문둥이박쥐(Eptesicus serotinus)의 생후 반향정위 발성 발달에 관한 연구

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),한상훈 ( Sang Hoon Han ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),임춘우 ( Chun Woo Lim ),차진열 ( Jin Yeol Cha ) 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.6

문둥이박쥐(Eptesicus serotinus)의 생후 발성발달 특징을 파악하기 위하여 임신한 암컷 3개체로부터 총 4개체의 새끼 박쥐를 확보하여 발성변화를 분석하였다. 녹음 및 분석은 생후 1일부터 40일까지 수행하였으며, 펄스 지속시간(PD), 펄스 간격(PI), 최고 주파수(PF), 시작 주파수(FMAX), 종료 주파수(FMIN), 대역폭(BW)에 대하여 측정하였다. 새끼 박쥐는 생후 초기에 가장 다양한 패턴의 음성을 발산하였으며, 연령이 증가함에 따라서 점차 어미와 유사해졌다. PD와 PI는 연령이 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 반면 PF, FMAX, FMIN, BW는 증가하였다. PF, FMAX, FMIN, BW는 생후10일에서 20일 사이에 가장 큰 변화가 확인되었으며, PD는 생후 30일에서 40일 사이에 가장 큰 변화가 확인되었다. 따라서 진동수의 발성과 관련이 있는 발성근육의 수축 능력은 생후 20일경 가장 발달하게 되며, 발성시간과 관련된 발성근육의 이완 능력은 생후 30일에서 40일 사이에 가장 발달하는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에 이용된 새끼 개체들은 생후 40일차에도 비행이 확인되지 않았으나 발성음은 어미와 유사하게 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 결과는 새끼 박쥐의 발성 발달은 비행행동 또는 비행과 관련된 근육의 발달을 필수적으로 동반하는 것은 아니라는 것을 보여주는 결과라 판단된다. Developmental changes in the vocal signals of serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) during their infancy were examined in this study. The analysis was conducted on 4 infant serotine bats from 1 to 40 days after their birth. Pulse duration (PD), pulse interval (PI), peak frequency (PF), maximum frequency (FMAX), minimum frequency (FMIN), and bandwidth (BW) were measured. As the bats grew, their vocalizations became increasingly consistent and similar to those of adults. For infant bats, PD and PI decreased as they grew older, whereas PF, FMAX, FMIN, and BW increased. The greatest change in vocalizations was observed between the 10th and 20th days after birth. Also, PF, FMAX, FMIN and BW, which describe sound frequency, increased dramatically during the period between the 10th and the 20th days. In contrast, the greatest change in PD occurred between the 30th and 40th days after birth. The results collected in this study suggest that frequency increased as the contraction ability of the muscles developed by around 20 days of age. Muscle relaxation ability, which is related to PD, was found to develop significantly at 30 to 40 days of age. According to the results of this study, although 40 day-old infant bats are not yet able to fly, their vocal signals were similar to those of adults. This indicates that vocal development and flying activity develop separately in young bats.

관박쥐(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)의 먹이포획 과정에 대한 행동 및 반향정위 변화

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),전영신 ( Young Shin Jeon ),한상훈 ( Sang Hoon Han ) 한국환경과학회 2017 한국환경과학회지 Vol.26 No.6

In this study, we analyzed the changes in the echolocation and prey-capture behavior of the horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum from search phase to capture time. The experiment was conducted in an indoor free-flight room fitted with an ultra-high-speed camera. We found that the bats searched for food while hanging from a structure, and capturing was carried out using the flight membrane. In addition, it was confirmed that the mouth and uropatagium were continuously used in tandem during the capturing process. Furthermore, using Constant Frequency (CF), we confirmed that the prey catching method reflected the wing morphology and echolocation pattern of R. ferrumequinum. The echolocation analysis revealed that the pulse duration, pulse interval, peak frequency, start-FM-bandwidth, and CF duration decreased as the search phase approached the terminal phase. Detailed analysis of echolocation pulse showed that the end-FM bandwidth, which increases as it gets nearer to the capture time of prey, was closely related to the accurate grasp of the location of an insect. At the final moment of prey capture, the passive listening that stopped the divergence of the echolocation was identified; this was determined to be the process of minimizing the interruption from the echo of the echolocation call emitted from the bat itself and sound waves emitted from the prey.

카메라 트래핑을 이용한 육상포유류 모니터링 효율성 평가

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),차진열 ( Jin Yeo Cha ),김영채 ( Young Chae Kim ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),권구희 ( Gu Hee Kwon ),이화진 ( Hwa Jin Lee ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2014 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The aim of this study was to evaluate the monitoring efficiency of camera trapping in wild animals and to determine ways to increase its utilization. Nineteen sensor cameras were installed in Sobaeksan National Park from October 2012 to September 2013. During the study period, a total of 1045terrestrial mammal photos were secured and 15 species habitats were identified. Shooting frequency was higher for medium and large mammals, especially full images of carnivores accounted for approximately 83%. A comparison of track surveys revealed that camera trapping was highly efficient and helped in capturing real image of species. The supply of lure and bait stimulates the sense of smell in carnivores, which further enhances the capturing of images by camera trapping. The results of this study provide data on the ecological characteristics of mammals, which can aid in determining habitat use by these animals, and thereby facilitate prevention of crop damage by wildlife.

긴꼬리윗수염박쥐(Myotis frater)의 재포획 및 형태적 특징에 관한 연구

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),전영신 ( Young Shin Jeon ),한상훈 ( Sang Hoon Han ) 한국환경과학회 2017 한국환경과학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Sightings of long-tailed bats have only been recorded twice in Korea, and their morphology and ecology are virtually unknown. We captured a female long-tailed bat in May 2016, in Gangwon Province, and to the best of our knowledge, this has been done for the first time in approximately 30 years. The captured bat had a very small craniofacial area and the length of its tibia was > 19 mm. The wing membrane penetrated the distal portion of the metatarsus of its first toe. The fur of the bat had a lusterless yellowish-brown color and its terminal tail vertebra was free beyond the posterior edge of the uropatagium. It had an obvious lambdoid crest on the lateral side. The anterior and central premolars were located inward with respect to the tooth row. In the mandible, the central premolar was located slightly inward and was nearly 80% of the anterior premolar in height.

새끼 여우의 수유기 행동패턴 변화

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),김영채 ( Young Chae Kim ),이화진 ( Hwa Jin Lee ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),이배근 ( Bae Keun Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2013 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.27 No.6

본 연구는 새끼 여우의 수유기 행동패턴을 분석하여 생존율 증대 및 효율적인 개체관리에 필요한 생태적 자료구축을 목적으로 실시되었다. 연구는 국립공원종복원기술원 여우복원센터 시설 내에서 2013년 출생 후 관리중인 새끼 여우를 대상으로 수행하였다. 수유 및 굴 외부 출현패턴 분석 결과 새끼의 성장에 따라 일일 수유횟수와 어미의 수유시간은 감소하였으며, 새끼의 굴 외부 출현횟수, 활동시간, 이동거리는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 생후 30일이 경과하면서 어미의 수유 행동은 크게 감소하였으며, 새끼의 굴 외부 활동성은 크게 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 향후 원종 확보를 위한 증식개체 관리시 해당 일자를 기준으로 생물 먹이원의 증가가 필요하며, 야생에서 출생한 새끼의 개체표식을 위한 포획시에도 최소 생후 30일이 경과한 후 진행하는 것이 포획의 용이성뿐만 아니라 새끼의 성장에도 부정적 영향을 최소화 할 수 있을 것이다. The aim of the present study is to obtain ecological data necessary for increasing the survival rate and effective individual management of fox cubs by analyzing the behavioral pattern during the lactation period. The subjects of the present study were baby foxes born in 2013 and taken care of at the species restoration technology institute, Korea National Park Service. Our analysis on the lactation of fox cubs and their appearance pattern outside the burrow revealed that the frequency and duration of lactation decreased with the growth of the cubs, whereas the frequency of the cubs venturing outside the den, activity time, and distance ventured increased. By the 30th day after birth, in particular, the lactation behavior of the vixens largely decreased, and the activity of the cubs outside the den increased accordingly. Thus, for future management of the propagation of fox individuals for securing the original breed, it is necessary to increase the living food source. In addition, while capturing foxes for individual marking of cubs born in the wild, it is desirable to capture cubs older than 30 days not only for easy capture but also to minimize negative influence on the growth of the cub.

원격무선추적을 이용한 집박쥐 암컷의 번식단계에 따른 행동권 분석

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),한상훈 ( Sang Hoon Han ),김성대 ( Sung Dae Kim ),임춘우 ( Chun Woo Lim ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),김철영 ( Chul Young Kim ),이화진 ( Hwa Jin Lee ),권용호 ( Yong Ho Kwon ),김영채 ( Young Chae Kim ),이정일 ( 한국환경생태학회 2011 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.25 No.1

집박쥐의 번식단계에 따른 행동권 변화를 파악하기 위하여 2009년 5월부터 8월까지 임신기, 수유기, 수유 후기로 구분하여 각 단계별 3개체씩 총 9개체를 대상으로 원격무선추적을 실시하였다. 원격무선추적은 0.38g 발신기와 R2000 수신기 그리고 3소자 안테나를 이용하였으며, 박쥐의 포획은 double-stacked mist net와 harp-trap을 이용하여 포획하였다. 행동권 분석에는 GIS용 SHP File과 ArcGIS 3.3(ESRI Inc.) Animal Movement Extension 2.0을 이용하였으며, Kernel Home Range Method와 Minimum Convex Polygon Method를 이용하여 분석하였다. 번식단계에 따른 암컷 집박쥐의 행동권을 분석한 결과 임신기의 행동권은 MCP 100% 13.46±1.84ha, MCP 95% 12.28±2.15ha, KHR 50% 3.00±0.71ha로 나타났으며, 수유기의 행동권은 MCP 100% 8.13±0.23ha, MCP 95% 7.73±0.63ha, KHR 50%는 1.84±1.05ha로 조사되었다. 수유 후의 행동권은 MCP 100% 125.58±97.77ha, MCP 95% 123.89±97.73ha, KHR 50% 28.61±26.78ha로 분석되어 집박쥐의 행동권은 번식단계에 따라 MCP 100%, MCP 95%, KHR 50% 모두 유의적인 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 수유 후기의 행동권이 가장 크고 수유기의 행동권이 가장 적은 것으로 조사되었다. In order to analyze the change in home ranges depending on the reproductive stage of Pipistrellus abramus, radio-tracking was carried out for a total of 9 individuals, 3 individuals each, by dividing stages into a pregnancy stage, lactation stage, and post-lactation stage from May to August 2009. For radio-telemetry, 0.38g transmitters, R2000 receivers and 3-element Yagi antennas were used. Pipistrellus abramus were captured using a double-stacked mist net and a harp-trap. Analysis of home ranges used a SHP File and ArcGIS 3.3 for GIS, and used a Kernel Home Range Method(KHR) and a Minimum Convex Polygon(MCP) Method for analysis. Home ranges at the pregnancy stage were MCP 100% 13.46±1.84ha, MCP 95% 12.28±2.15ha, KHR 50% 3.00±0.71ha, and home ranges at the lactation stage were MCP 100% 8.13±0.23ha, MCP 95% 7.73±0.63ha, KHR 50%1.84±1.05ha. Home ranges at the post-lactation stage were MCP 100% 125.58 ±97.77ha, MCP 95% 123.89±97.73ha, KHR 50% 28.61±26.78ha. As a result, home ranges of pipistrellus abramus showed a significant difference in all of the MCP 100%, MCP 95%, KHR 50% depending on reproductive stages, being largest in the post-lactation stage and smallest in the lactation stage.

교외지역에 서식하는 Myotis aurascens의 주간휴식지 선택 및 행동권 크기

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),한상훈 ( Sang Hun Han ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.9

Between July and October 2011, radio-tracking was used to analyze the characteristics of home ranges and day roosts of Myotis aurascens by using 3 individuals (male: 2, female: 1). Bat capturing was conducted at a bridge and a nearby forest in Ulju-gun, Ulsan-si. We attached radio transmitters (0.32 g) to the bats and monitored them by using a radio receiver with a Yagi antenna. Home-range analysis of M. aurascens by using 100% minimum convex polygon (MCP) and 95% MCP showed an average of 106.5 ha and 89.3 ha, respectively, and 50% kernel home range (KHR) showed an average of 8.4 ha. Home range overlap of the 3 bats was observed at the bridge and at nearby water bodies as the core areas, and the size of the home range overlap was 7.3 ha by 100% MCP, 5.9 ha by 95% MCP, and 1.6 ha by 50% KHR. The home range for each bat consisted of the main foraging sites, and the types of foraging sites were similar. M. aurascens-01(M-01) used the bridge and nearby water bodies as the nightly main core areas, M. aurascens-02(M-02) used rice fields and water bodies adjacent to the forest as core areas, and M. aurascens-03(M-03) used water bodies and resident areas as core areas. Although rice fields and resident sites represented the core areas of the home ranges of M-02 and M-03, habitat use was the highest near water bodies as the core area for all the 3 bats. The types of day roosts in this study were a wooden house, canopies of a broad-leaved woodland, and banks of rice fields. The roosts in the wooden house and canopies of the broad-leaved woodland were located within the forest, and the roost in the banks of rice fields was also adjacent to the forest. Our results revealed that the main home range and foraging sites of M. aurascens were located near water bodies as the core area, and forests and places adjacent to the forests were used as day roosts.

독도에서의 육상포유류 첫 관찰

정철운(Chul-Un Chung),임춘우(Chun-Woo Lim),김성대(Sung-Dae Kim) 국립공원연구원 2010 국립공원연구지 Vol.1 No.4

본 관찰 기록은 대구지방환경청이 실시하는 2010년 독도생태계 정밀조사 사업의 결과로, 2010년 7월 6 일 독도의 동도와 서도를 직접 방문하여 조사하였다. 본 조사결과 독도(서도)에서 시궁쥐(사체) 1개체를 확인하였으 며, 확인된 개체는 독도 방문선 및 자재운반선 등을 통하여 독도에 유입된 것으로 판단된다. 지금까지 독도의 육상 포유류는 독도 경비대가 사육중인 삽살개 외에는 확인되지 않았으나, 수년전부터 거주민에 의한 설치류의 배설물 확인 등 소형포유류의 서식이 이루어지고 있음이 간접적으로 확인된바 있다. 무인도서내 설치류의 유입은 번식조류 의 방해요인 및 생태계 교란의 원인을 제공할 수 있다. 따라서 본 조사에서 확인된 시궁쥐의 관찰은 지금까지 확 인되지 않았던 독도의 육상포유류에 대한 첫 관찰사례로 향후 독도 생태계 관리에 유용한 자료가 될 것으로 생각 된다. This observation record is the result of thorough research on Dokdo's ecosystem conducted by Ministry of Environment-Daegu Office in 2010. For an on-site survey on Dokdo, a real visit to Dokdo was made on July 6, 2010. As a result of this survey, a carcass of the Rattus norvegicus was found and the identified carcass of the Rattus  norvegicus was guessed to be brought in through a tourist ship or a material carrier to Dokdo. Until now, it has been known that  there is no terrestrial mammal in Dokdo except a shaggy dog bred by Dokdo Police Guard. But since several years ago,  some excrement of a rodent was found by the resident in Dokdo, from which the inhabitation of small mammals was  indirectly identified. For an uninhabited island like Dokdo, influx of rodents can disturb the breeding of birds and can be a cause  of a disturbance of the ecosystem. Therefore, the result of this research seems to be a useful material for the Dokdo ecosystem management in future.

한국에 서식하는 관박쥐 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, 집박쥐 Pipistrellus abramus, 큰발윗수염박쥐 Myotis macrodactylus의 반향정위 형태

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),한상훈 ( Sang Hoon Han ),임춘우 ( Chun Woo Lim ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),이화진 ( Hwa Jin Lee ),권용호 ( Yong Ho Kwon ),김철영 ( Chul Young Kim ),이정일 ( Chong Il Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2010 한국환경과학회지 Vol.19 No.1

작은관코박쥐(Murina ussuriensis)의 외부형태 및 초음파 특성에 관한 기초 연구

정철운 ( Chul Un Chung ),한상훈 ( Sang Hoon Han ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),이화진 ( Hwa Jin Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2014 한국환경과학회지 Vol.23 No.3

The Ussurian tube-nosed bat (Murina ussuriensis) is a registered endangered species that has not been observed in South Korea since 1960. We were able to capture three individuals of M. ussuriensis between 2011 and 2013 at Sobaeksan National Park. The discovery of this species was the first time within 50 years. To collect basic data on the M. ussuriensis, we analyzed the external morphology and ultrasound characteristics of the captured bats. The results indicated that M. ussuriensis weigh approximately 5.2 g, which is less than that of a typical small bat such as Pipistrellus abramus. The bat`s wing-type ratio was determined to be 1.22 and classified as a broad and short wingspan type. The bat uses FM signals for ultrasound with a peak frequency of 92 kHz. The M. ussuriensis seems to be a forest-dwelling bat that preys on insects by maneuvering expertly within the complex mazelike structure of forests. In the future, further research on the hibernation and foraging sites of the bats is necessary to protect and monitor the species.