19세기 후반 기년명 산신도 현황을 중심으로, 산신도에 보이는 호랑이의 유형과 형태, 그 밖의 표현 등을 살펴보았다. 19세기 후반의 기년명 산신도 현황을 지역별로 살펴보면, 경상도지역이 다른 지역에 비해 가장 많은 산신도를 조성했음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 가장 적은 수를 보인 강원지역의 경우에도, 『유점사본말사지』에 의하면 1851년대~1900년대에 조성된 기년명 산신도가 모두 13점임을 알 수 있다. 제작 년대가 밝혀지지 않은 표훈사 11점을 포함하면 결코 적은 수가 아니다. 호랑이의 유형은 자세에 따라 입호(立虎), 좌호(坐虎), 복호 (伏虎)로 나누었으며 가장 많은 유형은 복호이다. 유형의 변화에 있어서는, 입호의 경우는 시기가 현대와 가까울수록 호랑이 등 위에 위치했던 산신이 호랑이 몸 아래로 내려오는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 기호산신형(騎虎山神形)이 점차 산신보위형(山神保衛形)으로 바뀌는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 좌호는 호랑이가 산신의 곁에 있다가 시기가 가까울수록 산신의 모습이 점점 커졌다. 상대적으로 호랑이의 크기가 작아졌고, 또한 산신과 떨어져 앉아 있는 형태로 나타났다. 복호는 산신도에 가장 많이 나타나는 유형으로, 3종류로 나누어 살펴보았다. Ⅰ형은 산신을 반쯤 에워싼 복호로 꼬리가 위로 치켜 올라가 있어 시기와 상관없이 꾸준히 보이고, Ⅱ형은 산신을 완전히 감싸는 산신보위형으로 드물게 나타났다. Ⅲ형은 산신 옆에 몸통을 반쯤 내밀고 엎드려 웅크리고 있는 모습으로 19세기 후반 늦은 시기에 나타나 많이 그려졌음을 확인할 수 있다. 형태는 호랑이 무늬를 나타낸 것을 호(虎), 표범 무늬를 나타낸 것을 표(豹), 호랑이와 표범무늬가 함께 나타난 것을 호표(虎豹)로 나누었으며 그 중에 호표가 가장 많이 그려졌음을 확인하였다. 호랑이의 눈 표현은 동공에 따라 공같이 둥글다하여 공안(孔眼), 고양이의 눈처럼 생긴 묘안(猫眼), 묘안을 추상화시킨 금강석안(金剛石眼)으로 나누었다. 그 중 공안이 보편적으로 표현되었으며, 그 다음은 금강석안으로 그려졌는데 벽사의 상징으로 쓰였다. 그 밖의 표현으로 호랑이의 발톱은 용맹성과 벽사의 뜻을 나타내며 꼬리는 자세에 따라 표현이 달라지며 강한 생동감을 보여주었다. 마지막으로 산신도가 그려진 바탕 재료는 견, 면, 마, 종이 4가지가 사용되었고 견은 19세기 후반 이전에 많이 사용한 반면, 면의 사용은 1891년대 이후에 많이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. This paper is on various types of tigers and expressions in Sansindo(paintings of Mountain Spirit) mainly drawn in the late 19th century and certain of the year of production. The most pieces of Sansindo with exact production years were drawn in Gyeongsang Province. And the fewest pieces with exact production years were drawn in Gangwon Province, a total number of 13 pieces, between 1851 ? 1900s according to the book, Yujeomsabonmalji, and there are 11 pieces without production years from Pyohun Temple. Types of tigers can be classified into three, Standing Tiger, Sitting Tiger, Lying Tiger by the postures, and Lying Tiger type outnumbers the rest. The earlier type of Mountain Spirit riding a tiger changed to a tiger guarding Mountain Spirit over time. In case of Lying Tiger type, Mountain Spirit’s appearance increased in size and a tiger became relatively smaller in the course of time. Lying Tiger types also can be divided into three. TypeI, a tiger with a raised tail surrounding Mountain Spirit halfway, was steadily drawn, but TypeII, a tiger guarding Mountain Spirit, became rare over time. And, TypeIII, a tiger sitting crouched next to Mountain Spirit, was drawn in and after the late 19th century. Tigers in Sansindo can also be divided into three types according to the stripes, Ho(tiger) type, Pyo(leopard) type, and Ho-Pyo(mixture of tiger and leopard stripes) type, and Ho-Pyo type was most favored. By the shape of eyes, tigers can be classified into three types, Gongan(ball-shaped eye), Myoan(cat’s eye), and Gemgangseokan(diamond-shaped eye) that is an abstract shape of Gongan. Among them, Gongan was most commonly used, and the second was Myoan that represented a symbol of driving away evil spirits. Besides, claws of tigers stand for their nature of bravery and expelling demons, and tails vary depending on the posture of tigers and are lifelike. Lastly, Sansindo were drawn on silk, cotton, Chinese yam, and paper, and silk was preferred before the late 19th century whereas mostly cotton was used after 1891.

감성 진단칩(Emotion-on-a-chip, EOC): 인간 감성측정을 위한 바이오칩기술의 진화

정효일 ( Hyo Il Jung ),길태숙 ( Taesuk Kihl ),황유선 ( Yoosun Hwang ) 한국감성과학회 2011 감성과학 Vol.14 No.1

감성과학은 현대 사회에서 점차 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있는 과학, 공학적 영역이다. 감성은 외부의 물리/화학적인 자극에 대한 인간 내부의 고차원적인 심리적 체험으로 기쁨, 슬픔, 쾌적, 불쾌 등에 대한 복합적인 감정이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 감성연구의 가장 큰 어려움은 측정의 문제이다. 기존 감성 측정은 자기보고, 인터뷰, 뇌파 및 자율 신경계 반응, 심장혈관 활동도 등에 국한되어 있고 여전히 객관적인 측정이라 할 수 없다. 따라서 우리는 혈액, 침, 땀 등의 체액을 이용해 실시간으로 인간의 감성을 정확하게 측정하는 Eomotion-on-a-chip (EOC)로 명명한 새로운 이름의 바이오칩 기술에 대해 제안한다. EOC는 감성을 측정하기 위한 바이오 마커와신호를 얻기 위한 전극, 신호를 변환하기 위한 변환기, 그리고 측정의 결과를 보여주는 부분으로 구성된다. 최근 나노/마이크로 기술의 발달은 체액 내 감성 바이오 마커를 찾아내고 그것의 유무와 뇌과학 연구결과와의 상관관계를 규명하고 미래에 피 한 방울로 인간의 심리상태를 정확히 파악 할 수 있는 초소형 감성진단칩을 개발하게 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 이제 막 연구가 시작되고 있는 미래 바이오칩기술의 하나인 EOC의 개념을 보고하는 리뷰논문이다. Emotion science is one of the rapidly expanding engineering/scientific disciplines which has a major impact on human society. Such growing interests in emotion science and engineering owe the recent trend that variousacademic fields are being merged. In this paper we propose the potential importance of the biochip technology in which the human emotion can be precisely measured in real time using body fluids such as blood, saliva and sweat. We firstly and newly name such a biochip an Emotion-On-a-Chip (EOC). EOC consists of biological markers to measure the emotion, electrode to acquire the signal, transducer to transfer the signal and display to show the result. In particular, microfabrication techniques made it possible to construct nano/micron scale sensing parts/chips to accommodate the biological molecules to capture the emotional bio-markers and gave us a new opportunities to investigate the emotion precisely. Future developments in the EOC techniques will be able to help combine the social sciences and natural sciences, and consequently expand the scope of studies.

Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome risk factors among adolescents

정효지,Soyoung Hong,송윤주,안병철,박미정 대한소아청소년과학회 2012 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.55 No.4

Purpose: Unbalanced diets and decreased physical activity have contributed to increased prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. We have performed a systematic review and data analysis to examine the association between dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome risk factors in adolescents. Methods: We searched the PubMed and BioMedLib databases for appropriate articles published during the past 10 years and selected 6 articles. The studies reviewed applied factor analysis or cluster analysis to extract dietary patterns. For data analysis, we examined the association between dietary patterns and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors using data of 3,168 adolescents (13 to 18 years)obtained from 4 consecutive Korean Nutrition Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007 to 2009). Results: Our systematic review confirmed that western dietary patterns are positively associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors such as obesity and elevated triglycerides, while traditional dietary patterns were negatively associated. Data analysis found that the number of adolescents aged 16 to 18 years who had “Rice & Kimchi” dietary pattern decreased, while the number having western dietary patterns increased during the 1998 to 2009 time frame. There were no changes in the dietary patterns in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. The risk of elevated serum triglycerides and reduced serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol was high in the “Rice & Kimchi” dietary pattern compared to the other dietary pattern groups. Conclusion: Because adolescents’ dietary patterns are changing continuously and have long-term effects, further studies on the dietary patterns of adolescents and their health effects into adulthood are necessary.

게이트웨이 기반 인터넷/컨텐츠 중심 네트워크 연동 구조

정효기(Hyogi Jung),오신행(Shinhaeng Oh),장덕현(Dukhyun Chang),권태경(Ted “Taekyoung” Kwon),최양희(Yanghee Choi) 한국통신학회 2011 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.11

전자선 조사를 통한 EPDM/Polyamide12 탄성체의 제조에 관한 연구

정효신(Hyo Shin Jung),박정일(Jung Il Park),강필현(Phil Hyun Kang),최명찬(Myung Chan Choi),장영욱(Young Wook Chang),홍성철(Sung Chul Hong) 한국고분자학회 2013 폴리머 Vol.37 No.5

다양한 조성의 ethylene propylene diene rubber(EPDM)/polyamide12(PA12) 용융 혼합물에 전자선 조사를 함으로써 열가소성 탄성체(thermoplastic elastomer, TPE)의 특성을 보이는 소재를 제조하였다. EPDM과 PA12 상 사이의 상용화제로 말레산화 EPDM(mEPDM)을 첨가함으로써 EPDM/PA12 용융 혼합물의 기계적 물성을 향상시켰다. 또한 EPDM/PA12 용융 혼합물에 0~100 kGy의 전자선을 조사함으로써 EPDM 사슬간의 선택적인 가교 반응을 유도함과 동시에 PA12 상으로부터 용융 유동성을 확보할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 EPDM/PA12 용융 혼합물에 mEPDM 을 첨가한 후 전자선을 25 kGy 조사함에 의하여 열가소성 용융 거동을 보이면서도 물성 및 탄성체 성질이 우수한EPDM/PA12 용융 혼합물을 제조할 수 있었다. Polyamide12 (PA12) is blended with ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) at various compositions in the presence of maleated EPDM (mEPDM) to afford blend materials having the characteristics of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). The EPDM/PA12 melt-blends are further irradiated with electron-beam (e-beam) at 0~100 kGy dosage, yielding selective crosslinking between EPDM chains while retaining melt-processibility originated from PA12 phase. mEPDM acts as a compatibilizer and affords additional improvements in mechanical properties of the EPDM/PA12 blend. With 25 kGy of e-beam irradiation and mEPDM, the EPDM/PA12 blends successfully exhibit TPE behaviors with reasonable elastomeric and mechanical properties.

우리 나라 외식문화의 현황과 전망

정효지 호남대학교 2001 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.22 No.2

The food service companies in Korea have been changed in various angles since 1960's due to socioeconomic development. Even if the number and size of food service companies have increased rapidly, some of customers still indicate the quality of service and sanitary facilities in the food service company, and the people in food service company have pointed out that we do not have normative precepts for eating out, so that we have inconvenient for that. The prospectives of culture for eating out are followings. 1) The number of food service companies dealing with foreign or fusion food will increase, 2) the quality of service and sanitary environment will improve, 3) the size, kind, quality, cost of food service company will vary. For the establishment of moral standards for eating out, the companies and the customer make efforts together.

수생태계 내 프탈레이트계 가소제의 고감도 측정을 위한 현장형 전처리 및 센싱 시스템 개발

정효일(Hyo-Il Jung) 대한환경공학회 2022 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

건강증진과 체육교육

정효지 한국체육교육학회 2010 한국체육교육학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2010 No.2

중환자실 간호대상자의 설사발생 및 관련요인에 관한 연구

정효지,권시내,김진숙,차은지,강윤희 병원간호사회 2012 임상간호연구 Vol.18 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate incidence and factors related to diarrhea in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Retrospective correlational design was used. Data were collected from reviewing medical records of 210 patients stayed at an ICU in one university hospital, Seoul. Patients were included in the study if they 1) had no gastrointestinal disorders or fecal incontinence before coming to the ICU, 2) stayed longer than 5 days at the ICU, 3) were not on stool softners, 4) were without abdominal surgery, and 5) were 20-year-old or older. Results: The incidence of diarrhea was 27.1%. Durations of ICU stay, antibiotics administration, and enteral feeding were found to be statistically significant factors correlated with diarrhea. The enteral feeding was the significant predictors of the diarrhea in ICU. Conclusion: Since characteristics of diarrhea in ICU patients is shown to be multifactorial, nursing strategies for evaluating and managing related factors are recommended.

임상영양교육의 실제

정효지 호남대학교 1999 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of clinical nutrition education for patients is helping clinical treatment by improving nutritional status, getting diet therapy, educating patient's family to help his desirable dietary pattern, and keeping newly established dietary pattern permanently. Clinical nutrition education includes diagnosis of patients, education plan, execution, assessment of the results. For example, the goals of nutrition education for patient with overweight and hyperlipidemia are to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholestrol and to increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol by exercise and diet program. Thus, clinical nutrition education should provide information about the risk of cardiovascular disease, guidelines for restriction of dietary animal lipids and cholesterol, and exercise programs. Contents of education, and education materials and methods depend on the caracteristics of patients. After nutrition education is serviced to patient its effect are assessed periodically. New nutrition education should be planned on the basis of the former result and it continues until patients have suitable dietary pattern.