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지역사회 종교활동의 역사와 전망연구 - 장흥지역 신종교(동학⋅천도교, 원불교)를 중심으로 -
정향옥 한국종교학회 2020 宗敎硏究 Vol.80 No.2
This study aims to examine the local community activities of Donghak⋅ Cheondogyo and Won-Buddhism in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do as part of a ‘religions and regional study’. The most important religious event in this area was ‘the Final Battle of the Donghak Peasant Movement’ in December 1894. The Donghak congregation resisted the joint attack by the Korean government forces and Japanese military to the end, but was defeated by the new weapons. It was renamed to Cheondogyo in 1905 and continued the anti-Japanese movement, educational work and so on. Donghak began its missionary work in Jangheung around 1890. After it was renamed to Cheondogyo, Jangheung diocese was established in April 1906 in Kyochon-ri, where Jangheung Hyanggyo(a Confucian School) was located, to take charge of the area. Cheondogyo in Jangheung served as the center of the social movement, national movement, cultural movement, Singanhoe (新幹會) and youth movement in the front line of the local independence movement. Won-Buddhism, a latecomer among Korean new religions, has experienced development and transformation in Jangheung for 40 years together with the area. Won-Buddhism in Jangheung started in March 1980 with a Dharma meeting at the court’s official residence in Jangheung-eup by a visiting minister. Afterwards, it moved to a new building beside the current county office and opened ‘a Wonkwang Kindergarten.’ Wonkwnag Kindergarten became a successful model of early childhood education in the local community, and Won-Buddhism settled in this area based on it. After Won-Buddhism of Jangheung moved once more to a new larger facility in 2006, the kindergarten closed and the edification has remained stagnant. These are cases of religions that have settled in communities as necessary roles in the regions. This study reveals a correlation between the local area and its religions and predicts how the local area and its religions develop in interaction. 본 연구는 ‘종교와 지역연구’의 일환으로 전라남도 장흥지역 동학⋅천도교와 원불교의 지역사회활동을 중심으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 장흥지역 종교사에서 가장 중요한 사건은 바로 1894년 12월 ‘동학농민혁명 최후전투’이다. 당시 동학농민군은 관군과 일본군의 협공에 끝까지 항거했으나 신형무기에 의해 패하였다. 1905년 ‘천도교’로 개칭된 이후에도 독립운동과 교육사업 등으로 동학의 정신을 이어갔다. 장흥지역에서 동학은1890년 전후 포덕이 시작되었고, 천도교로 개칭된 이후 1906년 4월에 장흥향교가 있는 교촌리에 장흥교구가 설립되어 지역을 관할하였다. 장흥지역의 천도교는 지역 독립운동의 일선에서 사회운동, 민족운동, 문화운동, 신간회 및 청년운동의 중심적 역할을 하였다. 원불교 역시 장흥지역에서 40년간 지역과 함께 발전과 변모의 과정에 있다. 원불교 장흥교당은 1980년 3월 장흥 읍내 법원 관사에서 출장 법회로시작되었다. 이후 현 군청 옆에 ‘원광유치원’을 개원하여 지역사회에서 유아교육의 성공적 모델이 되었고, 이를 바탕으로 지역에 정착하였다. 2006년확장 이전 이후 유치원은 폐원되었으나 현재 지역사회와 연계한 다양한 교화사업을 이어가고 있다. 장흥지역의 동학ㆍ천도교와 원불교는 지역에서 필요한 역할을 담당하며해당 지역에 정착한 종교의 사례이다. 본 연구는 이 사례를 통해 지역과 종교의 연관성을 조명하고 지역과 종교의 상호작용 속에 발전하는 방향을 전망하고자 한다.
정향옥 한국미용예술경영학회 2022 미용예술경영연구 Vol.16 No.3
This study conducted an online survey using mobile devices for about a month from January 15 to February 15, 2021, targeting the general public with experience in hairdressing to find out the effect of rapport formation in hair and beauty services on relationship quality. As a result of using a total of 720 copies for the final analysis, in the relationship between rapport formation and relationship satisfaction, polite behavior, information sharing behavior, common background behavior, and meticulous behavior were found to be significant, but Bonding behavior was not statistically significant. In the relationship of influence of rapport formation on relationship trust, polite behavior, meticulous behavior, information sharing behavior, and bonding behavior were found to have a positive effect in the order, and common background behavior was not statistically significant. In relation to the effect of rapport formation on relationship commitment, it was analyzed that information sharing behavior, polite behavior, and meticulous behavior had a positive effect in the order, and common background behavior and bonding behavior did not appear statistically significant. Through this study, we intend to contribute to the sustainable development of the beauty field by helping to establish human resource management and relationship marketing strategies in the beauty field, and by providing differentiated customer management methods.
정향옥(鄭香玉) 원광대학교 원불교사상연구원 2019 원불교사상과 종교문화 Vol.82 No.-
Won-Buddhism, a Korean religion originated by itself in the early 20th century, joined the nations four largest religious sects in the 21st century. W on-Buddhism in its second century is preparing to grow into a global religion beyond domestic boundary. This paper intends to discuss edification ways of W on-Buddhism facing its second century at the beginning of the Fourth Industrial revolution. Before ways, I searched edification of W on-Buddhism in its first century. Edification characteristics were organized by the head dharma masters of the past 100 years. Founding Master Sotaesan declared “With this Great Opening of matter, Let there be a Great Opening of spirit”, based on his Great Enlightenment. Japanese colonial era, he founded W on-Buddhism which had a modern framework, broken the past framework, and concentrated on gathering the founding members. Jeongsan remained in existence of W on-Buddhism in the dismal national situation and focused on the domestic edification of major cities. He also tried to the global edification in earnest. Daesan led a growth of edification in a period of economic growth and democratization. He made ‘three major goals of edification’, it is still the foundation of edification ways now. In the time of Jwasan and Gyeongsan, a growth of edification was slowing down. Even so during this time, W on-Buddhism was approved as ‘Chaplain officer into religion’, and started broadcasting edification. In addition, it was held a commemoration of the 100th anniversary of W on-Buddhism which proclaimed the end of the first century and the starting of the second century of hope. The environment of the 21st century is very different from the past 20th. The 20th century of the Korean Peninsula, the geographical background of Won-Buddhism, was a period of remarkable transformation in the world history. The 21st century is expecting no less change than the 20th. First, there will be the overall change in politics, economy, society and culture of the Korean Peninsula following the transition of North Korea, the last country in the Cold War era. Aslo, the 4th Industrial Revolution is expected to be a variable causing changes in the structure of the global competition. Next, there are climate change and environmental pollution and so on. I will explore ways of edification which W on-Buddhism needs to cultivate amid these changes. Following the definition of ‘edification’ in the beginning, transition of edification structure and how the domestic and global edification need to respond to recent changes will be discussed.
정향옥(鄭香玉) 원광대학교 원불교사상연구원 2015 원불교사상과 종교문화 Vol.63 No.-
Won-Buddhism is entering its 100th year since its founding and is considered one of the new religions in Korea with the founding motto: ‘With this Great Opening of matter, Let there be a Great Opening of spirit.’ Won-Buddhism emerged during a turbulent period in Korea’s history. During this era, western civilization started to penetrate the country and politicians were disorderly and the nation lost its sovereignty to a foreign country. In response to the difficult times, people yearned for change and started creating large-scale movements combined with religious belief. The representative examples were as follows: Donghak?Cheondogyo(東學ㆍ天道敎), Jeungsangyo(甑山敎) and Won-Buddhism(圓佛敎:佛法硏究會, The Society for the Study of the Buddhadharma). One of the key concepts in Korean modern new religions is the Gaebyeok(開闢) theory hereby new religious leaders aimed for the transformation of the era. The Gaebyeok(開闢) theory refers to the Humanities(人文) Gaebyeok for a congenital physical Gaebyeok. Won-Buddhism was influenced by the Gaebyeok theory of Donghak and Jeungsangyo and creatively sublimated this theory into its doctrine. The Gaebyeok theory is recognized as a central theme of academic research starting from the 1980s. Even before there was discussion among researchers about this theory. In 1980, Kim-Hong-Chul wrote a master’s thesis titled, “Won-Buddhism’s Theory of Hoochungaebyeok(後天開闢, The Great Opening of the Latter Heaven)” that is deemed the starting point of academic research on this topic. But after 2000, research on this theory started to wane. This paper argues that the Gaebyeok theory is one of the central ideas of Won-Buddhism and therefore requires continuous and in-depth research about its historical role and development which grew during turbulent times. The first step is to study the research history of Gaebyeok theory of Won-Buddhism by organizing previous research and examining research tasks in the future. First of all, this paper examines the earlier works of Gaebyeok theory in Donghak?Cheondogyo, Jeungsangyo because those theories were based on Won-Buddhism; Secondly, organizes Gaebyeok theory of Won-Buddhism in books, articles(including thesis) and a representative periodical of Won-Buddhism “WonKwang(圓光)”. This study is helpful to provide the foundation of research on Gaebyeok theory of Won-Buddhism.
한국 신종교 개벽사상의 수행적 성격 -동학,천도교, 증산교, 원불교를 중심으로-
정향옥 ( Hyang Ok Jeong ) 한국신종교학회 2016 신종교연구 Vol.34 No.-
본고는 ‘개벽’이라는 용어가 한반도에 어떻게 생성ㆍ유입ㆍ정착되었으며 사상으로 발전되었는지 알아보고, 그 과정 속에 형성된 개벽사상의 특징을 담아낸 수행적 성격을 조명하였다. 개벽은 ‘천개지벽(天開地闢)’의 준말로 중국 문헌에서 첫 기록을 찾아볼 수 있다. 사마천의 『사기』를 시작으로 『후한서』등에 초기 기록이 나타나며, 한반도에 들어와서는 일연의 『삼국유사』에서 처음 쓰였음을 알 수 있다. 개벽사상 연구에 있어 함께 논의되어야하는 용어 중 하나가 ‘선천’과 ‘후천’이다. 한국 신종교 창교자들은 ‘후천개벽’을 직접적으로 언급하지 않았으나 후래 제자와 연구자들 사이에 이 단어가 정착되었음을 밝히고, 이러한 과정 속에 형성된 개벽사상에 있어 개벽의 개념을 정리하였다. 앞서 밝힌 개벽의 개념을 토대로 대표적 신종교인 동학·천도교, 증산교, 원불교개벽사상의 수행적 성격을 살펴보았다. 개벽사상은 세상의 근본적 변혁을 추구한 민중을 대변했던 사상이기에 운동성, 현세성, 반구조성 등을 기반으로 한 강력한 혁세적 성격이 주된 특징으로 인식되었다. 하지만 초기 개벽 사상가들의 주장, 즉 개벽사상이 담고 있는 원형적 성격은 ‘실천적 수행’에 깊이 뿌리 두고 있다. 개벽사상은 신종교계의 공통사상이며 종교의 기본은 수행에 있다는 맥락에서도 이를 이해할 수 있다. 근본적 변혁은 수행을 통한 자아의 확립이 선재된다는 것이다. 개벽사상이 살아있는 사상으로 현 시대에도 유효할 수 있는 접점 가운데 하나가 수행적 측면이라 보인다. 치유의 시대, 융·복합의 시대에 개벽사상의 수행적 성격은 각자도생(各自圖生)을 넘어 유무상자(有無相資), 상생상화(相生相和), 자리이타(自利利他)의 가치를 선양하는 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다. This paper argued that how the concept of Gaebyeok was appeared, was spread, and settled into a thought in Korea. Also it illuminated an ascetic characteristic of Gaebyeok thought during the period from appearance to settlement of the thought. Gaebyeok, the abbreviation of ‘CheongaeJibyeok(天開地闢),’ was for the first time recorded in Chinese literature. The first record was the Shiji(史記) by Sima Qian. Gaebyeok was also recorded in Houhanshu(後漢書). In Korea, it was recorded for the first time in Samgukyusa(三國遺事) by Iryeon. In a study of Gaebyeok thought, there are terms to be examined; ‘an apriority’ and ‘a posterior.’ The founders of Korean new religious did not mention ‘the postnatal Gaebyeok,’ but their disciples and researchers has settled it. In this process, the concept of Gaebyeok was moulded on the Gaebyeok thought and this research will examine it. Based on the concept of Gaebyeok, I researched an ascetic characteristic of the Gaebyeok thought of the representative new religions of Donghak.Cheondogyo(東學.天道敎), Jeungsangyo(甑 山敎) and Won-Buddhism(圓佛敎). The Gaebyeok thought was recognized as the idea for people which had the feature of revolutional power based on the movemental, terrestrial, and antisystemic aspects. But the early Gaebyeok theorist asserted that the root of Gaebyeok thought is an ascetic practice. Gaebyeok thought is the common idea of Korean new religions and it can be understood from the context that one of the central source of religions is the practice. The fundamental change is preemptive with the establishment of self through the practice. An ascetic aspect that is one of the points from which the Gaebyeok thought is valid as a contemporary thought. The key words of this era are the healing and the convergence. The practice will a tool to enhance values such as helping each other, mutual growth, and benefiting themselves and benefiting others.
민간직업전문학교 뷰티산업분야 교육과정에 대한 교육생의 반응 분석
정향옥 ( Hyang Ok Jung ) 한국미용학회 2016 한국미용학회지 Vol.22 No.1
This study deeply analyzed the response of the student``s curriculum(educational course) of the beauty industry in the center of Vocational Training Institute. In particular, examined students response and analyzed important impact element on the satisfaction of course focusing such as 1) the appropriateness of the content of curriculum, 2) the site of method, 3) the good environment, 4) teacher qualities, 5) implementation level. As a results, 1) trainees positively recognized for the education course, were analyzed in order, such as teacher qualities> satisfaction> implementation level> site of the method> contents of the appropriateness of> environmental goodness. 2) The more career is high, the higher the age, field of skin beauty positively recognized for the education course. 3) correlation of variables are analyzed positively and degree of co-variation is analyzed higher. 4) the course appropriateness, level of implementation of the curriculum has been analyzed as an important factor that influences the positive to the satisfaction of the curriculum. Based on the above results, discussed the practical implication and limitation, direction of next research.