大韓帝國期 鐵道建設勞動者의 動員과 沿線住民의 低抗運動

鄭在貞(Chung Jae-jeong) 한국사연구회 1991 한국사연구 Vol.73 No.-

<총론> 2007년도 검정 합격 일본 역사교과서의 한일관계 기술과 문제점

정재정(Chung Jae-Jeong) 한일관계사학회 2008 한일관계사연구 Vol.30 No.-

일본의 역사교과서를 분석하는 것은 우리의 역사인식을 되돌아 볼 수 있는 계기이고,한일관계 나아가서 동북아시아의 국제관계를 바르게 풀어 가는 작업이다.교과서는 특성상 통설이나 정설로 인정된 학설을 기반으로 기술되기 때문에 교과서 내용의 오류를 지적하는 것은,일본학계의 통설이나 정설에 대한 우리학계의 異議제기이며,이것은 한일 양국의 역사 연구와 역사대화를 통해 해결해가야 하는 과업이다. 2007년도 검정에 합격한 역사교과서들의 한일관계사 기술은 2001년도 이래 조금씩 개선되고 있으며,상호이해의 지평을 넓혀가려는 노력이 진척되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다.그러나 아직 양국간에 역사인식의 차이가 남아 있으며,때로는 오히려 더 나빠진 기술도 발견할 수 있다.이것은 주로 최근 일본의 우경화에 따라 침략행위에 대한 반성 대신 그 책임을 이웃나라에 돌리는 메이지시기의 역사인식이 재생산되고 있는 데 기인하는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 한국과 일본이 역사갈등을 극복하기 위해서는 다양한 역사대화를 통해 역사교과서 記述을 개선하는 작업을 계속할 필요가 있다. An analysis of Japanese history textbooks provides an opportunity to check the historical perspectives held by Koreans. It may also constitute a process by which the bilateral relations between Korea and Japan or the relations between the Northeast Asian countries can be encouraged to move in more beneficial directions. A textbook for high school students ought to make statements based on generally accepted facts or theories. Raising objections concerning contents in a textbook sometimes means that the views of Korean scholars differ from what has generally been accepted among Japanese scholars. This matter requires engagement in joint studies of the history involving the two countries and historical dialogue. Statements about the history of the relations between Korea and Japan in the high school history textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) in 2007 show that improvements have been made since 2001, when controversy over the inclusion of distorted facts in Japanese textbooks swept China, Korea, and Japan, along with efforts to expand the grounds for mutual understanding. However, there remains a gap in the historical perspectives held by the people in the two countries. This may be attributable to the fact that Japan has in recent years tended to turn back towards the historical perspectives that were prevalent during the Meiji period, unburdening themselves of their responsibility for the invasion of neighboring countries on to the shoulders of their victims. Both Korea and Japan should make continued efforts to improve the statements in their history textbooks by engaging in historical dialogue through various channels to overcome these historical conflicts.

歷史에서 본 韓日關係와 文明轉換

鄭在貞(Chung, Jae-Jeong) 역사교육연구회 2013 역사교육 Vol.128 No.-

Bordered along a narrow strip of sea, Korea and Japan have transformed themselves into unique civilizations over a history of more than 2,500 years by accepting those of China and the West upon their own indigenous civilizations in the face of time and changes throughout the world. The two countries did not create entirely new civilizations that significantly influenced one another, but were true to their roles as messengers digesting and passing on civilizations from China and the West. Korea transferred Chinese civilization to Japan during prehistoric and ancient times, while Japan conveyed Western civilizations to Korea over modern times. Such transfer of civilizations were achieved through diverse methods including exchange and cooperation, or violence and coercion. Korea utilized the former in passing along Chinese civilization to Japan whereas Japan adopted the later to diffuse Western civilizations in Korea. The migration of people, impacts of war and trade of goods all played vital roles in the civilizational exchange between Korea and Japan. As a result, extensive changes took place in the economy, society, culture and politics of both countries. Koreans and the Japanese tend to lack a balanced understanding of the history of the two countries’ relationship. Koreans resent that they have been reciprocated with invasion in modern times by Japan after passing on an advanced civilization beforehand, The Japanese complain that today Koreans only emphasize the evil Japan committed during the colonial period when they too had introduced an advanced civilization to Korea since the modern times. An egocentric view toward the history of the relationship between Korea and Japan can only magnify conflict and antagonism and thereupon induce mutual emotions of distrust and aversion. This is already clearly reflected in the reality of Korea and Japan being caught in a ‘trap of historical perception’, making it impossible to hold a summit meeting despite the immense economic and cultural inter-dependency between the two countries. An extensive review of the history of Korea and Japan’s relationship from the viewpoint of civilizational conversion reveals that the two countries have drawn closer and similar to one another as they mutually influenced each other amid conflict and confrontation. Consequently, a hybridity has emerged in the civilizations of Korea and Japan, which is being enjoyed by the people of both countries in their everyday lives. Compared to other civilizations around the world, Korea and Japan are like "twin brothers" who spent their childhood together and the future of east asia depends on how the two countries develop the ties between them.

일본 역사교과서 문제와 그 전망

정재정(Chung Jae-Jeong) 한국사연구회 2002 한국사연구 Vol.116 No.-

Eight History Textbooks for Japanese middle school are to be used from April 2002, as all of these passed the certification of the Japanese Ministry of Education and Science in April 2001. Among these, The New History Textbook draws Korean attention, as, by distorting seriously Korean History, this book even caused a diplomatic tension between Korea and Japan. Though this book is used by less than 1% of Japanese middle school, it becomes a bestseller in the market, as about 585,000 copies were sold in bookstores in less than two months on the market. Its success of this kind can be considered as discomforting, as it is, in a certain respect, overwhelming the other history textbooks that write about recent Korea-Japan history with a balanced point of view. The most frustrated in this problem of Japanese History Textbook is the Korean government which requested the Japanese government to conduct 35 revisions in Japanese History Textbook: Japanese government refused the request on the ground of 'the difference of academic theory' or 'the characteristics of certification system', The heads of Korean and Japanese Government, in October 2001, agreed on establishing 'The Korean and Japanese Joint Institution for the Study of History', which is to solve the problem of History Textbook. This is to mean that the two governments would like to transfer the problem of Japanese History Textbook to the arena of research and education, separating it from political and diplomatic matters. Koreans, however, know too well from past experiences that the proposed joint research of Korean and Japanese history scholars will not yield a satisfying result. Also, Japanese find it annoying that Koreans point to the defects of their own History Textbook, and the Japanese government reveals reluctance in reflecting the results of the joint research of Korean and Japanese scholars in the History Textbook. Thus, the problem of the Japanese History Textbook has remained in the stalemate for more than a year. However, there appears an affirmative side in this problem, as, unlike in 1980s, the criticism of the Japanese nationalist stance in History Textbook has developed into an NGO movement. This movement is expanding its scope of activity, even trying the possibility of international co-operation with North Korea and China. The co-operation of this kind against the Japanese distortion of history is a new phenomenon, and we should keep an eye on its development. The Far-Eastern Asia, including South and North Korea, China, and Japan now faces a new and uncertain change of situation. This new situation compels us to utilize the current crisis of Japanese History Textbook as a crisis-turned-into opportunity for the mutual understanding and co-operation among these nations. This remains a task to be fulfilled not only for each government but also for the citizens of each nation.

韓日 歷史敎科書 問題의 史的 展開

정재정(Chung Jae-Jeong) 한일관계사학회 2009 한일관계사연구 Vol.33 No.-

최근 30여 년 동안 한국과 일본은 역사교과서 기술과 역사인식을 둘러 싸고 정부레벨에서까지 극도의 갈등과 대립을 보인 적이 있다 그런 와중 에서도 민간레벨에서는 여러 가지 채널을 통해 역사갈등을 극복하기 위한 歷史對話를 계속 해왔다. 역사대화의 초점은 주로 역사교과서에 기술된 한일관계사의 내용과 상대국에 대한 이미지에 모아졌다 역사대화에는 양 국의 역사연구자ㆍ역사교육자ㆍ시민운동가뿐만 아니라, 중국ㆍ유럽ㆍ미국의 관계자들이 참가한 경우도 있었다. 한국과 일본 사이에서 이루어진 역사교과서 연구와 역사교과서 대화는 시기별로 다음과 같은 특정을 가지고 있다. 제1기 探索과 是正을 위한 연구와 대화(1976 ~ 1996년),제2기 理解와 連帶를 위한 연구와 대화(1996 ~ 2006년),제3기 和解와 相生을 위한 연구와 대화(2006 ~ 현재)가 그것이다. 한국과 일본의 역사대화가 진전됨에 따라 논의의 내용과 수준이 비약적으로 향상되었다. 그리고 몇 종류의 공통역사교재가 출간되어 일반인과 학생들이 참고할 수 있게 되었다 앞으로 이런 상황이 지속된다면 역사교과서 기술과 역사인식을 둘러싼 한국과 일본의 상호이해는 괄목할만하게 향상될 것이다. 또 이에 힘입어 양국 사이에 숙명처럼 드리워 있는 분열된 역사인식의 어두운 그림자를 걷어낼 수 있게 될 지도 모른다. 그렇지만 한국과 일본의 역사교과서 기술과 역사인식의 대립이 역사대화를 통해 一直線的으로 개선 되지는 않을 것이다. 아직도 한국과 일본은 상대방의 역사교과서 기술과 역사인식을 서로 의심하고 걱정하고 있다 따라서 한국과 일본의 역사갈등은 앞으로도 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 우여곡절을 겪으면서 점진적으로 완화될 것이다 아니,두나라에서 역사갈등을 부추 기는 세력의 영향력이 커지면 한국과 일본의 역사갈등은 오히려 해소되기 어려울지도 모른다. 한국과 일본이 역사갈등을 극복하기 위해서는 역사연구자와 역사교육자가 역사대화를 확대해야 한다. 그리고 역사대화는 意識的으로 "화해와 相生을 위한 역사인식의 형성"을 추구해야 한다. 최근 한국의 역사학계와 역사교육계가 역사교과서 연구와 역사교과서 대화를 활발하게 진행하는 것은 아주 바람직한 일이다. Recently there has been a long-standing feud concerning the recognition of history between Korea and Japan. Meanwhile, there has been briskly developed a solidarity movement for the historical reconciliation and for overcoming the historical conflict on the civil level between Korea and Japan. The researchers and educators of history proceeded a joint-work in order to close the gap of the recognition of history and developed common materials for history education of the two countries. The severer the historical conflict is getting on the governmental level, the more vivant is becoming the historical dialogue on the civil level for surmounting the historical conflict. It is needless to say that the historical dialogue should be strengthened in order to make a historical reconciliation and to build the coexistence relationship between Korea and Japan.

일제하 동북아시아의 철도교통과 경성

정재정(Chung, Jae Jeong) 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소 2013 서울학연구 Vol.- No.52

Japan established and operated a broad railroad network in Northeast Asia in order to invade and control the Northeast Asian region in the first half of the twentieth century. The railroad in the Korean Peninsula was of particular importance as it linked the Japanese archipelago with the Eurasian continent. The international train network operated by Japan served as a lever for expanding Japanese control over Northeast Asia. The reputation of colonial Joseon and its capital, Seoul, grew because the international train network ran across this area. The nodal region of Northeast Asian railroad traffic, the Korean Peninsula and Seoul, became an essential course of travel by railroad. In particular, Seoul was a traditional city with both a living history and the culture of the Joseon dynasty, and it exhibited the history and achievements of the Japanese colonial rule. Thus Seoul drew great attention for tourism, which was expanding in Northeast Asia. As the railroad traffic in Northeast Asia grew, Seoul’s extension expanded and the city’s intensity deepened. The period around 1941 was the peak of this trend.

일제 말기 京慶線(서울-경주)의 부설과 운영

정재정(Chung, Jae-Jeong) 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소 2016 서울학연구 Vol.- No.64

일제 말기(1936.11-1942.4)에 조선총독부 철도국이 부설한 경경선은 서울과 경주를 잇는 국유 간선철도이었다. 1.435m의 표준궤간에 383㎞의 노선으로서 조선의 제2 종관선을 형성했다. 그 중 서울-영천 구간(345㎞)은 새로 부설한 노선이었고, 영천-경주 구간(38㎞)은 조선철도주식회사로부터 매수하여 개축한 노선이었다. 일제가 경경선을 부설한 목적은 식민지 조선의 내륙에 부존한 광물과 목재 등의 자원을 개발하고, 일본-조선-만주-중국을 신속·안전하게 연결하는 수송동맥을 확보하려는 데 있었다. 기존의 경부선(서울-부산)만으로는 폭주하는 군수물자와 전투 병력을 원활히 운반할 수 없었다. 더구나 경부선은 미국의 함포공격에 노출되기 쉬웠다. 일제는 이런 약점을 보완하기 위해 萬難을 무릅쓰고 험악한 내륙 산악지대를 관통하는 경경선을 부설했다. 경경선의 부설에는 8천 7백여 만원의 자금이 투입되고, 2천여 만 명의 노동자가 돌관공사에 동원되었다. 장대한 교량과 터널 공사에서 최신공법을 처음 활용했지만, 위험에 노출된 공사현장에서 수십 명이 목숨을 잃기도 했다. 아시아 · 태평양전쟁이 한창인 가운데 개통한 경경선은 일제 군부의 지휘 감독아래 군수 물자와 전투 병력을 수송하는 데 크게 기여했다. 그렇지만 경경선이 개통된 지 불과 3년여 만에 일제가 패망함으로써 기대한 역할을 충분히 수행했다고 볼 수는 없다. 따라서 경경선은 탄생하자마자 세상과 주인이 바뀌어 半身不隨 의 처지로 전락한 機能不全의 철도였다고 보는 것이 타당할 것이다. The Gyeonggyeong line built at the end of the Japanese colonial era (November 1936 - April 1942) by the Railway Bureau of the Japanese Government General of Korea was a state-owned mainline railway that connected Seoul and Gyeongju. As it featured the standard gauge of 1.435m and a line length of 383㎞, the Gyeonggyeong line formed the second North and South-connecting line in Joseon. Of the line, the section from Seoul to Yeongcheon (345㎞) was newly built and the Yeongcheon to Gyeongju section (38㎞) was rebuilt after it was purchased from the Joseon Railroad Corporation. The purpose of Japan’s construction of the Gyeonggyeong line was to develop natural resources in Joseon, such as minerals and timber, and secure a transport artery that quickly and safely connects Japan, Joseon, Manchuria, and China. With only the existing Gyeongbu line (Seoul - Busan), a tremendous amount of war materials and combat troops could not be transported smoothly. Besides that, the Gyeongbu line was prone to exposure to the bombardment of the U.S. warships. To make up for these disadvantages, Japan built the Gyeonggyeong line, which went through rough mountainous areas, through all kinds of difficulty. For the construction of the line, capital of about KRW 87 million was invested, and the first-ever cutting-edge technology was used. Around 2,000 workers were mobilized for the construction work, and dozens of them lost their lives during this dangerous job. The Gyeonggyeong line, which opened in the middle of the war, significantly contributed to transporting war materials and combat troops under the supervision of military authorities. However, Japan was defeated just three years after the Gyeonggyeong line was opened. Therefore, it cannot be said that the line performed its role sufficiently. Considering that the line, which was charged with an important mission, lost its original owner well before it properly fulfilled its duty, it may be right to say that the Gyeonggyeong line was just a railroad fantasy.

일제하 북선철도(北鮮鐵道)의 경영과 일조만(日朝滿) 신간선(新幹線)의 형성

정재정 ( Jae Jeong Chung ) 역사교육학회 2015 역사교육논집 Vol.54 No.-

The Yellow Sea Route via the West Sea, the Trans-Korean Route via the Gyeong-bu and Gyeong-ui Railways, and the North Korean Route passing through the East Sea and the North Korean Railway provided direct connections between Japan and Manchuria during the period of Japanese colonial rule. After the 1930s, the North Korean Route, which penetrated the center of the East Sea and the northernmost area of the Korean Peninsula, drew attention as new arterial transportation route offering the shortest distance between Japan and Manchuria. The Japanese government promoted the North Korean Route as a national policy, and the Joseon Government-General and Manchukuo actively cooperated in order to realize this policy. The North Korean Railway (Cheongjin-Namyang-Najin), situated in the middle of the North Korean Route, functioned as a wedge that linked Japan and Manchuria together. The Cheongjin, Unggi and Najin Ports, the three North Korean ports, received and sent out passengers and cargoes from the North Korean Railway, and were connected with Japanese ports such as the Tsuruga and Niigata Ports through the East Sea. That is, the three North Korean ports were connection points of the North Korean Railway and the North Korean Sea Route. The North Korean Railway was directly connected to the Gyeongdo Line (Singyeong- Domun) and the Doga Line (Domun-Gamoksa), which reached toward central Manchuria and the northeastern boundary of Manchuria, respec- tively. Express direct train operated on these railroads to connect Gyeongseong, the three North Korean ports, Singyeong, and Gamoksa. It is therefore fair to say that the North Korean Route acted as a lever to combine Japan, Joseon and Manchuria into a single block in terms of economy and military.

日本의 對韓 侵略政策과 京仁鐵道 敷設權의 獲得

鄭在貞(Chung Jae-Jeong) 역사교육연구회 2001 역사교육 Vol.77 No.-

There were three different types of railroad construction in Korean peninsula before the Japanese occupation of Korea by force in 1910. First type of construction was by private company in form like the Kyeongin line(Seoul-Inchoen). The Kyeongpu line(Seoul-Pusan) which was constructed by the semi governmental charter company represented the second type. Third, the military constructed railroads such as the Kyeongeoi line(Seoul-Sineoijoo) and the Samma line(Samrangjin-Masan) for the military purpose. However, these three types of railroads all functioned as the artery for Japanese invasion into and domination over Korea, as they were restructured as part of Japanese government railroad under the control of the Railroad Management Office of the Korean Residency-General. Though short distance branch line with its length of 26 miles, the Kyeongin line was given much importance in the process of Japanese invasion. The historical significances of the Kyeongin line investigated in this paper are as follow: First, the Kyeongin line was the first railroad which Japanese capital constructed in countries overseas. At that time, Japanese industrial capital couldn"t afford enough money to construct railroad in countries overseas and the Japanese government had to provide enormous political and financial support. In this sense, the construction of the Kyeongin line symbolized the process of Japan"s transformation into an immature imperialism. Second, the Japanese domination of the Kyeongin line was carried out as a part of dominating the Kyeongpu line, the Kyeongin line played as a beachhead in expanding the Japanese railroad networks in Korea. Because the Kyeongin line was a scaffold to obtain power over the whole Korean railways. Japan concentrated all the possible efforts. Third, Incheon was considered as a throat to Seoul. The Japanese domination of the Kyeongin line implied that the city of Seoul came to be under the Japanese influence. It was due to the Kyeongin line that the Korean government fell into the power of Japanese force during Russo-Japanese War(1904-05) and Japanese occupation of Korea by force(1910). Fourth, the Kyeongin line effected the inclusion of Kyeongin area which had been one of the most economically developed areas into Japanese economical boundary. The traditional route of Korean transportation, the Han river route, waned as a result. In addition, the central part of Seoul and Incheon was reorganized around the Japanese streets. The the Kyeongin line was the pivot of forming the Kyeongin industrial area of colonial period. Fifth, the collaboration and mutual support between Japanese politicians and capitalists went in great harmony in dominating the Kyeongin line. The Japanese government exerted every diplomatic and financial efforts, when a Japanese capitalist took over the Kyeongin railroad construction right from an American J. R. Morse, or when the railroad constructing got into trouble for lack of enough funds. Therefore, the setting up process of the Kyeongin line counts as a explicit example showing the uniqueness of making of Japanese capitalism, which was characterized by strong combination of the governmental with the civil.

역사적 관점에서 본 남북한 철도연결의 국제적 성격

정재정(Jae Jeong Chung) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2005 동방학지 Vol.129 No.-