Ni-Cr 강과 지르코니아와의 접합에 관한 연구

정형진,유연철,하문영,이용철 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1989 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.27 No.9

Studies have been conducted to clarify the joining phenomena of ZrO₂ to Ni-Cr steel produced by solid-state diffusion bonding with Al interlayer. The reaction layer at the steel/Al interface was observed clearly. By the EDX analysis, it was confirmed that this layer was a diffusion layer of Al and Fe. Reaction layer of the Al/ZrO₂ interface could not be detected in spite of good contact suggesting that the Al/ZrO₂ interface was bonded by a surface reaction in which a layer of less than 1㎛ in thickness was formed. It is concluded that the optimum conditions for bonding of ZrO₂ to Ni-Cr steel are of the Al interlayer of 0.6㎜, applied pressure of 100 MPa, temperature of 635℃, and time of 120 minutes. The interface shear strength of 50 MPa is obtained under these conditions.

무역과 노동 - 미국 통상법을 중심으로 -

정형진 경북대학교 법학연구원 2008 법학논고 Vol.0 No.29

There is no consensus about whether linkage between trade and labor is reasonable or not. The debate is not new and will not be ended easily. We need to focus on substantive US trade laws and a social clause. The United States is probably the country that has enacted the most legislation linking trade and labour standards. Five U.S. trade laws currently condition assistance or access on respect for labour standards. Four of these laws authorize programs of trade or investment assistance, and one governs direct access to U.S. markets. The laws are Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act, the Generalized System of Preference, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the Agency for International Development law and Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974(as amended in 1988). Of these programmes, the GSP and Section 301 are most important tools in terms of promoting better labour standards, and will be discussed here, as they are more influential as regards other countries' trade policy than the other trade laws. The USTR has not cancelled the right for the country to be a beneficiary under the GSP because of labor rights violation since the GSP was implemented. Section 301 is qualitatively different from the other legislation because it applies to all trading partners of the United States. Consequently, it gives the office of the US Trade Representative(USTR) the authority to investigate foreign laws, policies and practices that are alleged to be unreasonable, unfair or discriminatory, and to negotiate with all the countries in question for redress, not just those receiving non-reciprocal United States-conferred trade benefits. However, there is consistent debate over whether Section 301 is consistent with principle of the WTO. A foreign government might decide not to negotiate with the U.S., let the USTR impose sanctions, and take the case to the WTO. 무역과 노동기준의 연계는 최근 국제사회에서 논의 되는 심각한 주제는 아니다. 하지만 2009년 1월 미국의 새로운 민주당 정권의 등장으로 보호무역의 기조를 앞세워 노동관련 통상규범을 무기로 압박을 가할 가능성이 있다. 우리의 주권이 실제적으로 미치지 못하는 개성공단에서 만든 제품과 관련 이 통상법에 자유로운 입장은 아니다. 미국은 무역과 노동을 연계한 입법을 가장 많이 한 나라이다. 5개의 무역법들이 노동기준의 준수를 조건으로 규정하고 있는 데, 이들 중 4개 법안들은 무역과 투자에 있어 미국정부가 도움을 줄 수 있는 것이고, 나머지 하나는 미국시장에 직접적인 접근을 조정할 수 있다. 이 법들에는 the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act(CBERA)of 1986, the Generalized System of Preference(GSP) of 1984, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation(OPIC) of 1986, the Agency for International Development(AID) law of 1992, 그리고 Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974(as amended in 1988) 등이다. 이 중에서 개성공단과 관련하여 Section 301와 GSP에 대한 법리적 분석과 그 구체적 사례를 검토할 필요성이 있다. 301조 아래에서 노동규정은 그것이 한번도 사용되어진 적이 없다는 것과 강력한 구제조치를 가진 인권옹호적인 성격 때문에 상당한 호기심을 불러일으킨다. 특별한 손해배상이 청원한 US노동조합이나 노동권침해를 당한 노동자들에게 주어질 수 없는 반면에, 외국정부에 가해지는 무역제재의 위협에 따라 외국임금은 올라갈 수 있고 노동권 탄압은 약화될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 301조가 WTO의 원칙과 일치하는 지에 관해서는 상당한 학자적 혹은 외교적 논쟁이 있다. 이 규정은 세계무역의 다자주의의 원칙(the multilateralism of world trade)을 침범하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 이 규정은 무역대표부의 자의적인 행동을 허용하기 때문에 GATT의 차별금지원칙을 침범할 수 있다. 따라서 만약 개성공단에서 생산된 제품과 관련하여 통상보복을 가한다면 우리 정부는 미국과 협상을 하지 않고 제재를 받아들이면서 WTO에 가져갈 수도 있다. GSP제도에 있어서는 여러 사례를 보건대 단 한 번도 특혜가 취소된 적이 없으나, 결국 조사를 받아들인다는 자체가 위협이 되어 상대국의 노동기준향상에 기여한다고 볼 수 있다.

CISG의 기본적 적용요건

정형진 한국경영법률학회 2011 經營法律 Vol.22 No.1

The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods(CISG) applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose place of business are in different States when the States are Contracting States or when the rule of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. The goods means basically only moveable, tangible objects. The relevant rule of private international law refer to the law of a Contracting State, then the CISG applies also to contracts of sale in which neither or only one of the parties to the contract has his place of business in a Contracting State. The fact that parties have their place of business in different States is to be disregarded when this fact does not appear from the contract at anytime before at the conclusion of the contract. A Contracting State which the rule of private international law refer to would not have declared at the time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by the application of the rule of private international of the Convention. Eventually, the parties will not exclude the application of the Convention.

근력훈련이 스쿼시의 볼 속도 및 정확성에 미치는 영향

정형진,이기세 한국스포츠리서치 2005 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of muscular strength training on the ball speed and accuracy of squash. Moreover, this study will provide useful information to both squash coaches and squash enthusiasts alike to improve participation in this exciting form of physical training for a healthier lifestyle. 20 women who play squash regularly, ages 30-40, were separated for a period of 12 weeks into two groups: one group who would play squash and perform in conjunction with the squash muscular strength training, and another group (the control group) who would only play squash. The group playing squash and performing muscular strength training operated by warming up for 5 minutes, playing squash for 30 minutes, performing muscular strength training for 20 minutes, and finally cooling down for 5 minutes. The control group only played squash for instead of muscular strength training. Both groups performed their routines 3 times every week for 12 weeks at a sports center located in Incheon. From our observations, we were able to draw the following conclusions: 1. The ball speed of the group participating in muscular strength training revealed a significant difference in their forehand stroke and backhand stroke compared with the control group. 2. However, the accuracy of the group participating in muscular strength training didn't reveal a significant difference in their forehand stroke or backhand stroke compared with the control group. In conclusion, the group involved in both playing squash and conducting muscular strength training revealed a significant difference from the control group in terms of their ball speed. Although there was no change in the participants' accuracy, it can be seen that muscular strength training can have a positive benefit. In accordance with these results it is thought that muscular strength training would improve one's ability in squash.

Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate의 수화 및 중합에 미치는 촉매의 영향

정형진,이전국,S. Sakka 한국세라믹학회 1990 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.27 No.1

The shape and characteristics of polymers in hydrolzed and polymerized sol were affected by the types of catalysts. In our research, the contents of water and catalysts were constant and the types of catalyst were varied. In the case of acid catalysts, polymers in sol were linear and spinnable. The shapes of polymer were affected by the types of anions in acid catalysts. In the case of catalyst having anions, F, Cl, in the same period, the effects were similar. But in the case of base catalysts polymers were rigid rod like and not spinnable.

『시경한혁편의 한후와한씨조선에 관한 새로운 견해

정형진 고조선단군학회 2005 고조선단군학 Vol.13 No.-

Facile Preparation of Cu2O and CuO Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation in NaOH Solutions of Different Concentration

정형진,Yiseul Yu,최명룡 대한화학회 2015 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.36 No.1

탄소/탄소 복합재 매트릭스 전구체인 이방성 메조페이스 형성을 위한 콜타르 핏치의 열분해 조건 연구

정형진,정윤중,조동환,임연수,김기원 한국세라믹학회 1997 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.34 No.9

Coal tar pitch was used to study the effect of the pyrolysis conditions to produce mesophase pitch used as a matrix precursor for carbon/carbon composites. The pyrolysis conditions were presented in all cases that the total pressure was 1 atm and the first stage temperature was changed from 25$0^{\circ}C$ to 34$0^{\circ}C$ to remove the low molecular weight compounds in the pitch, and then, heated to 40$0^{\circ}C$ to form anisotropic mesophase as the second stage temperature. The first stage temperature was very affected to form resulting anisotropic mesophase pitch. The resulting mesophase pitches show a significantly increased anisotropic contents upto 30$0^{\circ}C$. However, the contents of mesophase were decreased above 30$0^{\circ}C$. It was the reason that the first stage temperature had been control the number of free radicals to react the aromatic compounds in the pitch to form high molecular weight compound. Therefore, the two stage pyrolysis method could be very effectively used to control various contents of anisotropic polyaromatic mesophase compared to continuous to continuous heating method.

CISG 제47조, 제66조와 관련된 쟁점

정형진 한국경영법률학회 2016 經營法律 Vol.26 No.2

CISG 제47조 매수인의 부가기간지정권은 제46조 이행청구권을 보충하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 제47조의 문언상 계약에 따른 이행을 완료하는데 필요한 모든 행위에 대하여 가능하다고 보는 견해와 제49조 제1항 b호를 근거로 인도의무불이행의 경우만 가능하다는 견해의 대립이 있으나 후자의 견해의 문제점을 지적하고자 한다. 제47조 제1항의 부가기간지정권의 요건과 관련해서 제49조 제2항 b호 ii의 규정에서 인도지체 이외의 위반에도 부가기간지정권을 행사할 수 있음을 분명히 밝히고 있다. 따라서 인도불이행의 경우에만 부가기간지정권을 행사 할 수 있다는 주장은 제49조 제2항 b호 ii의 규정에 반한다. 어떤 채무불이행이라도 부가기간지정권을 행사할 수 있다. CISG 제66조에서 “위험이 매수인에게 이전된 후에 물품이 멸실 또는 훼손이 되더라도 매수인은 대금지급의무를 면하지 못한다. 다만 그 멸실 또는 훼손이 매도인의 작위 또는 부작위로 인한 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다”고 규정하고 있다. 여기서 ‘그러하지 아니하다’는 의미는 매수인은 대금지급의무를 면한다(is discharged)가 아니라 면할 수 있다(may be discharged)로 해석하는 것이 적절하다고 사료된다. 따라서 일부 대금지급을 할 수도 있고 하지 않을 수도 있다. 그것은 매도인의 채무불이행이나 불법행위의 정도에 따라 달라 질 것이다. The buyer can fix an additional period of time for performance by the seller of any obligation of whether it is a primary or secondary obligation under Art. 47. Some commentators assert that the buyer can fix the periods of time for performance only in case of non-delivery by the seller. This assertion is not consistent with Art. 49(2)(b)(ii). Art. 49(2)(b)(ii) presupposes the buyer's entitlement to avoid the contract under Art. 49(1)(a), the existence of a right to require performance pursuant to Art. 46, and proper fixing of an additional period of time under Art. 47. In case of delivery of non-conforming goods, the buyer can assert the right to delivery of substitute goods or repair no later than within a reasonable period of time after the notice of defects. Therefore, the buyer can fix an additional period of time for performance by the seller of any obligation. The time when the risk passes marks the point from which the buyer must pay for the goods even though he has not received them or received them only in a damaged condition pursuant to Art. 66. The rules on the passing of risk are based on accidental loss of or damage to the goods. The rules on the buyer's remedies cover loss or damage resulting from the seller's breach of the contract. Art. 66 provides that risk does not pass where the loss or damage is due to an act or omission of the seller. Therefore, the buyer may be discharged from his obligation to pay the price in a certain situation, according to the buyer' remedies under Art. 45. and the following Aticles This does not mean that buyer is discharged from his obligation to pay the price, due to an act or omission of the seller.

영미법상의 약인- 국제계약을 중심으로 -

정형진 한국경영법률학회 2017 經營法律 Vol.27 No.3

대륙법계에서는 청약과 승낙이 있으면 계약이 성립되고 강제할 수 있지만, 영미법계에서는 약인이 있다는 것을 증명하지 못하면 영미법계에서는 계약이 성립된다고 볼 수 없어 강제할 수 없다. 국제계약에서 보통법(common law)이나 미국통일상법(The Uniform Commercial Code) 등 영미법계 나라의 법을 준거법으로 쓸 경우 당연히 약인이론이 적용될 것이다. 최근에는 계약 성립요소에서 약인(consideration)을 배제한 국제물품매매계약에 관한 국제연합협약(1980 United Nations Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods)이 만들어져 많은 세계주요 무역 국가들이 가입을 하여 준거법으로 쓰고 있다. 이로 인해 약인으로부터 자유로워 진 듯 했다. 하지만 국제물품매매계약에 관한 협약 제4조(a)는 계약의 유효성문제는 법정지의 국제사법이 정하는 국내법에 의해 판단하게 하고 있다. 따라서 영미법계 관할에서 계약을 강요하려고 할 때 그 국내법이 영미법이 될 경우 계약의 유효성이 다투어 지고 약인이론이 적용될 가능성이 있다. 따라서 국제 거래시 당사자들이 어느 법 계통을 불문하고, 계약서에 약인을 밝히는 적절한 표현을 포함시키는 것이 당사자들에게 중요하다고 생각한다. 특히 대륙법계의 당사자들은 약인의 정확한 개념 즉 수약자에 대한 법적손해(legal detriment to the promisee)을 파악하는 것이 우선이고, 계약서 작성시 약인을 명확히 언급하는 것이 미래에 생길지 모르는 계약의 불확실성을 제거해 줄 것이다. Commercial contracts for the exchange of goods and services are increasingly made across national borders. However, the contract that is the most fundamental tool of international business may be much less global than business itself. The understanding that a party has of how a contract is formed and enforced in his home jurisdiction may conflict with that of his partner in foreign jurisdiction. This article examines the common law contract requirement of consideration that can make or break a contract. A classic definition of consideration is the incurring of legal obligation which, but for the bargain, the promisee would not have incurred. This means legal detriment to the promisee. Under Article 4(a) of the CISG. the validity of an alleged contract is decided domestic law. The effect of this provision appears to be that the consideration requirement in common law jurisdictions remain alive and well even under CISG contracts when enforced in common law courts. Finally it offers practical suggestions for a party to avoid a consideration challenge following execution of their agreement.